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Passive transfer of maternal HEWL-specific IgG to piglets on ppd 0 and ppd 2. Sow treatments are indicated by hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet), sodium selenite (SS), and basal diet (BD). All data are presented as means ± SD. Significance is indicated at *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.
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The present work aimed at assessing passive, innate, and acquired immunity in piglets from sows supplemented with either organic or inorganic selenium (Se). A total of 12 multiparous pregnant sows were randomly allocated to three groups: selenium-deficient, corn and soy–based diet base diet (BD), 0.3 mg Se/kg as hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet),...
Citations
... The antioxidant defense system plays an important role in protecting the body from adverse factors [5,6]. Many natural biological processes in the body, such as respiration, digestion of food, conversion of fats into energy, produce harmful compounds called free radicals [7,8]. Free radicals are usually destroyed by the body's natural antioxidant system [9,10]. ...
The authors conducted experiments to study the effect of natural metabolites fed to repair pigs in the last three months before insemination on their growth, changes in their live weight, the chemical composition of milk and the content of immunoglobulins in it, as well as morphological and biochemical blood compositions, protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnant and suckling sows. Four groups of repair pigs were formed for research white breed (control and three experimental) at the age of 6 months, 20 heads each, which were kept in separate machines. The control group received the basic diet, without additives. The pigs of the experimental groups were fed natural metabolites from the sixth to the ninth month inclusive. The animals of the I experimental group were fed organic selenium (Selenium) as part of the compound feed – 0.3 kg / t of feed, II experimental group – succinic acid at the rate of 20 mg / kg of live weight (frequency of 10 days), III experimental group - Carolin preparation (beta-carotene oil solution) – 15 ml / head per day. At the ages of 6.5 and 9 months, 5 pigs from each group had blood taken from the ear vein in the morning before feeding for research. The object of research was repair pigs of large white breed and Krasnodar meat type. Feeding of animals both in this experiment and subsequent ones was carried out taking into account detailed feeding standards. The composition and nutritional value of the diets were calculated using the «Kormoptimaexpert» program.
... Redox status is a balance between the production of ROS and antioxidant capacity in the cell. 190,191 During pregnancy, production of ROS is involved in various physiologic, developmental and immunologic processes. During pregnancy, ROS production is a physiologic process but excessive abnormal production of ROS leads to increased generation of oxidative stress, which disrupts the maternal and placental functions and ultimately can cause gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ...
... Redox status is a balance between the production of ROS and antioxidant capacity in the cell. 190,191 During pregnancy, production of ROS is involved in various physiologic, developmental and immunologic processes. During pregnancy, ROS production is a physiologic process but excessive abnormal production of ROS leads to increased generation of oxidative stress, which disrupts the maternal and placental functions and ultimately can cause gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ...
Pregnancy is a critical period associated with alterations in physiologic, biologic, and immunologic processes, which can affect maternal‐fetal health through development of several infectious diseases. At birth, neonates have an immature immune system that makes them more susceptible to severe viral infections and diseases. For this reason, different maternal nutritional and immunization interventions have been used to improve the immune and health status of the mother and her neonate through passive immunity. Here, we reviewed the protective role of maternal immunization with different types of vaccines, especially genetic vaccines, during pregnancy in maternal‐fetal health, immune response, colostrum quality, immune response, and anti‐oxidative status. For this purpose, we have used different scientific databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) and other official web pages. We customized the search period range from the year 2000 to 2023 using the key words “maternal immunization” OR “gestation period/pregnancy” OR “genetic vaccination” OR “maternal‐fetal health” OR “micronutrients” OR “neonatal immunity” “oxidative stress” OR “colostrum quality”. The evidence demonstrated that inactivated or killed vaccines produced significant immune protection in the mother and fetus. Furthermore, most recent studies have suggested that the use of genetic vaccines (mRNA and DNA) during pregnancy is efficient at triggering the immune response in mother and neonate without the risk of undesired pregnancy outcomes. However, factors such as maternal redox balance, nutritional status, and the timing of immunization play essential roles in regulating immune response inflammatory status, antioxidant capacity, and the welfare of both the pregnant mother and her newborn.
... 50 Gestation is a period of sustained oxidative stress 51 and sows experience increased DNA damage and reduced antioxidant protection. 52 At around 60 days postpartum, GPX activity decreases with a decrease in serum Se. 53 Se levels in the body are also positively correlated with the production of certain antioxidants. One study showed that sows supplemented with organic Se produced piglets with serum Se concentrations and GPX activity that were 29.44% and 6.4% higher, respectively, compared to piglets produced by sows supplemented with inorganic Se. ...
Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient necessary in small amounts for the proper organism functioning. Se‐rich agriculture, also known as special agriculture, has the potential to improve agricultural production and produce beneficial agricultural products. This review discusses the various applications of Se in agriculture, including animal husbandry, crop production and aquaculture. It covers Se metabolites, the function and regulation of selenogenomes and selenoproteomes of human and animal food and the recycling of Se in food systems and ecosystems. Finally, the review identifies research needs that will support the basic science and practical applications of dietary Se in modern agriculture.
... Indeed, Se IV , Se VI , and even SeCys are ineffective in increasing the Se concentration in muscle tissue and building Se reserves in monogastric animals, as shown by Deagen et al. [45] for rats and by De Marco et al. [3] for broilers, and only SeMet can non-specifically be incorporated into proteins in place of methionine [4,8]. The higher bio-efficacy of SeMet has mainly been observed in farm animals' studies, such us in the muscles of chickens [3,52,58], the eggs of laying hens [54,59,60], the muscles of growing pigs [53,61,62], in sow milk [63] and in milk and beef cattle [55,64,65]. ...
Seleno-Yeasts
(SY) used as feed additives are known to contain different Selenium (Se) species. Seleno-Yeasts has been shown, on previous analytical methods, to contain selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocysteine (SeCys), selenate (SeIV) and selenite (SeVI), and various other organic and inorganic Se forms identified but rarely quantified. A new advanced method has allowed elemental Se (Se0), an inorganic Se species, to be quantified, thereby obtaining better insight into the proportion of inorganic Se in SY products. The study aimed to quantify the Se0 in SY products and assess the proportion of inorganic Se in SY. The Se speciation of 13 fresh commercials SY from different suppliers and batches, was assayed for the total Se, inorganic Se species (SeIV, SeVI and Se0), and organic Se species (SeMet and SeCys). Results on total Se were in line with the expected Se concentrations for all evaluated samples. The proportion of Se present as Se0 ranged from 3.6% to 51.8%. The quantity of Se0 in the SY products, added to SeIV and SeVI, indicated an average proportion of inorganic Se of 14.2% for the 13 analyzed SY products. The proportion of Se as SeMet ranged from 19.0% to 71.8%, (average of 55.8%), and a large variability in the SeMet content was observed. The SeCys content was also variable, with an average of 3.8%, relative to the total Se. In conclusion, advances in the analytical characterization have revealed that SY products can have a significantly high proportion of inorganic Se, which could affect the bioavailability of Se from SY supplements and explain their variable and lower bio-efficacy than pure SeMet supplements, such as hydroxy-selenomethionine.
... Several studies have reported the advantage of OH-SeMet compared with SY for improving animals' Se status and increasing the transfer of Se in broiler muscle De Marco et al., 2021), egg (Jlali et al., 2013), in muscle of growing pigs (Jlali et al., 2014), and in milk (Li et al., 2020). Likewise, in beef, Grossi et al. (2021) demonstrated that supplementation with OH-SeMet increases Se in muscle to higher levels than supplementation with SY. ...
In this study, we aimed to determine the amount of Se transferred to milk and blood of mid- to late-lactation dairy cows when supplemental Se from hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet) was fed compared with an unsupplemented group and a group supplemented with a seleno-yeast (SY). Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows (178 ± 43 d in milk) were used in a complete randomized block design for 91 d (7-d covariate period and 84-d treatment period). Treatments were (1) basal diet with an analyzed Se background of 0.2 mg of Se per kg as-fed (control); (2) basal diet + 0.3 mg of Se/kg as-fed from SY (SY-0.3); (3) basal diet + 0.1 mg of Se/kg as-fed from OH-SeMet (OH-SeMet-0.1); and (4) basal diet + 0.3 mg of Se/kg as-fed from OH-SeMet (OH-SeMet-0.3). During the trial, plasma and milk were analyzed for total Se, and plasma was analyzed for glutathione peroxidase activity. The mean plasma and milk Se concentrations exhibited the same relationship, where OH-SeMet-0.3 resulted in the highest values (142 µg/L of plasma and 104 µg/kg of milk), followed by SY-0.3 (134 µg/L and 85 µg/kg), OH-SeMet-0.1 (122 µg/L and 67 µg/kg), and the control group had the lowest values (120 µg/L and 50 µg/kg). The increment of Se in milk induced by OH-SeMet-0.3 (+54 µg/kg) was 54% higher than that induced by SY-0.3 (+35 µg/kg). Additionally, dietary supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg Se from OH-SeMet in the total mixed ration was estimated to be similar to 0.3 mg/kg Se from SY in the total mixed ration when considering the level of Se in the milk. There was no difference in plasma glutathione peroxidase activity between groups; however, OH-SeMet-0.3 significantly decreased somatic cell count. The results confirmed that supplementation with organic Se increases milk and plasma Se concentrations. Moreover, when administered at the same level of supplementation, OH-SeMet was shown to be more efficient than SY in improving milk quality by increasing Se content and decreasing milk somatic cell count.
... It has been proven that OH-SeMet is fully converted into selenomethionine, conferring the ability to increase Se deposition in tissues of all species, including in muscle of chickens [22][23][24], eggs and breast muscle of laying hens [25], muscle of growing pigs [26], sow milk [27], beef cattle [28,29], and dairy cows [30]. Thus, improving Se availability will help to improve health and to give rise to a biofortified animal products which are beneficial for human consumers. ...
... Several studies have shown that OH-SeMet supplementation in non-stressed conditions is capable of decreasing the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β or TNFα and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 [24,37,[62][63][64]. Nevertheless, contrary to NAC, when a challenge was induced, OH-SeMet supplementation helped the macrophages to control the cytokine production by decreasing both proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL-1β) and maintaining the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, as previously described in other tissues [27,37,64]. It is important to remark that the control of IL-10 production is needed in stressed conditions since it is described that high IL-10 production leads to a suppression of the immune response and, therefore, a failure to control the infection [65]. ...
... Since the phagocytic capacity of macrophages is among the key features of the innate immune response, these results highlight the capacity of OH-SeMet to foster an innate immune response with minimal negative consequences for the tissues. Such results corroborate the observations made in different in vivo trials [24,27,37,64], where OH-SeMet supplementation promoted innate immune response compared to sodium selenite and selenized yeast, and provide further knowledge on OH-SeMet's mode of action on macrophages. ...
The role of 2-hydroxy-(4-methylseleno)butanoic acid (OH-SeMet), a form of organic selenium (Se), in selenoprotein synthesis and inflammatory response of THP1-derived macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been investigated. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, GPX1 gene expression, selenoprotein P (SELENOP) protein and gene expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were studied in Se-deprived conditions (6 and 24 h). Then, macrophages were supplemented with OH-SeMet for 72 h and GPX1 and SELENOP gene expression were determined. The protective effect of OH-SeMet against oxidative stress was studied in H2O2-stimulated macrophages, as well as the effect on GPX1 gene expression, oxidative stress, cytokine production (TNFα, IL-1β and IL-10), and phagocytic and killing capacities after LPS stimulation. Se deprivation induced a reduction in GPX activity, GPX1 gene expression, and SELENOP protein and gene expression at 24 h. OH-SeMet upregulated GPX1 and SELENOP gene expression and decreased ROS production after H2O2 treatment. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, OH-SeMet upregulated GPX1 gene expression, enhanced phagocytic and killing capacities, and reduced ROS and cytokine production. Therefore, OH-SeMet supplementation supports selenoprotein expression and controls oxidative burst and cytokine production while enhancing phagocytic and killing capacities, modulating the inflammatory response, and avoiding the potentially toxic insult produced by highly activated macrophages.
... Additionally, in the case of placental mammals, intrauterine development comprises a substantial portion of total parental investment (Padmanabhan et al. 2016;Reynolds et al. 2019). Therefore, the foraging strategies used by mothers during gestation should have a substantial impact on foetal growth and neonatal health traits at birth (Reynolds et al. 2019;Li et al. 2020). These relationships, however, are rarely reported in free-ranging mammals. ...
... In humans and domestic animals, the foetal environment is a well-known modulator of neonatal and adult health (Padmanabhan et al. 2016;Reynolds et al. 2019). In domestic animals, gestational caloric and nutritional deficiencies can significatively impact birth weight, metabolic markers and immune function (Reynolds et al. 2019;Li et al. 2020). Less is known in wild animals regarding the role of the foetal environment on neonatal health, but preliminary studies suggest that maternal body condition and overall health during pregnancy affect foetal growth (Christiansen et al. 2014;Aleuy et al. 2020). ...
The success of maternal foraging strategies during the rearing period can greatly impact the physiology and survival of dependent offspring. Surprisingly though, little is known on the fitness consequences of foraging strategies during the foetal period. In this study, we characterized variation in maternal foraging strategy throughout pregnancy in a marine top predator (South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis), and asked if these shifts predicted neonatal health and postnatal survival. We found that during early pregnancy all pregnant females belonged to a single, homogenized foraging niche without evident clusters. Intriguingly though, during late pregnancy, individual fur seal mothers diverged into two distinct foraging niches characterized by a benthic-nearshore and a pelagic-offshore strategy. Females that shifted towards the benthic-nearshore strategy gave birth to pups with greater body mass, higher plasmatic levels of glucose and lower levels of blood urea nitrogen. The pups born to these benthic females were eight times more likely to survive compared to females using the pelagic-offshore foraging strategy during late pregnancy. These survival effects were mediated primarily by the impact of foraging strategies on neonatal glucose independent of protein metabolic profile and body mass. Benthic-nearshore foraging strategies during late pregnancy potentially allow for the greater maternal transfer of glucose to the foetus, leading to higher chances of neonatal survival. These results call for a deeper understanding of the balance between resource acquisition and allocation provided by distinct foraging polymorphisms during critical life-history periods, and how this trade-off may be adaptive under certain environmental conditions.
... During gestation and lactation, maternal nutrition is a predominant factor to regulate the growth and immunity of piglets (1,2). Since neonates are born without brown fat reserves, timely intake of colostrum is the guarantee of energy supply for piglets. ...
... Besides, the levels of inflammation, autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress were reduced, suggesting favorable outcomes in the immune function of offspring (115). Moreover, provision of maternal hydroxyselenomethionine (OH-SeMet) (0.3 mg Se/kg) during G84 to L21 showed a significantly increase of IgG level in piglets at weaning (2). Taurine (Tau), a metabolite of methionine and cysteine, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (116,117). ...
The immature immune system at birth and environmental stress increase the risk of infection in nursing pigs. Severe infection subsequently induces intestinal and respiratory diseases and even cause death of pigs. The nutritional and physiological conditions of sows directly affect the growth, development and disease resistance of the fetus and newborn. Many studies have shown that providing sows with nutrients such as functional oligosaccharides, oils, antioxidants, and trace elements could regulate immunity and the inflammatory response of piglets. Here, we reviewed the positive effects of certain nutrients on milk quality, immunoglobulin inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and intestinal microflora of sows, and further discuss the effects of these nutrients on immunity and the inflammatory response in the offspring.
... However, given the intense regimen of semen collection for these animals, it has been supposed that a greater Se input could be necessary for ensuring more consistent sperm production, and so, organic Se forms could be the better choice due to their ability for building Se reserves in the body (Surai and Fisinin, 2015). In the search for increasingly efficient organic sources, several studies have demonstrated the advantages of offering OH-SeMet for pigs and poultry on their productivity Jlali et al., 2013Jlali et al., , 2014Couloigner et al., 2015;Chao et al., 2019;Li et al., 2020;Mou et al., 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effects of this organic Se form as dietary supplementation in boars on their semen production and quality, fertility, and litter produced. ...
This study aimed to compare different selenium (Se) sources in the diet on boar's semen quality and fertility. For this, 28 boars aged 8 to 28 months were fed with the following dietary treatments for 95 days: 0.3 mg Se/kg as sodium selenite (SS, n = 14) and 0.3 mg Se/kg as hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet, n = 14). During this period, two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the semen of all boars was evaluated every 2 weeks. Raw semen was initially evaluated for the processing of seminal doses, which were stored at 17 °C for 72 h, followed by sperm quality assessments. Furthermore, Se concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured in the seminal plasma. In experiment 2, 728 females were inseminated weekly with seminal doses from boars of the different experimental groups to further assess in vivo fertility and litter characteristics. Results demonstrated that boars fed OH-SeMet had more Se in their seminal plasma (p < 0.05), showing the greater bioavailability of the organic source in the male reproductive system. Moreover, boars fed OH-SeMet tended (p < 0.10) towards a higher total sperm count in the ejaculate (66.60 vs. 56.57 × 10 9 sperm), and the number of seminal doses (22.11 vs. 18.86; 3 × 10 9 sperm/dose) when compared to those fed SS. No effect of the dietary treatments was observed on GPx activity in seminal plasma (p > 0.05), as well as on raw and stored semen quality (p > 0.05). Under in vivo conditions, seminal doses from boars fed OH-SeMet tended (p < 0.10) towards a higher pregnancy rate at weeks 3, 5, and 8, and also resulted in a higher (p < 0.05) percentage of pregnant females in the overall period (99.30 vs. 97.00). In conclusion, the replacement of SS with OH-SeMet in boars' diet can improve sperm production and results in better reproductive performance for them, bringing greater productivity and profitability to artificial insemination centers and commercial pig farms.
