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Particle size and PDI of the samples as a function of centrifugation time (2 and 3 h) and amount of glycerol (0, 10, 30, and 50 μg). A CS-TPP NPs without surfactant, (B) CS-TPP NPs with P80, and (C) CS-TPP NPs with P188. n = 3; two-way ANOVA, Tuckey post hoc test. * p < 0.05 between times, ** p < 0.05 between amount of glycerol, *** p < 0.05 between total points studied vs. control. Control = sample before centrifugation
Source publication
Background
Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the syn...
Citations
... its concentration and ratio with chitosan specifically influence the particle size, encapsulation rate, and drug loading of nanoparticles (conte et al. 2023;essid et al. 2023;Jalal et al. 2023;Kancha et al. 2024;latifi et al. 2024) (table 2). An increase in the concentration of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate in the system tends to produce nanoparticles with larger particle size (Gutiérrez-Ruíz et al. 2024), but the larger the particle size of nanoparticles, the worse the stability. in addition, the chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ion cross-linking method are unstable. ...
Bacterial diseases are a significant challenge to human and animal health. The current treatment methods still have obvious shortcomings, such as poor targeting, low bioavailability, high side effects and drug resistance. Chitosan, with its outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, adhesiveness, antimicrobial properties, and ability to minimize drug side effects while improving bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes, serves as an ideal material for drug delivery systems, presenting a promising strategy for treating bacterial diseases. In this review, we briefly summarize the preparation methods of chitosan-based drug delivery systems and their application in the treatment of bacterial infections. The advantages of preparation of different types of chitosan-based drug delivery systems are discussed, supported by examples demonstrating their ability to improve drug antimicrobial activity, targeting, and bioavailability. Moreover, the current challenges, limitations, and future perspectives in this field were discussed, laying the groundwork for further development of chitosan-based drug delivery systems as high-performance and safe antimicrobial therapeutics.
... The mixture is stirred at 500 RPM for 30 minutes more by a magnetic stirrer. Figure 6 below shows the principle of preparation of Lin-nano capsule [119,120]. 6 Method Ionic Geleation [121] The principle of ionic gelation of chitosan micro/nano encapsulation is mainly dependent on cross-linking by using STPP and the formation of the oil phase by emulsification and the water phase by adding chitosan diffused in water. Then add up the oil phase to the chitosan by controlled drop wise method and set pH with constant stirring [122][123][124] [125,126]. ...
... This was followed by drop-by-drop addition of TPP solution to the PCA chitosan solution. After the addition of cross-linking agent, the solution stirred for 12 h at room temperature [21]. The E-PCA NPs were prepared by dropwise slow addition of PCA NPs into the 0.1% (w/v) TiO 2 dispersion under continuous stirring at room temperature for 1 h [22]. ...
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) enhanced chitosan nanoparticles with para-coumaric acid (PCA) payload was designed to mitigate leishmaniasis. Both PCA and TiO2 were reported to inhibit growth of both amastigotes and promastigotes of Leishmania donovani through metabolic interventions. Nanoparticle design was perceived to meet biopharmaceutical drawbacks of PCA for improved therapeutic outcomes with TiO2-assisted selectivity for macrophages. PCA loaded nanoparticles were prepared with biopolymer chitosan following ionotropic gelation technique. Nanoparticles exhibited a quasi-spherical shape in FESEM with size 417.6 ± 40.2 nm, PDI of 0.217 ± 0.01 and Zeta potential of 72.3 ± 5.9 mV. PCA entrapment was found to be 73.33% and its release was sustained for 12 h. MTT assay derived IC50 values of engineered NPs against Leishmania promastigotes, Leishmania amastigotes and RAW 267.4 cell lines were 11.7 ± 0.74, 14.2 ± 0.6 and 34.9 ± 0.1 μg/ml respectively clearly indicating the increased efficacy of the engineered NPs against both the lifecycle stages of Leishmania. The selectivity index of the engineered NP was 2.92 compared to 1.83 for free PCA confirming for its attractive potential for clinical translation. Designed nanoparticles with fast and increased cellular uptake can be a smarter option for leishmaniasis management targeting the parasites with negligible toxicity against normal cells indicating the specificity of the intervention.
Graphic Abstract
... Chitosan nanoparticles preparation Chitosan (lowmolecular-weight 28 KDa) was obtained from Loba Chemie, 1 N hydrochloric acid, 1 N sodium hydroxide from Fisher Scientific, and l-proline and indole butyric acid from Neolabchem. The nanoparticles utilized in this investigation were synthesized through the ionic gelation method; chitosan was dissolved in an acidic solution (1% acetic acid) at a concentration of 0.5 g/100 mL distilled water, and sodium tripolyphosphate solution at a concentration of 0.05% was added dropwise to a chitosan solution while stirring continuously at 1000 rpm for 1 h to prepare a stock solution of chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) [32]. ...
Background
Root rot, wilt diseases, and rooting processes have been the major factors that constrain schefflera production. This study focuses on the impact of innovative applications of eco-friendly materials like chitosan nanoparticles loaded with l-proline or indole butyric acid to replace traditional chemical fungicides in controlling root rot and wilt diseases, as well as the vegetative propagation success of leafy stem schefflera cuttings.
Results
Fusarium foeten (strain 1) and Fusarium falciforme (strains 2 and 4) were first identified as root rot and wilt pathogens of schefflera in Egypt based on morphological features and confirmed with molecular analyses. Fusarium foetens (strain 1) and F. falciforme (strain 2) have the most aggressive action, as the infection percentages significantly increased in the pathogenicity test. The disease incidence reached 38.88 and 44.44%, respectively, whereas the disease severity was 18.51 and 26.84%, respectively. Chitosan nanoparticles at a concentration of 25 mg/L were the most effective dose, leading to a significant reduction in disease incidence to 25.00%, disease severity to 4.17%, and playing a vital role in activating plant defense, which correlates well with improved growth characteristics. The novel strategy of L-proline loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (LP-CSNPs) application occupied the first rank at protective influence against root rot and wilt disease-induced oxidative stress, signaling a defensive function that was freelance verified. L-proline loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (LP-CSNPs) at 0.125–0.25 g/L had a significant impact on reducing the incidence and severity of root rot and wilt diseases, as well as improving photosynthetic pigments and free radical scavenging activities, which included strengthening plant defense and further validating the findings from the biochemical trait analysis. The TT biplot graph was an influential statistical tool to study the impacts of treatments on schefflera production and its attributes and to discover the interrelationships among them.
Conclusions
Applying LP-CSNPs is one of the best techniques to manage schefflera root rot and wilt diseases, since it can be utilized as a growth stimulator and defense activator with sustainable increased efficiency.
Graphical Abstract
... The cationic character of chitosan is modified by a polyanion, like sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), which causes ionotropic gelation, and the subsequent production of nanoparticles is achieved [17,18]. Bioactive substances have been encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles and employed as delivery nanocarriers [19,20]. ...
Ethanolic cashew leaf extract (ECL-E) is rich in phenolic compounds and shows remarkable antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. Encapsulation could stabilize ECL-E as the core. Tripolyphosphate (TPP)–chitosan (CS) nanoparticles were used to load ECL-E, and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized. The nanoparticles loaded with ECL-E at different levels showed differences in encapsulation efficiency (47.62–89.47%), mean particle diameters (47.30–314.60 nm), positive zeta potentials (40.37–44.24 mV), and polydispersity index values (0.20–0.56). According to scanning electron micrographs, the nanoparticles had a spherical or ellipsoidal shape, and a slight agglomeration was observed. The appropriate ratio of CS/ECL-E was 1:3, in which an EE of 89.47%, a particle size of 256.05 ± 7.70 nm, a zeta potential of 40.37 ± 0.66 mV, and a PDI of 0.22 ± 0.05 were obtained. The nanoparticles also exhibited high antioxidant activities, as assayed by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Low minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.38, 75.00 mg/mL) and Shewanella putrefaciens (4.69, 75.00 mg/mL). In addition, ECL-E loaded in nanoparticles could maintain its bioactivities under various light intensities (1000–4000 Lux) for 48 h. Some interactions among TPP, CS, and ECL-E took place, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. These nanoparticles had the increased storage stability and could be used for inactivating spoilage bacteria and retarding lipid oxidation in foods.
... Drying techniques are a crucial step in nanoparticle development for drug delivery, ensuring optimal physical characteris- tics and efficiency. Selecting the right method is essential to maintain desired properties and prevent degradation or aggregation [104,105]. ...
Chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are promising vehicles for targeted and controlled drug release. Recognized for their biodegradability, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and ease of production, CSNPs represent an effective approach to drug delivery. Encapsulating drugs within nanoparticles (NPs) provides numerous benefits compared to free drugs, such as increased bioavailability, minimized toxic side effects, improved delivery, and the incorporation of additional features like controlled release, imaging agents, targeted delivery, and combination therapies with multiple drugs. Keys parameters in nanomedicines are drug loading content and drug loading efficiency. Most current NP systems struggle with low drug loading, presenting a significant challenge to the field. This review summarizes recent research on developing CSNPs with high drug loading capacity, focusing on various synthesis strategies. It examines CSNP systems using different materials and drugs, providing details on their synthesis methods, drug loadings, encapsulation efficiencies, release profiles, stability, and applications in drug delivery. Additionally, the review discusses factors affecting drug loading, providing valuable guidelines for future CSNPs’ development.
... The concentration of chitosan and the chitosan-to-tripolyphosphate (TPP) molar ratio are the two important factors that affect the formation of chitosan nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles also depends on the degree of acetylation of the chitosan and the presence of salts in the reaction medium [51]. The sample obtained by this ionic gelation method possesses high reproducibility. ...
Controlled-release fertilisers are granular particles coated with a polymer that can release nutrients over a long time by preventing moisture contact and allowing the fertiliser to dissolve gradually. Stimuli-responsive controlled-release fertilisers also called smart fertilisers allow for passive nutrient release through response of environmental stimuli. External stimuli may be pH, temperature, redox conditions, enzymes, and light. The respiration from the roots of plants increases the amount of CO2 in the rhizosphere that decreases the pH in the soil. The properties of polymer-coated fertilisers change because of temperature variation and thereby release the fertiliser. The gel polymers swell as the temperature rises and contract as the temperature decreases. Enzyme-responsive polymers are highly useful in the delivery of insecticides safely exactly to the target. In redox-responsive polymers, the colour, fluorescence ability, and chirality vary according to external redox reactions. Chitosan is made from the outer skeleton of shellfish, crab, lobster, and shrimp. Chitosan possesses antimicrobial activity that finds applications in drug manufacturing. Chitosan can be modified to become chitosan nanoparticles through various synthesis techniques. In addition to its medical applications, chitosan nanoparticles are used in agriculture to encapsulate macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). NPK fertilisers are essential for the growth of plants. These three essential nutrients are loaded into chitosan nanoparticles. Nanofertilisers are macro- or micronutrients that are encapsulated within nanomaterials so that they can be released slowly or in a controlled manner and allow a slow diffusion into the soil. Commercialisation of nanofertilisers for use in agriculture will support farmers. An increased uptake of nutrients by crops, low fertiliser utilisation, more yield, prevention of over-fertilisation, and reducing the wastage of fertilisers are achieved. Farmers can adopt this new advanced technology in their farming by easily accessing these nano-fertiliser products.
... We prepared the ChNPs with a concentration of 0.1% by the ionic gelation method via the interaction with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) according to the method described in literature with some modifications 14 . Briefly, 5 mL of low molecular weight Chitosan (Ch) solution (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) with a 50-200 kDa molecular weight was dissolved in 1% v/v acetic acid (Merck, Germany). ...
Gastroenteritis infection is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries due to the high annual mortality rate. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of human mesenchymal stem cell-derived conditioned medium (hMSCsCM) encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) was studied in vitro and in vivo against common gastroenteritis bacteria. The synthesized ChNPs were characterized using Zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. HMSC-derived conditioned medium incorporated into chitosan NPs (hMSCsCM-ChNPs) composite was fabricated by chitosan nanoparticles loaded with BM-MSCs (positive for CD73 and CD44 markers). The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of composite was investigated against four common gastroenteritis bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni ATCC29428, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC13076, Shigella dysenteriae PTCC1188, and E. coli ATCC25922) in-vitro and in-vivo. Majority of ChNPs (96%) had an average particle size of 329 nm with zeta potential 7.08 mV. The SEM images confirmed the synthesis of spherical shape for ChNPs and a near-spherical shape for hMSCsCM-ChNPs. Entrapment efficiency of hMSCsCM-ChNPs was 75%. Kinetic profiling revealed that the release rate of mesenchymal stem cells was reduced following the pH reduction. The antibacterial activity of hMSCsCM-ChNPs was significantly greater than that of hMSCsCM and ChNPs at dilutions of 1:2 to 1:8 (P < 0.05) against four common gastroenteritis bacteria. The number of bacteria present decreased more significantly in the group of mice treated with the hMSCsCM-ChNPs composite than in the groups treated with hMSCsCM and ChNPs. The antibacterial activity of hMSCsCM against common gastroenteritis bacteria in an in vivo assay decreased from > 10⁶ CFU/ml to approximately (102 to 10) after 72 h. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of ChNPs at a concentration of 0.1% and hMSCsCM at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml to be inferior to that of hMSCsCM-ChNPs (1000 μg/ml + 0.1%) composite. These results indicated the existence of a synergistic effect between ChNPs and hMSCsCM. The designed composite exhibited notable antibiofilm and antibacterial activities, demonstrating optimal release in simulated intestinal lumen conditions. The utilization of this composite is proposed as a novel treatment approach to combat gastroenteritis bacteria in the context of more challenging infections.
