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Every part of Calophyllum inophyllum L. has been used in various traditional remedies, especially the oil from its nut was mostly used to treat skin diseases. This study aimed to investigate the composition and antioxidant activity of C. inophyllum nut oil and formulate the oil as a cosmeceutical product. The chemical composition and the amount of...
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... to lowland forest. The plant is native to East Africa, southern India to Malaysia, northern Australia, and the Pacific Ocean. It is of medium to large sizes with an average height of 8 to 20 m and a broad spreading crown of irregular branches. The fruit is a round, green drupe of approximately 2-4 cm in diameter, and has a single large seed (Fig. 1). The seeds have a very high content of oil, up to 75%, which is non-edible in nature. This plant has been used for a long time in various ways, including wood, forages, perfume, dye, soaps, biofuels, and medicals. For traditional folk remedies in Asia and the Pacific Islands, the plant is used as a diuretic, an antibiotic, an ...
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... mentioned before, some constituents were potent against oxidants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and cancers (Creagh et al., 2001;Itoigawa et al., 2001;Yimdjo et al., 2004;Kostova and Mojzis, 2007;Saravanan et al., 2011;Ginigini et al., 2019). Especially, the activity of Calophyllolide which exhibits antimicrobial activities involved in skin pathogens, and anti-inflammation through reduction of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a). Moreover, It has also been reported to possess a wound healing activity in keratinocytes (Nguyen et al., 2017). ...
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... The gas chromatogram and corresponding mass spectra are shown in Figure S1. These constituents have been reported to possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing, anti-HIV, and anti-tumor activities [27][28][29][30]. Calophyllolide exhibits wound-healing activity by reducing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and regulating inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). ...
Tamanu oil has traditionally been used to treat various skin problems. The oil has wound-healing and skin-regenerating capabilities and encourages the growth of new skin cells, all of which are helpful for fading scars and hyperpigmentation, as well as promoting an all-around glow. The strong nutty odor and high viscosity are the major disadvantages associated with its application. The aim of this study was to create bigels using tamanu oil for its anti-scarring properties and predict the possible mechanism of action through the help of molecular docking studies. In silico studies were performed to analyze the binding affinity of the protein with the drug, and the anti-scarring activity was established using a full-thickness excision wound model. In silico studies revealed that the components inophyllum C, 4-norlanosta-17(20),24-diene-11,16-diol-21-oic acid, 3-oxo-16,21-lactone, calanolide A, and calophyllolide had docking scores of −11.3 kcal/mol, −11.1 kcal/mol, −9.8 kcal/mol, and −8.6 kcal/mol, respectively, with the cytokine TGF-β1 receptor. Bigels were prepared with tamanu oil ranging from 5 to 20% along with micronized xanthan gum and evaluated for their pH, viscosity, and spreadability. An acute dermal irritation study in rabbits showed no irritation, erythema, eschar, or edema. In vivo excisional wound-healing studies performed on Wistar rats and subsequent histopathological studies showed that bigels had better healing properties when compared to the commercial formulation (MurivennaTM oil). This study substantiates the wound-healing and scar reduction potential of tamanu oil bigels.
... The gas 3 chromatogram and corresponding mass spectra are shown in Figure S1. These constituents have been reported to possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-HIV and antitumor activities [27][28][29][30]. Calophyllolide exhibits wound healing activity by reducing myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and regulating inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α). ...
Tamanu oil has traditionally been used to treat various skin problems. The oil has wound-healing and skin-regenerating capabilities, and encourages the growth of new skin cells, all of which are helpful for fading scars and hyperpigmentation, as well as promoting an all-around glow. The strong nutty odor and high viscosity are the major disadvantages associated with their application. The aim of this study was to create bigels using tamanu oil for its anti-scarring properties. Bigels were prepared with Tamanu oil ranging from 5 to 20% along with micronized xanthan gum and evaluated for their pH, viscosity, and spreadability. In silico studies were performed to analyze the binding affinity of the protein with the drug, and the anti-scarring activity was established using a full-thickness excision wound model. In silico studies have reported that the components Calanolide A, Inophyllum C, and 4-Norlanosta-17(20),24-diene-11,16-diol-21-oic acid, and 3-oxo-16,21-lactone had docking scores of -9.8, -11.3, and -11.1, respectively with the cytokine TGF- β1 receptor. An acute dermal irritation study in rabbits showed no irritation, erythema, eschar, or edema. In vivo excisional wound healing studies performed on wistar rats and subsequent histopathological studies showed that bigels had better healing properties when compared to the commercial formulation (Murivenna oil). This study substantiates the wound healing and scar reduction potential of Tamanu oil bigels.
... Several parts of the plant contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins (Hapsari et al., 2022;Mah et al., 2015;Susanto et al., 2019). In addition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, due to the presence of phenolic substances, have been reported (Cassien et al., 2021;Saechan et al., 2021). The phenolic compounds were confirmed by the NÀ ÀH and OH components in two mangrove plants, Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora annamalayana (Arulkumar et al., 2020). ...
Calophyllum inophyllum is used in traditional medicine to treat several diseases and conditions. Several studies have attempted to isolate useful compounds from various parts of this plant. However, the phytochemical constituents of C. inophyllum flower have not been extensively studied. This pioneering study focused on the chemical composition of C. inophyllum flower analyzed by gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS) and the antibacterial effects of C. inophyllum flower extracted with organic solvents. Phytochemical compounds were obtained from C. inophyllum flower via maceration with sequential extraction using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Phytochemical components of total phenolic (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and total saponin (TSC) contents were determined by colorimetric methods and each extract was found to be rich in phenolic, flavonoid, and saponin constituents. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were studied by disk diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) assays were used to address the potentials of extracts. All extracts were active against pathogenic bacteria at different concentrations, and were especially active against Salmonella tyhpi. In addition, the hexane extract exhibited the lowest MIC and MBC of 0.098 and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively, against B. cereus based on the antibacterial dilution method. The correlation analysis indicated a negative relationship between the flavonoid content and the inhibition zone of Salmonella typhi, with a significant value of p < 0.05. On the contrary, a positive relationship between the saponin content and the inhibition zone Klebsiella pneumoniae. These results showed that C. inophyllum flower extracts are rich of bioactive compounds such as phytol, eugenol, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene, α-muurolene, β-caryophyllene, β-amysin, farnesol, palmitic acid, and cadinene derivatives.
... The total flavonoid contents were determined as described by Charinrat et al. (2021). In brief, quercetin standard solution (1.95-125 µg/ml) and sample stock solutions of rice extracts (10 mg/ml) were diluted in DMSO. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of the Thai black glutinous rice grain (RG) and black glutinous rice bran (RB) extract in cosmeceutical products. The ethanolic extracts were prepared. Anthocyanin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined, and antioxidant activities were evaluated using 2,2-Di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The RB extract exhibited higher total phenolic (129.03 ± 2.44 μg of gallic acid equivalent/mg extract) and flavonoid (7.56 ± 0.40 μg of quercetin equivalent/mg extract) contents than the RG extract. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the RB extract were superior to the activities of the RG extract. Therefore, the RB extract was selected for loading into the water- and oil-based formulations. The stability testing consisted of centrifugation and six heating-cooling cycles. All formulations were stable without noticeable phase separation or aggregation after the stability testing. In addition, the pH values ranged between 5 and 5.5, which was proper for skin application. Our findings indicate that the RB extract is a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidants and suggest that this extract might be a promising active component in skincare products.
... The total flavonoid contents were determined as described by Charinrat et al. (2021). In brief, quercetin standard solution (1.95-125 µg/ml) and sample stock solutions of rice extracts (10 mg/ml) were diluted in DMSO. ...
... Nowadays, TO is also considered as a potential source for cosmetic industry (acne, dry skin, hair loss, etc.), a fast growing field looking for natural ingredients (Ansel et al., 2016;Raharivelomanana et al., 2018;Saechan et al., 2021). ...
Tamanu ( Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a non-food oil used in traditional medicine, and with potential applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. However, this oil, obtained by pressing the nuts, is being used as crude oil, in spite of a variable but large amount of non-lipids (called resin) being entrained. Although these should not be seen as impurities owing to their known bioactivity in many fields, not only they are responsible for the poisonous nature impeding human consumption in addition to bad smell, but they contribute to the poor oil quality, especially low stability and associated short shelf life. The present study aimed at purifying a crude tamanu oil sample through a combination of simple steps: deresination with ethanol, degumming using hot water, neutralization (KOH), bleaching with activated carbon, and deodorization. Ethanol 96% was more efficient for deresinating, compared to methanol, resulting in the extraction of 44–46% w/w of resin within 10 min (temperature 40 °C; oil:ethanol 1:1.5 w/v). Oil quality was checked in the industrial crude sample and in the fully refined product. The applied process strongly improved the color from dark brown to light golden yellow, decreased the acid value (62 down to 0.11 mgKOH/g of oil), and the viscosity (181 to 130 mPa.s). The saponification value was lowered from 206 to 180 mgKOH/g oil. The peroxide value was only slightly lowered from 85 to 55 mgO 2 /kg oil, thus pointing out the peculiar chemical nature of tamanu oil. Improving this important quality parameter would require additional research work, together with fine-tuned optimization of experimental conditions for a panel of crude oil samples; this was out of the scope of present work. This preliminary study shows that refining steps widely applied at industrial scale could help improving the quality of tamanu oil – an underused natural feedstock – for enhanced application in health and cosmetic fields.
Nowadays, there is a rapid increase in cancer incidence around the world. Hence, there is an urgent need for more efficient natural medicine treatments with fewer side effects. The genus Garcinia belongs to the family Clusiaceae and is regarded as a rich source of secondary metabolites. Compounds identified in Garcinia species have applications in treating cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The present study aims to analyse the essential phytocompounds in the methanolic leaf extracts of Garcinia gummi-gutta var. papilla (GP) and Garcinia xanthochymus (GX) and to compare the antioxidant and anticancer capabilities of the extracts. Using HR-LC MS, composition and structure of bioactive compounds in extracts were determined. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanolic leaf extract were investigated by DPPH assays, ABTS assays, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. In vitro cytotoxicity was studied using MCF-7 cell lines, and the growth inhibitory effects of the extracts were assessed by MTT assay. Around 21 potential compounds have been identified from GP and 19 from GX. In all the antioxidant assays, GP shows moderate antioxidant activity than GX. In in vitro cancer studies, GP showed fewer side effects on L929 cells and higher cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cell lines. GP proved to be a good anticancer agent. Results revealed higher antioxidant activity and anticancerous activity for GP than GX. Due to the abundance of compounds with antioxidant and anticancer properties, GP serves as a species of interest for further research on anticancer drugs.
Buchanania siamensis is a local plant in eastern and north-eastern Thailand belonging to the Anacardiaceae family. The plant provides shading and is a good source of food and medicine since its fruits possess antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. The green, environmental-friendly, extraction of B. siamensis, under ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction, using solvents consisting of a variation of tween 80, propylene glycol (PG), and ethanol concentrations were investigated. Extraction by aqueous PG under ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions yielded the highest total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC). The optimum condition, which was using a 40 mL/g ratio, 50% PG at 60°C for 20 min, yielded the extract with TPC at 49.12 ± 0.51 mgGAE/g DW and TFC at 14.18 ± 0.48 mgQE/g DW. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity at IC50 2.49 ± 0.03 mg/mL. Water-based formulations (solution and hydrogel) of this extract were successfully fabricated. The formulations demonstrated stable properties, TPC, myriscitrin, quercetrin content, and antioxidant properties after the heating and cooling test (6 cycles). Consequently, the B. siamensis extract, rich in antioxidative agents, was proper for incorporation into water-based cosmeceutical products.
