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Percent of 15-17 year-olds who have accidentally stumbled across pornography online. 312 Reprinted with per- 

Percent of 15-17 year-olds who have accidentally stumbled across pornography online. 312 Reprinted with per- 

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... 284 far more so than in men ’ s magazines. 298 Teen magazines such as Seventeen , which enjoys a readership of 11 million girls, practically dictate that thin is in, fat is out, and you are doomed to unpopularity unless you are impos- sibly thin and have big breasts and small hips. Or, as one 15-year-old girl put it: Several studies have found a connection between reading teen or fashion magazines and weight concerns or symptoms of eating disorders in teens. 292,299 – 302 In one recent study, for example, 69% of nearly 600 girls in fi fth to twelfth grades reported that their ideal body shape was in fl uenced by reading fashion magazines. 292 Simply reading a fashion magazine in a doctor ’ s waiting room and then answering a survey about dieting and body image can increase a college woman ’ s reported dissatisfaction with her weight and also increase her fear of getting fat. 303 Similarly, in a study of nearly 3000 Spanish 12- to 21-year-olds over 18 months, reading girls ’ magazines was associated with a doubled risk of developing an eating disorder. 304 Finally, on ongoing meta-analysis of more than 20 experimental studies shows that exposure to images of thin models increases a young woman ’ s negative feelings about her body. 305 There is now considerable evidence that the media in fl uence body image in girls and young women. Making the leap to the media as a major cause of eating disorders is not yet possible, but, again, there are several very suggestive studies that the media may at least make a signi fi cant contribution, especially in some susceptible young girls and women. According to a recent meta-analysis of 66 studies, body image disturbances seem to play an important role in patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia. 306 Young women who have eating disorders report that magazines and newspapers have in fl uenced their eating habits and their concept of beauty. 307 In normal teens, just wanting to look like actresses or models on television, in movies, or in magazines doubles the risk of monthly purging. 297 College women who most “ internalize ” the cultural bias towards thinness score higher on tests of body dissatisfaction and bulimia. 290 The most powerful link occurred in a naturalistic study on the Paci fi c isle of Fiji. 308 Three years after television was introduced onto the island, 15% of teenage girls reported that they had vomited to control their weight compared with only 3% before the introduction of TV. Furthermore, the proportion of teen girls scoring abnormally high on a test for disordered eating doubled. After the introduction of TV, three fourths of the girls reported feeling “ too big or fat, ” and those who watched more TV were much more likely to feel that way and to diet. For children and teenagers in the new millennium, the Internet may be the most important of all media. Currently, computers can be used for e-mail, video games, movies (via CDs), music, and to access the World Wide Web. Soon, television programs and fi rst-run feature movies may become available as well. In the living room of the future, the television set may become obsolete. Within the next few years, expectations are that half of all children, even as young as 5 years old, will be online regularly. 311 The Internet is not only extraordinarily popular with teenagers — it ranks fi rst among 8- to 17-year-old boys and second, after the telephone, with 8- to 17-year-old girls (Fig 27) 312,313 — it also brings up a unique set of concerns. In recent surveys of teenagers 314,315 : ● 82% reported using the Internet ● 75% believed that the Internet was very or some- what responsible for the Columbine shootings 44% said they had seen X-rated content ● Of the 1000 most-visited sites, 10% are X-rated ● Access to violent pornography has increased ● 12% reported fi nding a site where they could access information about how to buy a gun ● 25% have visited a site promoting a hate group ● Many child-oriented web sites have advertisements ● 62% say their parents know little or nothing about the Web sites they visit. Few behavioral studies exist concerning the Internet, but a number of recent studies document how children and teens use the Internet and where potential for harm exists. In one recent survey, 95% of all 15- to 17-year-olds have gone online, 29% have Internet access from their bedroom, and half go online at least once a day. 312 Surprisingly, half of parents surveyed believe that their children being online is more positive than watching TV. 315 Yes, the Internet can be an amazing adventure in information and learning. It can also serve as an important source of health information for teenagers who may be too reticent to talk to a physician. 312,316 Several concerns are evident. Pornography. Sex on the Internet is a half billion dollar industry (Fig 28). 311 In a 2001 survey of more than 1200 youth, 70% of all 15- to 17-year-olds admitted to have “ accidentally ” stumbled across pornography online (Fig 29). 312 Teenagers have always had more access to sexual content than their parents would have liked. By age 15, 92% of boys and 84% of girls had seen or read Playboy or Playgirl in one study, and 92% of 13- to 15-year-olds report having seen an X-rated fi lm. 317 The sheer volume of pornography on the Net, the arcane diversity of it (eg, bestiality, rape, and bondage), and the ease of access to it — within seconds — makes Internet pornography a force to be reckoned with. 318 Research on older forms of pornography and their impact on young adults seems to indicate that purely sexual content is probably harmless, but problems arise when sex is combined with violence against women. 61,103 Although there is concern about Internet sexual content, 319 to date there are no studies that address this concern. Sexual Solicitation. Data do exist concerning the risk of children and teens being “ recruited ” online for unwise meetings or sexual encounters. Using a national sample of 1501 youth, ages 10 to 17 years, the Youth Internet Safety Survey found that 19% had received unwanted sexual solicitations online and that 25% of those youngsters had experienced emotional distress as a result. 320 Girls and boys who had con fl icts with their parents or who were highly troubled were more likely to have online relationships. 321 A smaller survey of 213 private school students found similar results. 322 Finally, an online survey of 1234 18- to 24-year-olds found that those who go sur fi ng for sexual partners may be at signi fi cantly greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases. 323 Advertising. Not only are there web sites devoted exclusively to drinking and smoking, but young people also frequently see ads for cigarettes and alcohol on the Web and can even order beer and alcohol online. 324 Many web sites use promotional techniques that are quite appealing (but exploitive) of teenagers. Such advertising circumvents rules established in other media. 325 In addition, many web sites aimed at young children are requesting personal information without asking for parental permission. 326 For teenagers, offshore gambling sites are now accessible with a credit card or a money order. Hate Groups. Internet hate groups have increased 60% in recent years, with a newfound ability to reach an audience of millions. 327 Teenagers can also learn where to buy guns or even how to make bombs. Kip Kinkel, the schoolyard killer in Oregon, described his favorite pastime as “ sur fi ng the Web for information on how to build bombs. ” 311 Despite all of these concerns, the Internet has become an amazing resource for children and teenagers. Not only does it provide a worldwide encyclopedia at blinding speed, but it is also interactive. 328 The Web also provides a plethora of health information for teenagers, although the accuracy of that information may sometimes be suspect, depending on the web site (eg, sites promoting anorexia). In one survey, half of the teenagers had used the Internet to fi nd health information. 316 A larger study of more than 1200 teens and young adults found that 75% had gone online to get health information. Questions about diseases such as cancer and diabetes and about sexual health were the leading topics. 312 In addition, these young people maintained a healthy skepticism about the trustworthi- ness of such information. The Internet placed last (17% trust factor) compared with doctors (85%), parents (68%), and school (66%). 312 Rock ‘ n ’ roll has always been controversial, but hip-hop, heavy metal, and music videos continue to push the boundaries even further. In 2000, Eminem ’ s album The Marshall Mathers LP sold nearly 8 million copies, was the number two album in America, and featured such educational lyrics ...

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... The menus of all-inclusive concept hotels often include harmful foods and beverages for children (such as processed foods, sugary and fatty items), and unlimited consumption of these can pose a threat to children's health. Unhealthy and addictive options like various hamburgers, nuggets, schnitzels, onion rings, chips, fries, pizzas, foam ice cream, gummy candies, donuts, hotdog sandwiches, and salami sandwiches, as well as colorful cakes, sweets, carbonated drinks, and fruit syrups, are popular choices among children (Strasburger, 2004;Çelik-Şeker & Keleş, 2019;Estell, Hughes & Grafenauer, 2021;Singh et al., 2021). While certain families promote healthy eating habits for their children during vacations, a considerable number of parents do not impose restrictions on their children's consumption and might even reward them with such foods. ...
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The aim of this study is to evaluate parental awareness regarding children's eating behaviors and food consumption patterns in all-inclusive hotels during vacations. Additionally, it seeks to investigate the impact of hotel stay duration and parental monitoring on children's dietary habits. This study, conducted between June and November 2022 at six all-inclusive 5-star hotels in accordance with the STROBE guidelines, aimed to explore parental awareness of children's dietary behaviors and food and beverage consumption in such establishments. Comprising 350 parent-child pairs, the research utilized a cross-sectional design and collected data through a questionnaire designed by the researchers, along with the Food Behavior Scale (FBS). The findings revealed unfavorable food behavior scores among all participating children, indicating a prevalent high frequency of unhealthy food consumption. Notably, children with autonomy in making food choices during their vacation exhibited significantly lower FBS scores. Furthermore, the duration of stay at the hotel emerged as a factor with a negative predictive effect on children's food behavior scores. Consequently, hotel management bears the responsibility of adopting child-friendly criteria, while parents and children staying at these establishments should practice responsible and conscious consumption behavior.
... Because adolescents' social lives increasingly take place online-a youth monitor showed that 96% used social media, and 84% of this group (almost) daily (Rombouts et al., 2020)-social norms in the peer context are also communicated online. Adolescents pick up on social norms in online interactions with familiar and unfamiliar peers, like, influencers-influential people on (social) media (Elmore et al., 2017;Strasburger & Wilson, 2002). One popular type of influencer is "vloggers." ...
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Introduction YouTube vloggers may be important socialization figures, yet their influence on adolescents' health‐related behaviors and cognitions is largely untested. In this two‐study mixed‐method project, we first assessed the extent of (non)compliance to COVID‐19 regulations by vloggers on YouTube and how viewers reacted to this. Second, we experimentally assessed the effects of vlogger behavior paired with viewer evaluations on adolescents' COVID‐19‐related attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Methods For Study 1, we coded 240 vlogs of eight popular Dutch vloggers on YouTube recorded in the period of February 2020–March 2021. For our 2 × 2 between‐subjects experiment in Study 2, Dutch adolescents (N = 285, Mage = 12.99, SD = 1.02, 41.8% girls) were randomly assigned to conditions in which they saw vlogs showing either compliance or noncompliance to COVID‐19 regulations, and to conditions in which they saw either supportive or dismissive comments under these vlogs. Results Study 1: Vloggers' noncompliance with COVID‐19 regulations was not uncommon and received relatively more viewer support than compliance, suggesting that portrayed noncompliance may be potentially influential. Study 2: Adolescents were more worried about COVID‐19 after they watched a compliant (vs. noncompliant) vlogger. Also, vlogger noncompliance decreased adolescents' perceived importance of COVID‐19 regulations and rule‐setting for adolescents who identified strongly with the vloggers they watched. Conclusions Vloggers' (non)compliance affects adolescents' COVID‐19‐related worrying, and attitudes and behavior of adolescents who identify with vloggers strongly. This seems concerning given the sometimes harmful and risky behaviors vloggers portray online but could potentially also be employed to encourage healthy behaviors.
... The analytics indicate the 'echo chamber' nature of constant exposure and reinforcement built into the way filters preselect suggestions of what consumers see and hear create an unnatural intensity of 'it' being the norm or trend or standard, a virtual reality of 'everyone is doing it' being translated into real life. The Kylie lip, A4 paper torso or bikini bridge challenge are merely examples of how these viral trends so quickly catch on in real life often with dire results (Fuchs, 2015;Strasburger, 2004) and how these are being leveraged into big business because it is no longer a question of IF there is media priming, these days it is an issue of harnessing media priming for profits (Roskos-Ewoldsen, Roskos-Ewoldsen, & Carpentier, 2009). In short, for us to get the heroines we want, we need to ensure more successes follow the path Katniss paved commercially, digitally and culturally. ...
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This is a review paper on the apparent force of commercial success and social media presence being a key in the changes of female representation in popular culture using The Hunger Games dystopian trilogy's global commercial success and its impact as case in point. It argues that the trilogy's commercial success is valuable in helping normalise the flipped gender roles or subverting the stereotypical gender primes. While dystopian literature supposedly features worlds and societies beyond typical real-life rules, many parts of that fictional world will still exhibit traits and beliefs contemporary to its author and resonate with its audience. The normalisation of gender stereotypes can often be seen in characters and social dynamics portrayed repeatedly throughout other forms of media communication. These and other literary works carry within it these stereotypical traits or behaviours a shorthand frame of reference which are called tropes. In this paper, the tropes are viewed through the sociological lens called stereotype priming which is the perpetuation of stereotypes through systemic means targeting certain behaviours, traits or beliefs. This paper looks at instances of tropes exhibiting priming functions within the dystopian world of not just The Hunger Games trilogy and how the commercial success of the empowered female has paved the way for more positive female representation in popular media culture since then. This lens has been expanded to take into account how The Hunger Games trilogy continues to have relevance post-pandemic regarding issues that current facts have brought dangerously close to dystopian fiction.
... Her geçen gün teknolojik araçlar çoğalarak daha etkileşimli ve mobil hale gelirken içerikler giderek daha gerçekçi ve ticari hale gelmektedir. Bunun sonucunda ise medya kullanımı tüm zamanların en yüksek seviyesinde ilerlemekte, çocuklar istedikleri zaman istedikleri yerde bu medya türleri ile vakit geçirmektedir (Strasburger, 2004). ...
Thesis
Bu araştırmanın amacı okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının ekran kullanım özellikleri, dijital oyun bağımlılık eğilimleri, sosyal yetkinlik ve davranış durumları ve ebeveyn rehberlik stratejileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılan bu araştırmanın örneklemini 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Denizli ili merkez ilçelerinde, bağımsız anaokulu ve resmi anasınıflarına devam eden çocukların 330 ebeveyni oluşturmuştur.Araştırmadan elde edilmiş olan bulgular çocukların ekranı daha çok ilk çocukluk yıllarında ve tek başına kullandıklarını ve günlük ekran kullanım sürelerinin çoğunlukla 1-2 saat aralığında olduğunu göstermektedir. Çocukların dijital oyun tercihlerinin cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterdiği, erkek çocuklarının kız çocuklarına kıyasla daha çok aksiyon\macera, arcade\refleks, spor, yarış\hız oyunlarını, kız çocuklarının ise erkek çocuklarına kıyasla daha çok simülasyon\rol oyunu ve eğitsel oyunları tükettikleri belirlenmiştir. Ekranı tek başına kullanan çocukların dijital oyun bağımlılık eğilimlerinin, ekranı aile üyeleri ile kullanan çocuklardan daha fazla olduğu ancak ekran kullanmaya başlama yaşının çocukların dijital oyun bağımlılığı eğiliminde fark oluşturmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Araştırmadan elde edilmiş bir diğer bulgu ise çocukların ekran içerik tüketim puanları ile dijital oyun bağımlılık eğilimi puanları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğudur.
... In the existing literature there is a lack of longitudinal studies that have long-term follow up intervals, and that focus on adolescents specifically. Moreover, there is a need to identify which kinds of screen time exposure increase risk for eating disorders, including exposure to social media, television, versus video gaming (Strasburger, 2004). To our knowledge, no previous study has ever investigated the association between the most popular screen time among adolescents (i.e. ...
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Objective: Screen time and self-esteem have been shown to be important correlates of eating disorders in adolescence. However, there is an absence of longitudinal studies that distinguish between time-varying factors, accounting for parallel developmental changes and common underlying vulnerability. Design: A total of 3,801 adolescents were administered self-report measures, annually, over the course of 5 years. The association of screen time (social media use, television watching, video gaming) on eating related symptoms was analyzed using a longitudinal Bayesian multilevel path analysis framework. Self-esteem was examined as a mediating factor in this model. This study investigated direct and indirect associations at between-person, concurrent within-person, and lagged-within-person levels, while controlling for gender. Results: The findings revealed that all types of screen time exposure were significantly associated with eating related symptoms at between and within-person levels. A significant association at the lagged-within person level was only revealed for social media use. Self-esteem was found to be a significant mediating factor between screen time and eating related symptoms. Conclusion: An increase in social media use one year was associated with increased of eating related symptoms two years later through lower self-esteem. Implications for prevention are discussed.
... Identified as youth between the ages of seven or eight to 13 or 14 years, Cook and Kaiser (2004) describe "tweenhood" as a "aspirational social identity" (p. 206) that is forward looking into adolescence, but they are on the younger side with less maturity and more risk taking than older adolescent peers (Strasburger et al., 2009). At the beginning of tweenhood in the U.S., they are the older students at the elementary schools, soon to transition to middle school or junior high school settings, and the oldest tweens may have already moved on to the early years of high school. ...
... At the beginning of tweenhood in the U.S., they are the older students at the elementary schools, soon to transition to middle school or junior high school settings, and the oldest tweens may have already moved on to the early years of high school. They become more skilled in abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning and begin to grow their regulatory competence of moods and responses (Strasburger et al., 2009). As such, tweens are between childhood and adolescence, shifting their attention to their peer culture and away from their parents. ...
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Public and scholarly debate about the effects of media on youth has been a topic of concern since the twentieth century. These concerns were further amplified and accelerated with heavy use of and reliance on media for everyday living and learning with the homebound conditions brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. With the public discourse about children’s media use and school safety concerns, we conducted online interviews of 36 young people ages 9–14 years to learn about (1) their life situations, including school experience, (2) their overall media use, (3) their overall worries and difficulty with their situations, and (4) their stress management and coping strategies during the fall semester of 2020. While tweens reported using media more during the pandemic than before, media did not seem to completely displace other activities. Tweens engaged in media, non-media, and hybrid coping strategies to relieve stress, enhance their mood, and stay connected to others outside their home. This qualitative study was a first step in understanding the effect of COVID-19 on tweens within the context of their coping and resiliency building, and how media factor into these processes.
... One primary psychological change during adolescence is identity development, which evolves the confirmation of a normative change in their thoughts about themselves [18]. During this process, teenagers need to keep trying on different behaviors (in this situation different divisions of mental accounts) to discover their own identity [19], which automatically resulting more ambiguous and mobile accounts, a contradiction phenomenon to the optimal situation where the boundaries of accounts are obvious. However, as this process is crucial to their mental development, it is better not to intervene over-enthusiastically. ...
... It is widely accepted that television is a powerful medium and that its influence, particularly on children and young people, can be profound (see for example Canadian Paediatric Society 2003;Strasburger 2004;Matyjas 2015). The representation and categorisation of nonhumans in such content may therefore influence a culture's attitudes towards those species and, by extension, its children's views. ...
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It is widely accepted that television is a powerful medium and that its influence, particularly on children and young people, can be profound (see for example Canadian Paediatric Society 2003; Strasburger 2004; Matyjas 2015). The representation and categorisation of non-humans in such content may therefore influence a culture’s attitudes towards those species and, by extension, its children’s views. This article investigates animal characters on three hundred and fourteen children’s TV shows across five days of ‘free’ to view UK programming during summer 2020, and is the first study in over twenty-five years (since Elizabeth Paul’s in 1996) to focus specifically on mainstream children’s TV, and the only one to have sole regard for pre- and early primary-age UK viewers. With research clear that the media is so influential, recognising the role of such culture transmission is vital to ‘undo’ unhelpful assumptions about animals that result in their exploitation, and change future norms (Joy 2009). Television media either ignores or misrepresents the subjective reality of many (particularly food) species, but with children preferring anthropomorphised animals to most others (Geerdts, Van de Walle and LoBue 2016), this carries implications in terms of responsibility for our ideas and subsequent treatment of those non-humans in everyday life.
... Despite the convenience of the internet, the excessive use of social networking services (SNS) and online game addiction among teenagers have been evaluated as negative factors affecting their mental health. Although it is still difficult to define the optimal time duration for internet use among adolescents, it is generally advised that this is limited to 2 h a day [16,17]. However, some argue that this recommendation is virtually impossible [18], while another study reported that even 4 h of internet use per day does not negatively affect mental health [19]. ...
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Background Adolescents may experience several changes in their lifestyle, such as social activity and school life, which makes them vulnerable to developing a depressive disorder. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the factors affecting the experience of depressive symptoms during adolescence. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis using the 2019 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based survey data, including a total of 57,303 middle and high school students selected from among 400 schools. Factors such as dietary habits, physical activity levels, time spent studying, duration of internet use, and other health risk behaviors were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors that predict the risk of experiencing depressive symptoms. Results The perceived stress of Korean adolescents showed a tendency to increase with age, and high school seniors and girls were more likely to report depressive symptoms. Perceived health status, academic performance, time spent studying, physical activity, duration of internet use, and effort to control weight were associated with individual experiences of depressive symptoms. Conclusion We identified factors that influence the experience of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Our results suggest the possibility that the purpose of students’ physical activities and their leisure activity preferences may be related to their emotional status. We suggest that activities that are appropriate to the culture and lifestyle of adolescents should be recommended to reduce the occurrence of depressive symptoms.
... Adolescents frequently utilize television to form perceptions of sexual behaviors (Eggermont, 2005). In fact, research confirms that adolescent girls often view the media (e.g., movies, television, music, magazines) as a "sexual super peer" such that different media answers their questions about sex and sexuality (Brown et al., 2005;Strasburger & Wilson, 2002). Further, feminist and media scholars argue that the media create a double standard where girls face societal pressures to walk the fine line between being a "prude" or a "slut" (Lamb & Peterson, 2012;Murnen & Smolak, 2012). ...
Article
Television narratives present conflicting information regarding heterosexual, adolescent sexuality. In response to this, the present study examined the associations between adolescent girls’ (N = 419, Mage = 16.37, SD = 1.36) sexually oriented television viewing and their expectations in romantic and sexual relationships in two related domains. Results showed that sexually oriented teen television viewing was positively associated with adolescent girls’ endorsement of the sexual double standard in relationships and earlier expectations about the timing of sexual activities in relationships. This relationship did not differ by levels of perceived television realism, and remained even after controlling for covariates.