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The current study was carried to determine the ground water quality of three tehsils of Dera Ismail Khan District. Water sampling was carried out, using standard protocols from various sources of water, i.e., Tubewells and Hand-pumps. The collected water samples were analyzed for 13 water quality parameters, employing standard methods. Spatial vari...
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... precisely, the parameters showing r values higher than 0.7 are strongly correlated and less than 0.7 to 0.5 are considered as moderately correlated. The correlation matrix was prepared for 13 physicochemical parameters of water quality (Tables 7, 8 and Suthar, 2017). High TDS level is detrimental to health for human and soil quality. ...
Context 2
... precisely, the parameters showing r values higher than 0.7 are strongly correlated and less than 0.7 to 0.5 are considered as moderately correlated. The correlation matrix was prepared for 13 physicochemical parameters of water quality (Tables 7, 8 and Suthar, 2017). High TDS level is detrimental to health for human and soil quality. ...
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Citations
... Pearson correlation coefficient matrix showed high positive correlations between Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , Na þ , Cl À , and SO 4 2À , indicating contamination from fertilizers and industrial activities (Hyarat et al. 2022). Correlation matrices were computed to support PCA results, showing correlations among Mg 2þ , Na þ , Ca 2þ , and Cl À , confirming their origin from the same source (Rehman et al. 2018). Factor analysis (FA) with varimax rotation was applied to the study area data. ...
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... The correlation coefficient between these parameters depicts a strong bound of 0.80 indicating that there is a strong positive correlation between electrical conductivity and the nitrate concentration (Figure 3b). In the study of Rehman et al. [29], it was determined that the 3 − and EC correlation coefficients of two tehsils were quite low (r: 0.235; r: -0.123), and one was very high (r: 0.950) according to the data obtained from three different tehsils. Similarly, in the study of Mudgal et al. [30] monitored the hydro-chemical properties of groundwater in Alwar. ...
Kentsel sağlık standartlarının sağlanmasında ve sürdürülmesinde içme suyu kalitesi ana faktörlerden biridir. Ancak farklı kirletici faktörler su kaynaklarımızı tehdit etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Bursa için 500.000 m3/gün su sağlayan bir tesiste içme suyu kalitesi çeşitli parametreler kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun için Ocak 2021 ile Mayıs 2021 arasında alınan 21 su örneğine ilişkin veriler elde edilerek kullanılıyor. Başlangıçta Elektrik İletkenliği (EC), Bakır (Cu), Nikel (Ni), Nitrat (NO₃-), Arsenik (As), Demir (Fe), Toplam Çözünmüş Maddeler (TDS), Toplam Alkalinite dahil 10 farklı parametre arasındaki ilişkiler (TA), Toplam Sertlik (TH) ve Çözünmüş Oksijen (DO) incelenir ve farklı analizlere tabi tutulan parametreler yorumlanır. Ayrıca doğrusal korelasyon ilişkisi olmayan parametrelerin doğrusal olmayan ilişkisi incelenmiş ve bu ilişkiler yorumlanmıştır. Analizlere ek olarak, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) ile uyumlu verilerle ilişkilendirilen kalite derecelendirmesi, ağırlıklı aritmetik su kalitesi indeksinin (WAWQI) belirlenmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Sonuçlar, tahsis edilen su deposundaki su kalitesinin 'mükemmel' tipte olduğunu göstermiştir.
... The high concentration of TSS factor and trace elements in this basin is mainly due to gold exploration, extraction, mining, and processing. Ur Rehman et al. (2018) investigated and evaluated groundwater quality in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, using a multivariate statistical method. According to the results of their investigation, some water quality parameters, such as total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, fluoride, and arsenic, were beyond the WHO standard. ...
... Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (%Na), permeability index (PI), and Kelley's ratio (KR) were determined using the following relationships (Todd 1959;Doneen 1962;Kelley 1951). ...
... The figure reveals an almost normal distribution for all parameters. The calculated mean SAR value is 3.23, classified as low sodium risk (SAR < 10) based on Todd's (1959) classification. The mean %Na is 23.43%, which is in the good category (20%Na < 40) (Wilcox 1955). ...
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... According to Table 6 there is a significant correlation between EC and TDS. Total dissolved solids are also strongly correlated with Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl − and SO 4 2− (r = 0.84 to 0.97); as these ions are the major contributors of TDS, such correlation was expected (Ur Rehman et al., 2018). Calcium and magnesium ions are related because they often originate from the same source as limestone and dolomite (Jain et al., 2018). ...
... These ions have two states in nature that are geogenic or anthropogenic. In first component of PCA the hydro-chemical variables come from either mineralization and weathering or leaching of host rocks, while other variables such as nitrate in second component arise from anthropogenic activities (Ur Rehman et al., 2018). ...
Providing safe drinking water, particularly in rural areas and isolated places, has the highest priorities in communities. The present study was aimed to investigate water quality, including physicochemical, corrosion and scaling properties, in rural areas. Samples were collected from 9 villages in Marand, northwest of Iran, both in spring and summer seasons. Principal component statistical analysis (PCA) along with water quality index (WQI) was used to better interpret the obtained results. The results indicated that some physicochemical parameters were outside the range recommended by WHO standards. More than 50% of the samples were corrosive both in summer and spring seasons. It is observed in some areas that temporal variation can change water quality; furthermore, samples taken in summer exhibit poor quality when compared to spring. It can be suggested that in order to provide safe drinking water, authorities, through monitoring and supervisory actions, should regularly evaluate water quality.
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The continuous deterioration of drinking water quality supplies by several anthropogenic activities is a serious global challenge in recent times. In this current study, the drinking water quality of Ikem rural agricultural area (southeastern Nigeria) was assessed using chemometrics and multiple indexical methods. Twenty-five groundwater samples were collected from hand-dug wells and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, major ions, and heavy metals. The pH of the samples (which ranged between 5.2 and 6.7) indicated that waters were slightly acidic. Cations and anions (except for phosphate) were within their respective standard limits. Except for Mn, heavy metals were also found to be below their maximum allowable limits. Factor analysis identified both geogenic processes and anthropogenic inputs as possible origins of the analyzed physicochemical parameters. Modified heavy metal index, geoaccumulation index, and overall index of pollution revealed that all the hand-dug wells were in excellent condition, and hence safe for drinking purposes. However, pollution load index, water quality index (WQI), and entropy-weighted water quality index (EWQI) revealed that some wells (about 8–12%) were slightly contaminated, and hence are placed in good water category. A hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed based on the integration of the WQI and EWQI results. The HCA revealed two major quality categories of the samples. While the first cluster comprises of samples classified as excellent drinking water by both WQI and EWQI models, the second cluster comprises of about 12% samples which were identified as good water by either the WQI or EWQI.
... Pure and contaminated water determines population health [5] so the importance of clean water cannot be ignored therefore there is a rising concern over water pollution in recent times. Water quality of both surface and groundwater has been identified as one of the main issues in Pakistan, due to four major water quality tribulations such as bacteriological, arsenic, nitrate and fluoride contamination [6]. Safe water concerns have been highlighted intensely in the last few years and many water purification technologies have been introduced in the country to remove undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological contaminants from raw water. ...
Safe drinking water is the basic human right in any region of the world. With increasing population and anthropogenic activities this basic entity is in danger. This situation is more worsen in developing countries where no monitoring and maintenance is being followed. The present study is based on the monitoring of filtration plants for drinking water in two populated cities of Pakistan to determine the water quality status. Drinking water samples from Rawalpindi (n=53) and Islamabad (n=32) were taken from filtration plants installed by Capital Development Authority (CDA) in Islamabad and Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) in Rawalpindi Pakistan. Physio-chemical parameters metals were analyzed using the standard procedures and multivariate indices and health risks were calculated. The results showed that electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity and arsenic were above the permissible limit of WHO. 32 out of 53 samples in Rawalpindi while 26 out of 32 samples in Islamabad were found under poor water quality category with WQI > 100. Hazard index of arsenic was found < 1 in adults (9.80E+01 and 7.03E+01) and children (1.48E+02 and 1.06E+02) at Rawalpindi and Islamabad respectively. Especially, children are found more prone to health hazards. Microbiological (bacteriological) components were incorporated to check the health risks due to water contamination. Proper management should be taken for the sustainability of limited underground water. This study will provide basic information regarding water quality in two large cities in a developing country of Pakistan.
... Water is an essential and vital source to endure our healthy life and environment which exists in abundance globally, and it is a free, life-sustaining and healthy gift by nature [1,2]. Freshwater is obtained as groundwater and surface water. ...
The demand for pure and clean water increased in the developing states due to their growing population. Hence, the treatment of toxic elements especially fluoride in aqueous solution has emerged a major issue of their public concern. The fluoride pollution in the aqueous system is due to natural and anthropogenic activities which cause several diseases, i.e. Arthritis, cancer, brittle bones, brain damage. The present review article highlights different types of removal techniques including Adsorption, Ion exchange, Membrane filtration and Electrocoagulation used for the elimination of fluoride from aqueous media. The maximum removal capacity of fluoride by fly ash adsorbent was obtained up to 332.5 mg/g. However, the removal efficiency using other technologies such as ion exchange, membrane filtration and electrocoagulation was achieved up to 90–95%, 99% and 85.5%. Among them, adsorption has been explored widely as a very effective and efficient method due to its easy operation, low cost and give satisfactory results. In this perspective, various adsorbents are discussed in this review, i.e. activated carbon, activated alumina, bio-sorbents, natural-based sorbents, agricultural waste sorbents, nano-sorbents and industrial waste sorbents but still there is need to develop such type of materials on a marketable scale for the control of pollution. It is evident from the literature review that every technique showed novel potential for the remediation of toxic fluoride ion.
... Multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis and principal component analysis, also known as chemometric techniques (Sojka et al. 2008), have a wide and effective application to identify and describe the quality of water resources, evaluate spatial and temporal variations of water sources under the influence of natural, and identify the underlying causes of water pollution (Shrestha and Kazama 2007;Zhou et al. 2007;Adebola et al. 2013;Wang et al. 2013;Azhar et al. 2015;Ogwueleka 2015;Muangthong and Shrestha 2015;Jung et al. 2016;Monica and Choi 2016;Chow et al. 2016;Le et al. 2017;Rehman et al. 2018;Ren et al. 2018;Kilic and Yucel 2019;Kwami et al. 2019). Using these techniques: (1) the multivariate nature of a natural system is more accurately determined, (2) a way is provided for managing large datasets, and (3) a tool is provided to identify and quantify multivariate patterns, which is driven from the correlation structure of variable sets (McGarigal et al. 2000;Boyacioglu and Boyacioglu 2008). ...
Outcrop of Gachsaran evaporative formation in the lake of Gotvand-e-Olya Dam in SW IRAN has posed a major challenge in terms of water quality. In the present study, multivariate statistical analysis, ionic ratios, and Piper diagram were utilized to investigate the effect of formation dissolution on water quality. Sampling was performed two times with a time interval of 6 months. The result showed that the types of downstream samples are Cl–Na and Cl–Ca, which are affected by the dissolution of Gachsaran Formation and reverse ion exchange. Due to the transmission of the saline water to the depth and layering of reservoir, the water types in the upper levels of dam’s lake are (SO4–Ca and HCO3–Ca) and (Cl–Ca and SO4–Ca) upon the first and second sampling, respectively. In both times, the clustering of the EC, TDS, Na, and Cl parameters demonstrates the effect of halite dissolution on water quality in downstream and lake of the dam. At the first sampling, the SO4 and HCO3 parameters are in one cluster that shows increasing calcareous formation dissolution. At the second time, the grouping of the Ca and SO4 parameters shows the effect of gypsum and anhydrite dissolution on water quality. In both sampling times, the stations are grouped based on distance to the dam such that upstream stations are in one cluster. Results of principal component analysis show that data of the first-time sampling are summarized into two factors that show the effect of the formation dissolution and rainfall effect on water quality, respectively. At the second-time sampling, studied parameters are summarized in one factor. Local conditions of the studied area indicate the dominant effect of formation dissolution on water quality. The results of ionic ratios confirm the effect of geological formation on water quality in the lake and downstream of the dam. Due to the water layering, in terms of salinity in the dam’s lake, the rate and discharge of water outflow of the dam also affect the water quality in downstream.
... According World Health Organization many people around the world suffered from the quality of drinking water [1], so that the company of water race to gives good quality water with suitable cost [2]. Many techniques have been investigated to enhanced the quality of drinking water, however water filtering is the process of removing harmful chemicals, biological contains, suspended solids, and gases from water [3], and main water purification methods are: ...
Water is essentially to human life and the health of the environment. To establish a good quality of water, it is required a monitoring system which developed based wireless sensor network and IoT. Wireless sensor network used to measure water quality by sensing the change of pH, TDS of water after the purification process. In this paper wireless sensor interface with microcontroller device using two nodes of NRF24L01 one of them considered to be transmitting node while the other considered to be receiving node. the status of system will send to Web with IP defined address in order to monitor the status of system numerically and graphically. The esp8266 module has been used because it is allowing microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi network and make simple TCP/IP connections with wireless sensor network.
Groundwater constitutes the primary source of liquid freshwater on Earth and is essential for ecosystems, agriculture, and human consumption. However, rising demand, urbanization, and climate change have intensified groundwater depletion, particularly in semi-arid regions. Therefore, assessing groundwater recharge zones is essential for sustainable water resource management in vulnerable areas such as Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. This study aims to delineate groundwater potential zones (GWPZs), using an integrated approach combining the Geographic Information System (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Twelve factors were identified in a study conducted using GIS-based AHP to determine the groundwater recharge zones in the region. These include land use/land cover (LULC), rainfall, drainage density, soil type, slope, road density, water table depth, and remote sensing indices such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Moisture Stress Index (MSI), Worldview Water Index (WVWI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results show that 17.52% and 2.03% of the area have “good” and “very good” potential for groundwater recharge, respectively, while 48.63% of the area has “moderate” potential. Furthermore, gentle slopes (0–2.471°), high drainage density, shallow water depths (20–94 m), and densely vegetated areas (with a high NDVI) are considered important influencing factors for groundwater recharge. Conversely, areas with steep slopes, high temperatures, and dense built-up areas showed “poor” potential for recharge. This approach demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced remote sensing indices with the AHP model in a semi-arid context, validated through high-accuracy field data (Kappa = 0.93). This methodology offers a cost-effective decision support tool for sustainable groundwater planning in similar environments.
