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Patterns of the gene expression profile of Cactus in adult bees fed with control (pollen and sugar syrup), monofloral (anise hyssop), and polyfloral (companion crops) diets during the 84-day experimental period. Means between lines within each sampling date are not significantly different if followed by the same lower-case letter (p > 0.05; Tukey test).

Patterns of the gene expression profile of Cactus in adult bees fed with control (pollen and sugar syrup), monofloral (anise hyssop), and polyfloral (companion crops) diets during the 84-day experimental period. Means between lines within each sampling date are not significantly different if followed by the same lower-case letter (p > 0.05; Tukey test).

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Honeybees are of economic importance not only for honey production, but also for crop pollination, which amounts to USD 20 billion per year in the United States. However, the number of honeybee colonies has declined more than 40% during the last few decades. Although this decline is attributed to a combination of factors (parasites, diseases, pesti...