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Pay out amount and funding sources in different countries with well instituted vaccine injury compensation programs.
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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and reducing mortality. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury...
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Introduction
A high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries is sustained by army recruits during basic training. Describing recruits’ personal, lifestyle, and physical performance characteristics at the entry to training can help identify existing intrinsic risk factors that may predispose some recruits to injury. Identifying modifiable and preventab...
Citations
... In Korea, high immunization rate of up to 95.9-100% among children has been recorded due to the availability of compensation against vaccine injury in National programs. [22] In our study, important determinants associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptability [ Figure 3] include concerns about emerging variants of COVID-19, the availability of infor mation about vaccines through social media platforms (66%), positive perception and attitude on vaccine safety (59%) and efficacy (immunogenicity)(75%) of vaccine, positive attitude for accepting minor adverse effects of vaccine over the major benefit of protection of child to achieve normal social life, schooling (67%) and availing daycare facility (17%), [ Table 1] parent's own experience of receiving vaccine doses, concerns for physical and mental health of their children [ Figure 3]. The utmost desire not only to prevent infection and social damage but also to restore normal daily life emerged as a positive attitude, leading to high willingness for COVID-19 vaccine. ...
A BSTRACT
Purpose
COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic and all age groups were equally affected. Coronavirus had devastating effects worldwide due to the emergence of new variants till vaccination was adopted to eradicate the transmission of the virus and restore normalcy. However, children were not included in the initial phase of vaccination. The purpose of the study was to assess the level of perception, attitude, and practice among parents toward the COVID-19 vaccination drive in children 10–12 years of age.
Design and Study
The present research is a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey including parents of children aged 10–12 years as participants. The survey was conducted between May 2022 and July 2022 with a sample size of 320.
Results
A high willingness (80%) among parents was found for getting their children vaccinated. COVID-19 vaccines were perceived to be safe by the parents (59%) and efficacious (75%) for their children. Parents (67%) felt that the benefits of getting their children vaccinated against COVID-19 prevail over the risks of the vaccine. Parents 214 (67%) feel the need of getting their child vaccinated for sending them to school followed by availing of daycare facilities after school 54 (17%) among working parents. A significant association ( P < 0.05) was seen between the variables of practice being followed by parents and their children as per COVID-19 norms. Parent’s negative attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination was associated with availability of no/unclear safety information (36%), fear of adverse effects of vaccine (3%), and false belief of having long-term immunity due to natural infection (32%). The positive attitude of parents was due to trust in positive information/news about the vaccine (42%), belief in the safety and efficacy of the vaccine (5%), acceptability for mild adverse effects (1%), and the necessity of vaccine to send children to schools (1%).
Conclusion and Recommendations
The awareness of parents regarding COVID-19 vaccination for children was limited, high level of acceptance for vaccination was seen in our study. We recommend to continuing educational programs through mass campaigns to increase increasing awareness among parents for getting COVID-19 vaccination for their children. Vaccine hesitancy including vaccine safety concerns of parents should be addressed by presenting myths and facts related to COVID-19 vaccine using television, radio, and social media platforms.
... Severe COVID-19 often leads to a patient having a damaged kidney and heart, depending on the severity of the infection (Feng and LI, 2021). Although, the global environment through several organizations and healthcare providers try to curtail the spread, however, the virus was spreading more than expected (Crum and Mooney, 2021). ...
It is no news that COVID-19 has rendered severe havoc in the global environment. Although, various medical scientists and scholars were able to find a possible curtailment (Through vaccination) of the deadly COVID-19, however, there seems to be fear of the negative medical outcome of being vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine, given several claims of the potential danger. Furthermore, it suffices to state that Nigeria has also had its fair share of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, to curtail the spread of COVID-19 in Nigeria, the Nigerian government sorts to make vaccination compulsory, despite the legal and medical rights of its citizens as enshrined in the constitution and judicial precedent. It is in this regard, that this study sort to adopt a hybrid method of study concerning the legal issues of compulsory vaccination in Nigeria. Concerning this, 310 questionnaires were sent to respondents residing in Nigeria. The study therefore found that there were incidences of COVID-19 in Nigeria and there are laws concerning the control of infectious disease in Nigeria. However, the study further found that it is a legal misnomer to compel an individual forcefully against his/her wishes to be vaccinated. Therefore, the study concludes and recommends that for effective vaccination against COVID-19, the Nigerian government needs to avoid forceful vaccination, but rather a wide sensitization concerning the vaccine's potency as against the negative claim concerning the COVID-19 vaccine.
... In particular, future VICPs should be redefined to include vaccine platforms for emergency use targeting emerging and reemerging diseases such as COVID-19. 50 Compensation is provided through a social security pension system. The law stipulates relaxed criteria for establishing causality between vaccines and vaccine injuries. ...
National vaccine injury compensation serves as a crucial and significant safety net for individuals affected by government-recommended vaccines during a pandemic, contributing to the community’s overall safety. In the Republic of Korea, compensation for adverse events resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations has been provided through the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program introduced in 1995. However, there have been limitations with these measures during the COVID-19 pandemic owing to strict criteria for substantiating causality between the vaccine and injury, its nontransparent process of determining whether to compensate, and the compensation amount that is not practically calculated. This article reviewed the Vaccine Injury Compensation Programs in 10 major countries to present implications for improving the Korean system. Expanding the scope of national accountability is essential to compensate for the consequences of adhering to national policies during public health crises. Therefore, valuable insight can be obtained from examining the systems in Germany, Japan, and Taiwan, which have implemented more relaxed criteria for determining causality in compensation cases; Thailand’s system, which provides the mandatory payment of preliminary compensation for damage caused by vaccination; systems in Germany, France, and Japan, which offer compensation for vaccine injuries from a practical perspective; and systems in France and the United Kingdom, which have a process allowing the assessment records to be shared with the claimants. Furthermore, a dedicated agency for vaccine injury compensation, as seen in France, the United Kingdom, and Australia, is necessary to enhance the efficiency of the Korean system.
... The legislation that established the VICP also created a vaccine-injury table that lists the illnesses, disabilities, injuries, and conditions that are covered, as well as the time it takes for a vaccine recipient to experience their first symptom or the onset of significant Frontiers in Public Health 06 frontiersin.org aggravation after vaccine administration (41,42). That is, the injuries listed on the vaccine-injury table must occur within a pre-determined period after vaccination for the vaccine to be covered by the VICP, and the nature of the injuries must comply with the vaccine-injury table or the definitions and descriptions in the auxiliary explanation section. ...
Vaccination is a compelling measure to battle infectious diseases and protect public health. However, because of the constraints on human cognition, it is difficult to ensure that vaccines are safe. Adverse reactions to immunization can cause individual injury. In numerous countries, no-fault programs have been established to compensate individuals for vaccine-related injuries. China also established a vaccine injury compensation system with its own unique characteristics. The Vaccine Administration Law was promulgated in 2019 to establish a compensation system for those who experience adverse reactions following immunization; nevertheless, the compensation system is imperfect. Even when the applicable terms are applied to deal with vaccine-related injuries, some issues remain, such as unreasonable diagnosis and evaluation procedures for adverse reactions, excessively strict standards regarding proof and inconsistent compensation standards across the country. Therefore, to provide effective compensation for vaccine recipients, it is important to clarify the standards of proof and establish a sensible vaccine injury compensation system that includes Corona Virus Disease 2019 vaccine-injury compensation.
... The extent of liability is important, as those seeking treatment often have few options, and little resources, owing to the often debilitating nature of their illness, and its lack of acknowledgement and subsequent compensation by health systems [24]. Vaccine injury compensation schemes are uncommon [25,26]. ...
Delineating the epidemic of vaccine injury from the coterminous condition long covid is a challenging prospect, but one with many implications not just for treatment, but also has important legal considerations for settlements of vaccine injury. The shared etiological factor of the spike protein in both vaccine injury and long covid make differentiation difficult, and while treatment is largely similar between vaccine injury and long covid, there are important distinctions. Furthermore, diagnostics are important for monitoring treatment progress and assessing the extent of subclinical vaccine injury in population having received a covid-19 vaccine. The development of rigorous diagnostics is an important step towards the recognition of both long covid and vaccine injury, as those suffering these conditions have faced immense challenges in having their conditions recognized, treated, and compensated by insurance companies or national health services.
... On the other hand, another review's data indicated that information in children's safety is generally scarce due to an ethical dilemma for COVID-19 immunization [50,51]. Additionally, vaccine injury compensation programs are limited among countries, with most of them concentrated in Europe and the United States [52][53][54]. ...
Background:
Post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance aims to monitor and quantify adverse events following immunization in a population, but little is known about their implementation in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to synthesize methodological approaches used to assess adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination in LMICs.
Methods:
For this systematic review, we searched articles published from 1 December 2019 to 18 February 2022 in main databases, including MEDLINE and Embase. We included all peer-reviewed observational COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring studies. We excluded randomized controlled trials and case reports. We extracted data using a standardized extraction form. Two authors assessed study quality using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. All findings were summarized narratively using frequency tables and figures.
Results:
Our search found 4254 studies, of which 58 were eligible for analysis. Many of the studies included in this review were conducted in middle-income countries, with 26 studies (45%) in lower-middle-income and 28 (48%) in upper-middle-income countries. More specifically, 14 studies were conducted in the Middle East region, 16 in South Asia, 8 in Latin America, 8 in Europe and Central Asia, and 4 in Africa. Only 3% scored 7-8 points (good quality) on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale methodological quality assessment, while 10% got 5-6 points (medium). About 15 studies (25.9%) used a cohort study design and the rest were cross-sectional. In half of them (50%), vaccination data were gathered from the participants' self-reporting methods. Seventeen studies (29.3%) used multivariable binary logistic regression and three (5.2%) used survival analyses. Only 12 studies (20.7%) performed model diagnostics and validity checks (e.g., the goodness of fit, identification of outliers, and co-linearity).
Conclusions:
Published studies on COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance in LMICs are limited in number and the methods used do not often address potential confounders. Active surveillance of vaccines in LMICs are needed to advocate vaccination programs. Implementing training programs in pharmacoepidemiology in LMICs is essential.
... Particularly the question of disability and the need for support is of critical importance to patients, families, and medical professionals caring for these patients with consideration of health insurance and loss of income. Finally, improved data quality is needed to inform the Countermeasure Injury Compensation Program and other programs to assist individuals with the long-term impact of an illness possibly related to vaccine-associated adverse events [58][59][60]. Combined, these efforts will improve understanding of the mechanisms and clinical implications of rare adverse events and contribute to precision medicine and novel approaches to risk mitigation. ...
... Particularly the question of disability and the need for support is of critical importance to patients, families, and medical professionals caring for these patients with consideration of health insurance and loss of income. Finally, improved data quality is needed to inform the Countermeasure Injury Compensation Program and other programs to assist individuals with the long-term impact of an illness possibly related to vaccine-associated adverse events [58][59][60]. Combined, these efforts will improve understanding of the mechanisms and clinical implications of rare adverse events and contribute to precision medicine and novel approaches to risk mitigation. ...
Objectives
(1) Characterize the initial clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes of smallpox vaccine-associated hypersensitivity myocarditis and pericarditis (MP) in United States service members. (2) Describe the process of case identification and adjudication using the 2003 CDC nationally defined myocarditis/pericarditis epidemiologic case definitions to include consideration of case-specific diversity and evolving evidence.
Background
Between 2002 and 2016, 2.546 million service members received a smallpox Vaccinia vaccine. Acute MP is associated with vaccinia, but the long-term outcomes have not been studied.
Methods
Records of vaccinia-associated MP reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System by vaccination date were adjudicated using the 2003 MP epidemiologic case definitions for inclusion in a retrospective observational cohort study. Descriptive statistics of clinical characteristics, presentation, cardiac complications, and time course of clinical and cardiac recovery were calculated with comparisons by gender, diagnosis and time to recovery.
Results
Out of over 5000 adverse event reports, 348 MP cases who survived the acute illness, including 276 myocarditis (99.6% probable/confirmed) and 72 pericarditis (29.2% probable/confirmed), were adjudicated for inclusion in the long-term follow-up. Demographics included a median age of 24 years (IQR 21,30) and male predominance (96%). Compared to background military population, the myocarditis and pericarditis cohort had a higher percentage of white males by 8.2% (95% CI: 5.6, 10.0) and age <40 years by 4.2% (95% CI: 1.7,5.8). Long-term follow-up documented full recovery in 267/306 (87.3%) with 74.9% recovered in less than a year (median ~3 months). Among patients with myocarditis, the percentage who had a delayed time to recovery at time of last follow-up was 12.8% (95% CI: 2.1,24.7) higher in those with an acute left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of ≤50% and 13.5% (95% CI: 2.4,25.7) higher in those with hypokinesis. Patient complications included 6 ventricular arrhythmias (2 received implanted defibrillators) and 14 with atrial arrhythmias (2 received radiofrequency ablation). Three of 6 patients (50%) diagnosed with cardiomyopathy had clinical recovery at their last follow-up date.
Conclusions
Hypersensitivity myocarditis/pericarditis following the smallpox vaccine is associated with full clinical and functional ventricular recovery in over 87% of cases (74.9% <1 year). A minority of MP cases experienced prolonged or incomplete recovery beyond 1 year.
... However, the nation's acceptance of this programme is still lacking in the study. Thailand and Vietnam Figure 3: Percentages of serious AEFI that file SFA (Rahim et al., 2023) Serious AEFI that File for the Special Financial Assistance in Malaysia Not file a claim Filed claim are the Southeast countries that have no-fault VICP before the outbreak of COVID-19 disease (Crum et al., 2021). In Malaysia, the types of injuries that have been awarded are not revealed by the administrator, similar as in Singapore. ...
Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) or vaccine injury is an issue of great concern in many nations, including Malaysia. This issue has long attracted the public's interest, but the emergence of COVID-19 disease has triggered greater interest as nations engaged in mass vaccination programs for their citizens. This is further exacerbated by the growing dissatisfaction with the traditional tort litigation system which necessitates exploring alternative ways to deal with vaccine injury cases. While the vaccine injury compensation program (VICP) has been implemented in several countries to compensate affected individuals following vaccination, not all VICP can cater to public health emergencies, especially regarding vaccine COVID-19. Malaysia, for example, has a similar program known as Special Financial Assistance Vaccine (SFA), which allows individuals to receive financial assistance if they suffer from AEFI COVID-19. Thus, this paper is intended to review and analyse the VICP in Southeast Asian countries and its implementation in Malaysia. This qualitative research was based on document review and comparative methodologies by exploring the VICP in Southeast Asia and similar mechanism in Malaysia to enrich the subject matter of the vaccine COVID-19 liability. The finding shows that the VICP program seems to be a great alternative in dealing with vaccine injury cases, especially in addressing the growing dissatisfaction with the traditional tort litigation system. Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand has its own VICP for affected individuals with COVID-19 vaccines while Myanmar, Cambodia, Timor-Leste, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines is under COVID-19 vaccine injury compensation scheme by COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX) offered in 92 low- and middle-income nations.
... Moreover, the government that provides vaccines may be required to provide adequate compensation for rare vaccine injuries and to implement a support system to manage the involved stakeholders. [44][45][46] ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy is a major concern in this pandemic context. This study postulates that vaccine hesitancy among individuals might be associated with a high state of decisional conflict which indicates a state of delayed decision-making. This study aimed to identify the factors related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and examine the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and decisional conflict by focusing on 3 sub-factors: value, informed, and support. This cross-sectional study administered an online, self-administered survey to people aged over 20 years old who were living in Japan using an online self-administered survey. To clarify the association between hesitancy and decisional conflict for the first or second vaccination, this study compared the hesitant and non-hesitant groups. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine which sub-factor contributing to decisional conflict was associated with vaccine hesitancy. A total of 527 responses were included in the analyses. For the first vaccination (n = 527), women and individuals in their 30s were more hesitant. For the second vaccination (n = 485), women, and individuals in their 40s, non-medical individuals, and individuals without any past history were more hesitant. No significant differences were found for employment status, household composition, convulsions history, allergies, or influenza vaccine hesitancy. For vaccine hesitancy and decisional conflict, a moderate positive correlation was found and means were significantly higher for the hesitant group. Unclear values and limited supported were positively associated with vaccine hesitancy. Eliminating decision-making conflicts can effectively reduce vaccine hesitancy. Furthermore, the findings suggest that it is insufficient to merely provide information. Thus, clarifying the value and providing tangible support from the administration is desirable.
