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Partial amelanistic Ambystoma m. mavortium larva observed on 31 July 2016 in a stock pond at Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Arizona, USA. Note the cranial melanophores (A), two-tone base coloration (B) and marbled tail coloration (C).
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Two vividly iridescent yellow, partially-amelanistic barred tiger salamanders found in central AZ.
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... As part of other research (Sprague and Bateman 2018. PLoS ONE 13:e0191829), we captured aquatic biota, including A. m. mavortium, in shoreline minnow traps set along the edge of seven fish-rearing ponds and four fallow ponds. We frequently captured both larval and metamorphosed A. m. mavortium. At 0820 h on 31 July 2016, we captured an Fig. 1. Partial amelanistic Ambystoma m. mavortium larva observed on 31 July 2016 in a stock pond at Bubbling Ponds Fish Hatchery, Arizona, USA. Note the cranial melanophores (A), two-tone base coloration (B) and marbled tail coloration ...
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... BY B. R. BLAIS Fig. 2. A second larval, partial amelanistic A. m. mavortium captured in a separate stock tank later that season. Note the variation in tail pigment (A) and cranial melanophores (B) versus the specimen in Fig. 1. aberrant, partially-amelanistic A. m. mavortium larva in a minnow trap in one of the stock ponds (Fig. 1). The aberrant individual was categorized by size (< 75 mm total length), but no other measurements were taken prior to releasing it back at the site of capture. External gills and dark pigmentation in the iris were present. The ...
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... BY B. R. BLAIS Fig. 2. A second larval, partial amelanistic A. m. mavortium captured in a separate stock tank later that season. Note the variation in tail pigment (A) and cranial melanophores (B) versus the specimen in Fig. 1. aberrant, partially-amelanistic A. m. mavortium larva in a minnow trap in one of the stock ponds (Fig. 1). The aberrant individual was categorized by size (< 75 mm total length), but no other measurements were taken prior to releasing it back at the site of capture. External gills and dark pigmentation in the iris were present. The ventral base coloration of the individual was primarily a solid milky white with a yellow tinge. The dorsum ...
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... other measurements were taken prior to releasing it back at the site of capture. External gills and dark pigmentation in the iris were present. The ventral base coloration of the individual was primarily a solid milky white with a yellow tinge. The dorsum base coloration was a vibrant, iridescent yellow and speckled with small, black melanophores (Fig. 1). The tail was moderately mottled and was the only appendage of the animal that resembled the wild type. Two other normal-phase A. m. mavortium larvae were captured in the same trap with 11 total larvae observed during the morning ...
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... first documented record of partial leucism, and the first USA record of leucism, in A. lugubris. At 1100 h on 15 January 2018, we encountered a partially leucistic adult A. lugubris at Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Santa Clara County, California (37.40932°N, 122.23869°W; WGS 84). It was discovered alongside a typically pigmented conspecific (Fig. 1) under a log in a grassy clearing surrounded by woodland dominated by Coast Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia), California Bay (Umbellularia californica), and California Buckeye (Aesculus californica). Both salamanders were large (> 75 mm SVL) adults. The partially leucistic individual exhibited a "piebald" pattern, with patchy white and ...
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Species conservation plans frequently rely on information that spans political and administrative boundaries, especially when predictions are needed of future habitat under climate change; however, most species conservation plans and their requisite predictions of future habitat are often limited in geographical scope. Moreover, dispersal constraints for species of concern are not often incorporated into distribution models, which can result in overly optimistic predictions of future habitat. We used a standard modeling approach across a suite of 23 taxa of amphibians and reptiles in the North American deserts (560,024 km2 across 13 ecoregions) to assess impacts of climate change on habitat and combined landscape population dispersal simulations with species distribution modeling to reduce the risk of predicting future habitat in areas that are not available to species given their dispersal abilities. We used 3 general circulation models and 2 representative concentration pathways (RCPs) to represent multiple scenarios of future habitat potential and assess which study species may be most vulnerable to changes forecasted under each climate scenario. Amphibians were the most vulnerable taxa, but the most vulnerable species tended to be those with the lowest dispersal ability rather than those with the most specialized niches. Under the most optimistic climate scenario considered (RCP 2.6; a stringent scenario requiring declining emissions from 2020 to near zero emissions by 2100), 76% of the study area may experience a loss of >20% of the species examined, while up to 87% of the species currently present may be lost in some areas under the most pessimistic climate scenario (RCP 8.5; a scenario wherein greenhouse gases continue to increase through 2100 based on trajectories from the mid‐century). Most areas with high losses were concentrated in the Arizona and New Mexico Plateau ecoregion, the Edwards Plateau in Texas, and the Southwestern Tablelands in New Mexico and Texas, USA. Under the most pessimistic climate scenario, all species are predicted to lose some existing habitat, with an average of 34% loss of extant habitat across all species. Even under the most optimistic scenario, we detected an average loss of 24% of extant habitat across all species, suggesting that changing climates may influence the ranges of reptiles and amphibians in the Southwest. We combine dispersal simulations with species distribution modeling to predict which taxa may be most vulnerable to climate change. Amphibians were the most vulnerable taxa, but the most vulnerable species tended to be those with the lowest dispersal ability rather than those with the most specialized niches. Under the most optimistic climate scenario (RCP 2.6), 76% of the study area may experience a loss of >20% of species, while up to 87% of the species currently present may be lost in some areas under the RCP 8.5 scenario.
