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Participation in Entrepreneurship Activity in the United States from 2008-2011 in the Adult Population (18-64 years of age)
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The case examines the background, start-up, and growth of one of the fastest growing companies in the United States, AdRoll. The case examines the various strategic factors that are related to the growth of AdRoll and how these issues must be addressed in order to maintain their level of growth. The case is especially interesting not only because i...
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... The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report for Egypt 2012 (Hattab, 2013) identifies that entrepreneurs comprise 7.8% of adults in Egypt, which concludes that 4.1 million people in Egypt are entrepreneurs. The sample size, at a confidence level of 95%, margin of error 5%, will be between 370 and 378 (Christensen, Johnson, & Turner, [ 1 8 _ T D $ D I F F ] 2015; Research Advisor, 2007); hence, the targeted sample size is 378. ...
The study investigates the effect of emotional intelligence (EI) of entrepreneurs on new venture creation (NVC). A self-administered questionnaire is used to test the study hypothesis on a sample of 378 Egyptian entrepreneurs. The analysis shows that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and new venture creation. There are three constructs of EI (interpersonal skills, internal motivation and self-awareness), which support the creation of new ventures.
The results of the empirical study are validated using demographic characteristics (age and gender) and the motivation of entrepreneurship (necessity-driven or opportunity-driven). The findings show that age has a moderating effect on the relationship between EI and NVC, whereas gender does not play a role in this relationship. There are differences in the relationship between emotional intelligence and new venture creation based on the motivation to engage in entrepreneurship. Although the relationship is significant in the cases of both necessity-driven and opportunity-driven entrepreneurs, the dimensions/constructs of EI that support the new venture creation are different in each case.
... In the United States, small businesses thus defined employed about half (or 56.1 million) of the private workforce (SBA Office of Advocacy [2015]). Over 70% of owners of these small businesses are selfemployed owner-managers, that is, business owners who work for themselves, usually in low-growth companies that employ fewer than 100 employees (Hurst and Pugsley [2011]; Chatterji [2012]; Kelley et al. [2012]; SBA Office of Advocacy [2015]). Our focus is on the owner-operators of the significant share of small businesses that are what we will term "smaller-small' (1-19 employees) and "medium-small" (20-99 employees). ...
... Such accounts are problematic (Ressi, 2011), especially as entrepreneurs represent a sizable portion of the population and exhibit a great deal of age diversity across industries (Spangler, 2009;Wadhwa et al., 2008). What's more, recent reports suggest that entrepreneurial activity is on the rise for individuals of all ages (Kelley et al., 2011), thus intensifying the need for systematic, theorybased research as to how, and under what conditions, an entrepreneur's age may relate to venture performance. ...
... These reflect notable differences, especially when considering that entrepreneurs within high-growth industries, which are more likely to reflect innovative ventures, are becoming increasingly older on balance, with the highest rate of growth being in the 55-64 age category (Wadwha, 2009;2011;2013b). Reports further suggest that, at a macro level, an older demographic comprises a growing proportion of current and aspiring entrepreneurs (Fairlie, 2013;Kelley et al., 2011;Wadwha, 2013a). Findings here suggest that this growing population may face some disadvantages in achieving equivalent persistence and sales incidence levels as their younger counterparts-a belief that has been suggested at times in popular entrepreneurship literature and echoed by some venture capitalists (see Farr, 2013). ...
... As such, achieving success in these types of ventures likely involves entrepreneurs' ability to differentiate their business from similar others in some distinct way, as well as their ability to offer a superior product/service relative to competitors. Researchers have speculated that these capacities may be facilitated by such resources as access to a more developed social network of professional and community contacts and greater accumulated financial resources-both of which may be more likely to be held by older individuals (Galenson, 2010;Kelley et al., 2011;Wadhwa, 2011;2013a). Older individuals have additionally been described as better positioned to capture value from these and other resources in their strategic decision making (see Wiersema & Bantel, 1992;Amit & Schoemaker, 1993). ...
Whether older or younger entrepreneurs may be better positioned to achieve performance outcomes for their ventures is a much debated question. Here, we draw on Galenson℉s theory of creativity to propose a contingency perspective for understanding the relationship between entrepreneur age and venture performance, suggesting that a venture’s level of innovativeness plays a moderating role. Results from a representative sample of 1,182 nascent entrepreneurs revealed mixed support for our hypotheses. While a negative relationship was found between entrepreneur age and performance for those developing “innovative” ventures, no relationship was found between entrepreneur age and performance for those developing “imitative” ventures.
... While the United States, as a whole, reported an overall entrepreneurship rate of 12.3% in 2011, the size and diversity of this country may imply some differences among regions (Kelley, 2012Kelley, et al., 2013). Therefore, we analyzed ten regions, following the United States Small Business Administration's classification of states into regions, and investigated how these U.S. regions vary in terms of nascent, baby business and established businesses. ...
Recently scholars have paid increasing attention to the importance of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in advancing an entrepreneurial society. One important subsystem of the ecosystem is public policy because of its role in shaping entrepreneurial outcomes. Subsequently, this paper explores how entrepreneurial thought has shifted public policy from a managed economy towards an entrepreneurial society. To unpack the relationship between the entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurship policy and the impact on entrepreneurial activity, we explore the entrepreneurial society further by conceptualizing the entrepreneurial ecosystem and its dimensions. We then lever the GEM data, to empirically examine the entrepreneurial ecosystem, from 2001-2012. Our findings highlight that several aspects of the entrepreneurial ecosystem are diminishing. Further, the rate of early stage entrepreneurial activity has been declining and there has been an increase in the rate of business deaths. We find preliminary evidence that the entrepreneurial ecosystem has weakened.
... Global Entrepreneurship Monitor U.S. report, issued by Babson College and Baruch College (Kelley et al., 2012), the increase in international mobility by individuals has resulted in a large number of immigrants finding new homes and opening new ventures in urban locations. These immigrants not only have a better ability to find opportunities in their new locations because they bring fresh eyes to these spaces but also often encounter the need to become entrepreneurs, as they may not have any other option available to them to provide for themselves and their families in these new places. ...
As of 2010 more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. In the United States, this number is closer to 70%. Because of the high concentration of people in urban locations, those engaged in entrepreneurship in such contexts can be called ‘urban entrepreneurs’. These urban entrepreneurs may be divided in two groups: entrepreneurial ventures located in urban spaces and entrepreneurial ventures located outside urban spaces yet serving the needs of urban dwellers. Despite the prevalence of urban entrepreneurs, theories for understanding the nexus of urban contexts and entrepreneurial processes remain underdeveloped. In light of these trends, we draw from three distinct disciples including management, urban sociology, and economic and urban geography to provide cross-disciplinary insights for theorizing ‘urban’ in the context of entrepreneurial processes. We then discuss the policy implications of these ideas with respect to fostering urban economic growth and development policies through entrepreneurship activities. In doing so, we offer suggestions with respect to promoting good urban governance as diverse individuals and institutions aim to foster collaborative efforts in cities.
... As such, the data we presented form a basis for moving the study of entrepreneurship away from static, trait-like foci and toward an emphasis on intraindividual development. Our emphasis on plasticity within development aligns with the theoretical research emanating from several fields (e.g., Gartner, 1989; Kelly et al., 2012; Obschonka et al., 2011; Peneder, 2009; Ripsas, 1998; Schmitt-Rodermund, 2007; Schoon & Duckworth, 2012), and the YES project presents a novel contribution by providing one of the first empirical studies explicitly designed to understand such plasticity . More specifically, the present results inductively explored how entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions were manifested in a sample of college students pursuing their secondary education in the United States toward the end of, or shortly after, the economic period known as the Great Recession. ...
... Longitudinal follow-up of our sample will allow for a more detailed understanding of the developmental processes underlying the emergence of entrepreneurship, and the results of the YES project can serve as a foundation for exploring entrepreneurship in diverse populations. Such research will provide a much greater understanding of the factors that promote entrepreneurship for heterogeneous individuals, and can subsequently be applied in interventions and training programs meant to reduce the discrepancy between the relatively large number of youth interested in entrepreneurship (see Gallup & Operation Hope, 2012) and the substantially smaller number who eventually engage in entrepreneurship (see Kelly et al., 2012 ). The present article therefore represents a first step toward understanding youth entrepreneurship and the optimization of entrepreneurship's development in all people. ...
... As such, the data we presented form a basis for moving the study of entrepreneurship away from static, trait-like foci and toward an emphasis on intraindividual development. Our emphasis on plasticity within development aligns with the theoretical research emanating from several fields (e.g., Gartner, 1989; Kelly et al., 2012; Obschonka et al., 2011; Peneder, 2009; Ripsas, 1998; Schmitt-Rodermund, 2007; Schoon & Duckworth, 2012), and the YES project presents a novel contribution by providing one of the first empirical studies explicitly designed to understand such plasticity . More specifically, the present results inductively explored how entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intentions were manifested in a sample of college students pursuing their secondary education in the United States toward the end of, or shortly after, the economic period known as the Great Recession. ...
... Longitudinal follow-up of our sample will allow for a more detailed understanding of the developmental processes underlying the emergence of entrepreneurship, and the results of the YES project can serve as a foundation for exploring entrepreneurship in diverse populations. Such research will provide a much greater understanding of the factors that promote entrepreneurship for heterogeneous individuals, and can subsequently be applied in interventions and training programs meant to reduce the discrepancy between the relatively large number of youth interested in entrepreneurship (see Gallup & Operation Hope, 2012) and the substantially smaller number who eventually engage in entrepreneurship (see Kelly et al., 2012 ). The present article therefore represents a first step toward understanding youth entrepreneurship and the optimization of entrepreneurship's development in all people. ...
Entrepreneurship offers a viable and proven pathway to economic growth and personal fulfillment. However, the number of individuals engaged in entrepreneurial behaviors remains low. This discrepancy between entrepreneurial attitudes and action underscores the need for programs that foster the development of entrepreneurship in today's youth. We argue that a relational developmental systems approach can help researchers understand and facilitate the development of entrepreneurship. In this study, we triangulate across quantitative and qualitative data from the Young Entrepreneurs Study, showing that self-regulation skills, financial risk tolerance, innovation orientation, and the presence of entrepreneurial adults may be especially important for promoting entrepreneurial intent in older adolescents and young adults. We discuss limitations of the present data set and future directions for research.
This paper examines the uneven impact of the Great Recession on firm-level employment growth across firm size and age classes. Based on firm-level data from ten Eurozone countries, we show that, notwithstanding the negative impact of the crisis, young firms were the most dynamic group of firms and prime contributors to net job creation even during the recession. However, conditional on survival, young firms experienced a sharp drop in their employment growth rates, whereas small firms were mostly unaffected. By using industry-level measures of external financial dependence, we then show how financial frictions were a driver of the growth rates slowdown of young firms.
The purpose of this paper is to study the role and the influence of social determinants on development of entrepreneurship in the light of experiences of the United States - a cradle of entrepreneurship and innovation. Both sociology and culture play an important role and highly influence the stimulation of development of American entrepreneurship. The paper puts special emphasis on the key variables in traditional entrepreneurial studies such as: gender, race, age, and education (social measures), their influence on entrepreneurship and role in enterprise development. It is also concerned with the influence of culture on entre-preneurial landscape.
Although female entrepreneurship contributes to the economic growth of nations, women are less likely to start new ventures compared to men. This gap, however, varies considerably across nations, suggesting that environmental factors play a role in explaining it. We employ the cross-cultural cognitive model of new venture creation to elucidate this variance. Based on data from 45 nations, we find that, while women and men differ pan-culturally in their likelihood to start new ventures, the socio-cultural dimensions of masculinity-femininity and institutional non-compliance exacerbate, while generalized trust mitigates this gap across nations.
