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The aim of this study was to evaluate performance and economic viability of producing sheep fed different levels of roughage, concentrate, and water. Forty Santa Inês crossbred sheep with an average initial weight of 18.85 ± 2.80 kg and an average age of 5.0 ± 2.0 months were distributed in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arra...
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Context 1
... completely randomized design was adopted, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement composed of two proportions of roughage and concentrate in the diet (30:70 and 70:30), with 2.67 and 2.10 Mcal/ kg metabolizable energy, and 14.08 and 10.58% crude protein (dry matter basis), respectively, plus 1% mineral salt (Table 1). Water was supplied ad libitum (100%) and restricted (50%), and the experiment lasted 73 days. ...Context 2
... chemical composition of orts, diets, and diet ingredients were analyzed for determination of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), mineral matter (MM), and ether extract (EE), as described in AOAC (1990); protein, by the Kjedahl method; and NDFap and ADF, according to Van Soest (1991)'s methodology. Table 1 shows the participation of the ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets. NDFap = neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, ADF = acid detergent fiber, TC= total carbohydrates, NFC= non fibrous carbohydrates, TDN = total digestible nutrients, ME = metabolizable energy. ...Context 3
... intakes in grams of CP, EE, NDFap, ADF, NFC, TDN, and metabolizable energy in Mcal/kg of DM were influenced (P<0.05) by the proportions of roughage and concentrate; the highest intake of nutrients and metabolizable energy was found with the diet containing the highest proportion of concentrate. The greater intake of ether extract and crude protein by the sheep fed the diet with 30% roughage and 70% concentrate is a result of their higher amount of concentrate feed relatively to roughage (Table 1), which led to higher intakes of TDN and ME. ...Context 4
... et al. (2004) also found higher water intake by Santa Inês sheep when they were fed diets with a higher amount of concentrate. The diet with the largest amount of concentrate provided an additional intake of 15.47 g of water from the feed, because this diet contained more water in its composition ( Table 1). The dietary management through variations in the ratios between concentrate and roughage, as well as the processing methods (hay and silage), influence the amount of water present in the feeds ingested by animals, which can contribute in situations in which limited water is available to them. ...Similar publications
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of two different quality roughage (wheat straw and alfalfa hay) supplies on live weight gain, growth, feed intake and feed efficiency of Holstein calves during the preweaning period. With this purpose, 30 male and female Holstein calves were divided into two treatment groups (15 calves in e...
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... Apesar da cor da carne não afetar sua palatabilidade ou seu valor sensorial, é um aspecto importante na comercialização, visto que carnes com coloração mais escura têm maior rejeição por parte dos consumidores (CHULAYO e MUCHENJE, 2013).O tipo de alimentos que os animais consomem também influencia a cor da carne, onde animais que recebem maior proporção de concentrado na dieta, como ocorrem em sistemas de confinamento, apresentam carne mais brilhante, com coloração vermelha cereja e com gordura mais clara(POVEDA-ARTEAGA et al., 2023). Em relação a restrição hídrica,Silva et al. (2016) reportaram que não ocorre diferenças na cor da carne de ovinos submetidos à 50 % de restrição de água em relação ao consumo ad libitum.A cor da carne também pode ser influenciada pela falta de higiene no abate, pois pode levar a um aumento da probabilidade de crescimento bacteriano, que tem relação positiva com a formação da metamioglobina(LIU et al., 2022).Um fator importante na determinação da maciez da carne é a idade de abate do animal, sendo que os animais mais jovens terão naturalmente uma carne mais macia doCapacidade de retenção de águaA capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) é uma propriedade de importância fundamental em termos de qualidade tanto na carne destinada ao consumo direto, como para a carne destinada à industrialização. É um atributo de grande importância em carne, definida como a capacidade da carne em reter sua umidade ou água durante a ...
A carne é considerada um dos alimentos de melhor composição nutricional. Possui proteínas de alto valor biológico tanto no aspecto qualitativo como quantitativo. No entanto, alguns fatores podem mudar a qualidade da carne, desde o manejo produtivo dos animais como também os processos de abate e de conservação da carne. A preocupação com a qualidade da carne consumida aumentou e os consumidores exigem alimentos com qualidade. Os atributos sensoriais: sabor, suculência, textura, maciez e aparência, associados a carcaças com pouca gordura e muito músculo, são características que definem a qualidade da carne. Objetivou-se com essa revisão destacar as qualidades físico-químicas da carne de pequenos ruminantes.
... Apesar da cor da carne não afetar sua palatabilidade ou seu valor sensorial, é um aspecto importante na comercialização, visto que carnes com coloração mais escura têm maior rejeição por parte dos consumidores (CHULAYO e MUCHENJE, 2013).O tipo de alimentos que os animais consomem também influencia a cor da carne, onde animais que recebem maior proporção de concentrado na dieta, como ocorrem em sistemas de confinamento, apresentam carne mais brilhante, com coloração vermelha cereja e com gordura mais clara(POVEDA-ARTEAGA et al., 2023). Em relação a restrição hídrica,Silva et al. (2016) reportaram que não ocorre diferenças na cor da carne de ovinos submetidos à 50 % de restrição de água em relação ao consumo ad libitum.A cor da carne também pode ser influenciada pela falta de higiene no abate, pois pode levar a um aumento da probabilidade de crescimento bacteriano, que tem relação positiva com a formação da metamioglobina(LIU et al., 2022).Um fator importante na determinação da maciez da carne é a idade de abate do animal, sendo que os animais mais jovens terão naturalmente uma carne mais macia doCapacidade de retenção de águaA capacidade de retenção de água (CRA) é uma propriedade de importância fundamental em termos de qualidade tanto na carne destinada ao consumo direto, como para a carne destinada à industrialização. É um atributo de grande importância em carne, definida como a capacidade da carne em reter sua umidade ou água durante a ...
... Water restriction for animals can be seen as a management strategy, meeting the minimum water requirement of sheep, to reduce the impacts caused by water scarcity. This technique combined with a high nutrient dense diet may attenuate the effect of water restriction, a fact observed in previous studies by Silva et al. (2016), Moura et al. (2019), Nobre et al. (2023) and Lima et al. (2023). Thus, with the information that the amount of water formed by oxidation in the body depends on the type of food metabolized, and the carbohydrate oxidation produces greater amounts of metabolic water (15 g water/100 kcal), compared to proteins and fats (10.5 g and 11.1 g water/100 kcal, respectively) (Araújo et al., 2021), diets with higher energy density offered for sheep in a semi-arid environment possibly result in greater production of metabolic water, allowing the animals to maintain their productive performance regardless of water restrictions. ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water restriction and low-and high-energy diets on sheep's thermoregulatory responses and ingestive behavior. Forty sheep, non-castrated, with an average body weight of 18.85 kg (SD = 2.80 kg) and an average age of 5 months were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 2 diets (high-and low-energy) and 2 water offers (ad libitum and 50% water restriction), with 10 replicates. Thermoregulatory responses were evaluated in two periods (morning and afternoon). There was an interaction effect of Diet x Water supply x Periods on respiratory rate (P < 0.05). High-energy diets resulted in increased heart rate, idleness, dry matter feeding and rumination efficiency, and water intake. Low-energy diets increased feeding time, rumination time, the number of ruminal cuds, chews per day, total chewing time, neutral detergent fiber intake and rumination efficiency, number of ruminations per day, average duration of rumina-tion, and defecation frequency. Water supply affected heart rate and idleness (P < 0.05). Sheep had higher values of heart rate and rectal and surface temperatures during the afternoon (P < 0.05). Water restriction combined with a low-energy diet and high environmental temperature leads to a reduction in the respiratory rate of Santa Inês crossbred sheep. Regardless of the dietary energy value, water restriction by 50% of the daily requirement of sheep reduces dry matter intake and increases idleness.
... Water restriction for animals can be seen as a management strategy, meeting the minimum water requirement of sheep, to reduce the impacts caused by water scarcity. This technique combined with a high nutrient dense diet may attenuate the effect of water restriction, a fact observed in previous studies by Silva et al. (2016), Moura et al. (2019), Nobre et al. (2023) and Lima et al. (2023). Thus, with the information that the amount of water formed by oxidation in the body depends on the type of food metabolized, and the carbohydrate oxidation produces greater amounts of metabolic water (15 g water/100 kcal), compared to proteins and fats (10.5 g and 11.1 g water/100 kcal, respectively) (Araújo et al., 2021), diets with higher energy density offered for sheep in a semi-arid environment possibly result in greater production of metabolic water, allowing the animals to maintain their productive performance regardless of water restrictions. ...
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of water restriction and low-and high-energy diets on sheep's thermoregulatory responses and ingestive behavior. Forty sheep, non-castrated, with an average body weight of 18.85 kg (SD = 2.80 kg) and an average age of 5 months were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising 2 diets (high-and low-energy) and 2 water offers (ad libitum and 50% water restriction), with 10 repli-cates. Thermoregulatory responses were evaluated in two periods (morning and afternoon). There was an interaction effect of Diet x Water supply x Periods on respiratory rate (P < 0.05). High-energy diets resulted in increased heart rate, idleness, dry matter feeding and rumination efficiency, and water intake. Low-energy diets increased feeding time, rumination time, the number of ruminal cuds, chews per day, total chewing time, neutral detergent fiber intake and rumination efficiency, number of ruminations per day, average duration of rumina-tion, and defecation frequency. Water supply affected heart rate and idleness (P < 0.05). Sheep had higher values of heart rate and rectal and surface temperatures during the afternoon (P < 0.05). Water restriction combined with a low-energy diet and high environmental temperature leads to a reduction in the respiratory rate of Santa Inês crossbred sheep. Regardless of the dietary energy value, water restriction by 50% of the daily requirement of sheep reduces dry matter intake and increases idleness.
... According to Silva et al. (2016), small ruminants have access to free or supplied water; water contained in the food; and metabolic water. The amount of water formed from oxidation in the body depends on the type of feedstuff metabolized, and the catabolism of 1 kg of fat, carbohydrate, and protein produces 1.1, 0.5, and 0.4 L of water, respectively. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction in water supply (ad libitum intake-100%, or 80%, 60% and 40% of ad libitum intake) on the proximate composition, physicochemical properties, mineral composition and fatty acid profile of ewe meat. Thirty-two crossbred Santa Inês ewe (n = 8 per treatment) were distributed in a randomized block design, receiving a diet consisting of elephant grass and concentrate (70:30). The experimental period lasted 63 days, preceded by 14 days of adaptation. Ewes were slaughtered at the end of experimental period, at a mean final body weight of 37.63 kg. Carcasses were cut lengthwise and the loin (longissimus lum-borum) was taken of the left half carcass to evaluate the proximate composition, the physicochemical characteristics , the minerals content and fatty acid profile. The reduction in water supply resulted in a quadratic effect for resilience (p < 0.05), Lightness L* (p < 0.05), potassium (p < 0.05) and iron content (p < 0.001). There was a decreasing linear effect for magnesium content (p < 0.05), copper content (p < 0.001), C18:1n7t content (p < 0.05) and Σmonounsaturated content (p < 0.05). Crossbred Santa Inês ewe tolerate water restriction up to 40% voluntary intake without compromising the meat quality.
... Shifting from extensive to intensive lamb finishing systems (van der Merwe et al., 2020a;Webb and Erasmus, 2013) and adoption of water and feed efficient breeds (Scanlon et al., 2013;Schoeman and Visser, 1995a;Wilkes et al., 2012) coupled with feeding high energy diets (Da Silva et al., 2016;Galina et al., 2007;Shirima et al., 2014) have been reported to enhance meat production efficiency. On one hand, indigenous sheep breeds have developed distinctive combinations of adaptive characteristics to best respond to pressures of the local environment compared to exotic breeds (Chedid et al., 2014;Chikwanha et al., 2021). ...
The study compared water intake, balance and efficiency, nutrient intake, digestibility and utilisation, growth performance, carcass attributes and income over feed costs for six South African sheep breeds; Pedi, Damara, Meatmaster, Dorper, Dohne Merino and Merino. Wether lambs (4–5 mo) were adapted to a pelleted total mixed diet containing 143.5 g crude protein/ kg DM and 10.29 MJ/ kg DM metabolisable energy for 21 d followed by 7 d and 42 d of digestibility and performance data collection, respectively. Water and nutrient intakes were lowest in Pedi and highest in Meatmaster (P ≤ 0.05). Compared to other breeds, Damara and Meatmaster had higher (P ≤ 0.05) DM digestibility, nitrogen balance and average daily gain, while Dorper and Damara had higher (P ≤ 0.05) neutral detergent fibre and ether extract digestibility, respectively. Pedi had lower (P ≤ 0.05) water balance than the rest of the breeds. Water and feed conversion ratios were lowest for the Pedi and Damara and highest for Dohne Merino (P ≤ 0.05). Damara and Pedi had lower (P ≤ 0.05) dressing percentages, hot and cold carcass weights than the other breeds. The lowest and highest income over feed costs were reported for Pedi and Dohne Merino, respectively. It was concluded that although Damara and Pedi had the most inferior meat production attributes, they were the most feed and water efficient breeds.
... Animals subjected to thermal stress reduce the number of trough trips and the rate of dry matter intake per meal, increasing water consumption (Bernabucci et al. 2010). Goats are tolerant to water stress (Silva et al. 2016). Moura et al. (2016) evaluated the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês sheep and observed that the water salinity levels did not influence the behavioral variables, which can be explained by the fact that the confined animals tend to show similar behavior, due to the permanence in individual pens, and the similarity between nutrient sources in the diets that contained the same ingredients, and the same protein and NDF concentrations. ...
The study aimed to verify the effect of water salinity and environmental temperature on the physiological variables (respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and surface temperature) and ingestive behavior (rumination, feeding, drinking, and idle) of creole goats. Thirty-six males with an average age of 5.0 ± 0.6 months and an average weight of 20.0 ± 2.3 kg were housed in metabolic cages. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 type crossover (two temperatures and three levels of salinity). The two temperatures were: T1 = 26 ± 0.6 °C (thermoneutral) and T2 = 32 ± 1.2 °C (stress) and three levels salinity (1.0, 6.0, and 12.0 dS m⁻¹). Between the temperatures, the respiratory rate (RR) and surface temperature (ST) present a difference (P < 0,05), being higher in the high temperature. Between temperatures, respiratory rate and surface temperature show a difference (P < 0.05), being higher at high temperature, keeping heart rate and rectal temperature similar at both temperatures. Among the different salinity levels in the behavioral activities, the feeding and urination activity presented a significant difference (P < 0.05), increasing with the water’s salinity level. Between temperatures, the rumination efficiency dray matter and neutral detergent fiber showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). With increasing air temperature, they decreased the rumination time—water salinity levels influence (P < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of dry matter. Therefore, water with up to 9.600 mg TDS L⁻¹ can be used strategically in the desedentation of goats in semi-arid regions.
... Small ruminants are an essential activity for arid and semiarid regions, generating employment and income, especially for small farmers (Silva, Araújo, Oliveira, Azevedo, & Furtado 2016).Sheep, like other species, are influenced by the environment in which they are raised, and animals must be raised in an environment where they can maximize their production. According to Eustáquio et al. (2011), a temperature of 25 ºC and an average relative humidity of 65% can be considered ideal for Santa Inês breed sheep. ...
... Sheep are heat-tolerant animals that make anatomical and physiological adjustments in order to adapt to the tropical environment (Silva, Araújo, Oliveira, Azevedo, & Furtado 2016;Nobre et al., 2016). These adjustments can negatively affect the biological functions of animals, depending on the intensity and length of thermal stress (Marai, El-Darawany, Fadiel, & Abdel-Hafez 2007), and they can cause changes in ingestive behavior (Moura et al., 2016), which in turn, can negatively affect their performance, production, reproduction, and well-being (Almeida et al., 2013). ...
... It demonstrates that even the sheep receiving water with salinities above what is recommended, they consumed a sufficient amount of water for their maintenance and weight gain. Silva, Araújo, Oliveira, Azevedo and Furtado (2016) cite that water restriction in sheep promoted a reduction in dry matter consumption and weight gain, with no effect of this factor on feed conversion and efficiency. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of four water salinity levels on productive performance, physiological and behavioral responses of confined sheep. Thus, 24 crossbred sheep, ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês were evaluated while receiving ration and water ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of four treatments (1.5; 3.0; 6.0 and 9.0 dSm-1) and six replicates. The water supply with salinity of up to 9.0 dSm-1 did not affect (P > 0.05) the physiological indexes, performance, or ingestive behavior of the animals, which were able to maintain normal physiological conditions even at times when the thermal comfort indexes were above the ideal. For voluntary water consumption, it was observed that there was a significant difference between treatments (P < 0.05), where animals consuming water with a conductivity of 1.5; 3.0 dSm-1 had lower consumption than those who received six dSm-1. The supply of water with a salinity of up to 9.0 dSm-1 did not affect the performance or the ingestive behavior of the animals, so waters with this salinity can be a valid alternative for crossbred sheep in the semi-arid region, as long as it is used seasonally and strategically.
... However, the time spent feeding was not changed. Thus, time spent ruminating was much more related to the reduction of amount of Mombasa grass in diet than the increase in spineless cactus, which had a rumen passage rate similar to the concentrate of the diet (Costa et al. 2016;Silva et al. 2016b). Thus, the animals compensated the reduction of time spent ruminating with high time spent idling and not with time spent feeding. ...
This study aimed to determine the best level of the blend of spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) and Mombasa (Panicum maximum) hay as roughage in the diet of lambs based on intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, and lamb performance. Forty-eight uncastrated crossbred Santa Ines breed lambs with an average age of 4 months old and an average initial BW of 20.5 kg ± 2.8 kg were distributed in two experiments using a completely randomized design: experiment 1: 16 lambs (four treatments and four replicates) for in vivo digestibility trial in metabolic cage; experiment 2: 32 lambs (four treatments and eight replicates) in feedlot to determine intake, ingestive behavior, and performance. As the amount of cactus in the roughage increased, there was a linear reduction (P <0.001) on intake (g/day) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) digestibility, time spent ruminating, feeding efficiency of NDF (P = 0.0153), NDF rumination efficiency rate (P = 0.032), final BW, TWG, and ADG of lamb. However, there was a linear increase (P <0.001) on the intake of the NFC and TDN, digestibility coefficient of DM, CP, total carbohydrates (TC) and NDF gross energy, metabolizable energy, and time spent idling when spineless cactus increased in the roughage blend. The least amount of cactus in the roughage (112–637 g/kg DM) promoted higher intake of DM and CP, improving lamb performance. However, the blend up to 450–300 g/kg DM improved digestibility and energy production as well as it did not affect the feed efficiency.
... The difficulty in obtaining good-quality water has intensified the demand of saline water for small ruminants to drink (Moura et al., 2016;Mdletshe et al., 2017;Paiva et al., 2017;Albuquerque et al., 2020), which characterizes a recurrent scenario in arid and semiarid regions wherein water may have salt levels above the recommended levels for domestic animals (Manera et al., 2016;Melo et al., 2017). Sheep such as those of the Santa Inês breed have excellent water restriction capability (Silva et al., 2016) and can consume forages that are chemically composed of high salt concentrations (Fahmy et al., 2010;Khanum et al., 2010;Moreno et al., 2015) and water with high salt levels (Yousfi et al., 2016;Castro et al., 2017;Furtado et al., 2020). Araújo et al. (2010) showed that sheep could tolerate water with a salinity of up to 8.0 dS m -1 without ingestion, causing harm to the health of the animals. ...
The consumption of saline water in semiarid regions is a recurrent situation that can affect the ingestive behavior of small ruminants. This study evaluated the ingestive behavior of Santa Inês sheep maintained in a climatic chamber under two air temperatures -25 °C within the thermal comfort zone (TCZ) and 32 °C above the TCZ - and consuming water with three levels of salinity - 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 dS m-1. The experimental design was completely randomized in 2 × 3 factorial schemes, comprising two air temperatures and drinking water with three levels of salinity, in six replicates (animals). Regardless of air temperature, the consumption of saline water did not affect feed and water intake by the sheep; however, there was a decrease in feed intake and an increase in water intake as air temperature increased. Feed and water intake; feeding, rumination, and idle times; defecation frequency; and fecal production were not affected (P > 0.05) by the water salinity levels, whereas reduction in feed intake, feeding time, and rumination time and an increase in water intake and idle time were observed as air temperature increased. In summary, increasing air temperature negatively affected the ingestive behavior of the animals; however, water with salinity up to 8.0 dS m-1 did not affect their ingestive behavior and hence could be used for drinking.
