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Panax ginseng is a plant that has been used in traditional medicine in China for thousands of years. It is used as a general tonic or adaptogen with chronically ill patients and is frequently featured in traditional medicine prescriptions from China, Japan, and Korea used by cancer patients. The putative active compounds are the ginsenosides, of wh...
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... on the triterpene aglycones, the ginsenosides have been classified into 3 major categories, namely, the panaxidiols, panaxatriols, and the oleanolic acid derivatives. A basic summary of the ginsenosides in each category for P. ginseng, and the plant parts from which they were isolated, is shown in Table 3. Although this table does not attempt to present a comprehensive or quantitative analysis of all ginsenosides, it does indicate the diverse and com- plex nature of the array of saponin glycosides in this species, many of which are biologically active. ...
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A β-glucosidase from Gordonia terrae was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme with a specific activity of 16.4 U/mg for ginsenoside Rb1 was purified using His-trap chromatography. The purified enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucopyranosides at the C-20 position in protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides and hydrolyze...
We investigated the effect of Panax ginseng extract, which is rich in the ginsenoside protopanaxatriol (Ginseol K-g1), on blood pressure (BP). Adults over 20 years old with a systolic BP (SBP) between 120 and 159 mm Hg or a diastolic BP (DBP) between 80 and 99 mm Hg were included. At the end of an initial 2-week washout period, the patients were di...
Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) is a member of the ginsenoside family of chemicals extracted from Panax ginseng. Like other ginsenosides, Rg3 has two epimers: 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 (SRg3) and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (RRg3). Rg3 is an intriguing molecule due to its anti-cancer properties. One facet of the anti-cancer properties of Rg3 is the anti-angiogenic act...
Four new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins such as chikusetsusaponin LM(3) (1), chikusetsusaponin LM(4) (2), chikusetsusaponin LM(5) (3), chikusetsusaponin LM(6) (4), and twenty known triterpenoid saponins such as ginsenoside Rb(3) (5), ginsenoside Rc (6), ginsenoside Rd (7), ginsenoside Re (8), ginsenoside Rg(1) (9), ginsenoside F(3) (10), gins...
Citations
... In the recent years, attempts have been made for increasing the bioactive molecule content in the medicinal plants. The therapeutic properties have been seen in plants like Aloe vera (Kumar et al. 2019), Asparagus racemosus (Singh and Geetanjali 2016), Jatropha curcas (Okwor et al. 2020), Datura metel (Roy et al. 2016), Ginkgo biloba (Mahadevan and Park 2008), Pisum sativum (Rehman and Khanum 2011), Panax ginseng (Chang et al. 2003), and Centella asiatica (Zhang et al. 2012). C. borivilianum (Safed musli) is one such rare, endangered medicinal herb from Liliaceae family with wide range of therapeutic properties. ...
Keymessage
CbSE overexpression increased stigmasterol levels and altered plant morphology. The genes upstream and downstream of CbSE were found to be upregulated, which confirms its regulatory role in the saponin biosynthetic pathway.
Abstract
Chlorophytum borivilianum is a high-value medicinal plant with many promising preclinical applications that include saponins as a major active ingredient. Squalene epoxidase (SE) is one of the major rate-limiting enzymes of the saponin biosynthetic pathway. Here, we functionally characterized C. borivilianum SE (CbSE) by over-expressing heterologously in Nicotiana tabacum. The heterologous expression of CbSE resulted in stunted pant growth with altered leaf and flower morphology. Next, RT-qPCR analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing CbSE revealed increased expression levels of Cycloartenol synthase (CAS), Beta amyrin synthase (βAS), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 51 (CYP51) (Cytochrome P450), which encode key enzymes for triterpenoid and phytosterol biosynthesis in C. borivilianum. Further, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJa) treatment upregulated Squalene synthase (SQS), SE, and Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) to a significant level. GC–MS analysis of the leaf and hairy roots of the transformants showed an increased stigmasterol content (0.5–1.0 fold) compared to wild type (WT) plants. These results indicate that CbSE is a rate-limiting gene, which encodes an efficient enzyme responsible for phytosterol and triterpenoid production in C. borivilianum.
... There are some inorganic compounds such as Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu, K, Cr and Na that regulates metabolic and enzymatic activities and also have anti-oxidant effects. 9. ginseng or Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) is formed up from 2 Greek words that is pan indicates all & akos indicates remedy, belongs to the family Araliaceae (Chang et al., 2003). Genus Panax consists of 11 species, but among all them, ginseng is the best-known herbal remedy because of the presence of the high amount of biologically active compound ginsenosides (Ernst, 2010), some of the active compounds are listed in Table.3. ...
... Roots of the plant play important role in herbal medicines but other parts i.e. leaves and berries also play a role. It is utilised as an herb from a very ancient time around 5k years back in Asian countries and Korean regions (Chang et al., 2003). It is the perennial/everlasting plant of temperate Northern hemisphere regions of the world. ...
Medicinal plants are achieving favour and have shown exponential growth throughout the globe due to fewer side effects in comparison to allopathic medications and innate pharmacological effects and being present naturally. Humans show intimate association with nature and always utilize the components of their surroundings to get medicines and foodstuffs. Around 50% of medications utilized by humans emanated from plant parts. For preliminary healthcare in developing countries, more than 80% of humans rely on herbal drugs. Worldwide, India has been the most extensive developer for herbs that have medicinal importance. So, there is a necessity to review this priceless herbal knowledge. This chapter will assist in furnishing the advantageous usage of herbs in various infections. It is a big challenge to conserve biodiversity because of the involvement of political difficulties and social demurs. There is a requirement to conserve these plant species and nurture their farming.
... There are some inorganic compounds such as Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn, Mg, Cu, K, Cr and Na that regulates metabolic and enzymatic activities and also have anti-oxidant effects. 9. ginseng or Panax ginseng (C.A. Meyer) is formed up from 2 Greek words that is pan indicates all & akos indicates remedy, belongs to the family Araliaceae (Chang et al., 2003). Genus Panax consists of 11 species, but among all them, ginseng is the best-known herbal remedy because of the presence of the high amount of biologically active compound ginsenosides (Ernst, 2010), some of the active compounds are listed in Table.3. ...
... Roots of the plant play important role in herbal medicines but other parts i.e. leaves and berries also play a role. It is utilised as an herb from a very ancient time around 5k years back in Asian countries and Korean regions (Chang et al., 2003). It is the perennial/everlasting plant of temperate Northern hemisphere regions of the world. ...
The Handbook of Research on Advanced Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Drug Discovery examines the applications of bioactive molecules from a health perspective, examining the pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants, the phytochemical and biological activities of different natural products, and ethnobotany and medicinal properties. Moreover, it presents a novel dietary approach for human disease management. Covering topics such as computer-aided drug design, government regulation, and medicinal plant taxonomy, this major reference work is beneficial to pharmacists, medical practitioners, phytologists, hospital administrators, government officials, faculty and students of higher education, librarians, researchers, and academicians.
... Blocking fangchinoline-induced autophagy process markedly modulated the apoptotic pathway [525]. Ginsenosides, major pharmacological active ingredients in Ginseng, induced cell death of tumor cells, thereby improving sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy [329,[526][527][528][529][530]. Ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 can inhibit cancer cell growth, while Rg3 is instrumental in combating tumor cell resistance to cancer chemotherapy [329,531]. ...
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
... The potential health effects of ginsenosides include immunomodulatory, anti-stress, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antidiabetic effects, and anti-hypertensive effects as well as anti-atherosclerotic and regulatory effects on blood pressure and metabolism [42,43]. The structure of PPD is similar to steroid hormones, and it may bind to nuclear receptors, such as AR, ERs, glucocorticoid receptor, and PR to act its pharmacological effects [44][45][46]. ...
Background: Patients with endometriosis (EMs) have high risks of infertility and spontaneous abortion. How to remodel the fertility of patients with EMs has always been the hot spot and difficulty in the field of reproductive medicine. As an aglycone of ginsenosides, protopanaxadiol (PPD) possesses pleiotropic biological functions and has high medicinal values. We aimed to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of PPD in the treatment of EMs-associated infertility and spontaneous abortion.
Methods: The EMs mice models were constructed by allotransplantation. The pregnancy rates, embryo implantation numbers and embryo resorption rates of control and EMs were counted. RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and FCM analysis were performed to screen and confirm the expression of endometrial receptivity/decidualization-related molecules, inflammation cytokines and NK cell function-related molecules in vitro and/or in vivo. The SWISS Target Prediction, STRING and Cytoscape were carried out to predict the potential cellular sensory proteins, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between sensory proteins and fertility-related molecules, respectively. Micro-CT detection, liver and kidney function tests were used to evaluate the safety.
Results: Here, we observe that PPD significantly up-regulates endometrial receptivity-related molecules (e.g., Lif, Igfbp1, Mmps, collagens) and restricts pelvic inflammatory response (low levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ) of macrophage, and further remodel and improve the fertility of EMs mice. Additionally, PPD increases the expression of decidualization-related genes and Collagens, and promotes the proliferation, residence, immune tolerance and anagogic functions of decidual NK cells (low levels of CD16 and NKp30, high levels of Ki67, VEGF, TGF-β) in pregnant EMs mice, and further triggers decidualization, decidual NK cell-mediated maternal-fetal immune tolerance and angiogenesis, preventing pregnant EMs mice from miscarriage. Mechanically, these effects should be dependent on ESRs, PGR and other sensory proteins (e.g., AR). Compared with GnRHa (the clinic first-line drug for EMs), PPD does not lead to the decline of serum estrogen and bone loss.
Conclusion: These data suggest that PPD prevents EMs-associated infertility and miscarriage in sex hormones receptors-dependent and independent manners possibly, and provides a potential therapeutic strategy with high efficiency and low side effects to remodels the fertility of patients with EMs.
... Ginseng is an herbal plant belonging to the Panax genus of the family Araliaceae (Rhim, Kim, Lee, Oh, & Nah, 2002). The roots of this plant contain a class of ste-roid glycosides called ginsenoside that is responsible for its pharmacological activity (Chang, Seo, Gyllenhaal, & Block, 2003). The scientific names of ginsenosides are triterpenoid saponins or sometimes panaxoside in ginseng root (Sun, 2004). ...
Introduction:
The ginseng extract is an herb that has been used for many purposes such as analgesic effect. Dopamine D2 receptors are involved in the regulation of pain in humans. Therefore, the present investigation aims to study how pretreatment with aqueous-alcoholic extract of ginseng can affect dopamine D2 receptors' pain sensitivity.
Methods:
We used 45 adult male rats weighing 250±20 for this study. Animals were maintained in a standard condition at a temperature of 21°C-24°C. The experimental groups were as follows: 1. Sham 1 (intraperitoneal [IP] injection of normal saline); 2. Sham 2 (intracerebroventricular [ICV] injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid [ACSF]); 3. Experimental 1 (IP injection of ginseng extract); 4 and 5. Experimental groups 2 and 3 (IP injection of ginseng extract + bromocriptine 10 and 30 μg/rat by ICV injection); 6 and 7) experimental groups 4 and 5 (IP injection of ginseng extract + chlorpromazine 20 and 40 μg/rat by ICV injection). Ginseng extract 100 mg/kg/d was used for 7 days. Pain sensitivity test was done in all groups with the formalin test. Lateral ventricles of the rats were cannulated unilaterally by the stereotaxic procedure.
Results:
Our data showed that ginseng (100 mg/kg/d) significantly (P<0.05) decreased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 1 group. Bromocriptine in two doses significantly decreased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 2 group. Chlorpromazine in high doses significantly increased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 2 group.
Conclusion:
The present results indicate that ginseng can modulate the D2 receptor of the dopamine system in the control of pain sensitivity in the formalin test. Because bromocriptine and ginseng have similar effects, it seems that they had synergistic effects.
... Intake of Panax ginseng and its products provides health benefits e.g., regulation of blood glucose [3] and blood pressure [4], improvement of the immune system [5], and fatigue relief [4,6]. The positive effects of Panax ginseng combined with anticancer drugs are widely reported in several in vitro and in vivo studies, indicating its role as a potential complementary treatment in patients with cancer [7]. Based on those unveiled pharmacological effects, more studies are in progress to better understand the impact of ginseng in medicine, including the specific roles of different ginseng variants. ...
Black ginseng has various pharmacological activities, but only few studies have compared its pharmacological effects with those of red ginseng. We conducted an integrative systematic literature evaluation and developed a non-inferiority test based on the multivariate modeling approach to compare the pharmacological effects of red ginseng and black ginseng. We searched reported studies on the pharmaceutical effects and composition of ginsenosides and assigned numeric scores using nonlinear principal component analysis, based on discretization measures for the included publications. Downstream weighted linear regression models were constructed to study the eight major biological activities that are generally known to be exhibited by red ginseng. Our statistical model, based on available ordinal information gathered from previous literature, helped in comparing the overlapping effects of black ginseng. Black ginseng showed antioxidant effects comparable to those of red ginseng; however, this variant was inferior to red ginseng in enhancing immunity, relieving fatigue, alleviating depression/anxiety, decreasing body fat, and reducing blood pressure. We have showed a cost-efficient method to indirectly evaluate the biological effects of ginseng products using data from published articles. This method can also be used to compare the nutritional and medicinal value of herbal medicines that share similar compositions of bioactive compounds.
... It is a very heterogeneous disease with variation in histological grade, proliferative index (Ki67), immunohistochemistry and clinical presentation [3]. The Ki67 and the Bloom-Richardson scoring system are useful in the prediction of the levels of tumor aggression, even though the same histological subtypes have different presentations In the last two decades, ginseng has become recognized as one of the most frequently used alternative and complementary herbal medicines in the West, and significant research has been conducted on Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer [20]. ...
Background: Breast cancer is one of the principal causes of death among women and there is a pressing need to develop novel and effective anti-cancer agents. Natural plant products have shown promising results as anti-cancer agents. Their effectiveness is reported as decreased toxicity in usage, along with safety and less recurrent resistances compared with hormonal targeting anti-cancer agents. Methods: A literature search was conducted for all English-language literature published prior to June 2020. The search was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The search strategy included keywords such as breast cancer, herbs, anti-cancer biologically active components, clinical research, chemotherapy drugs amongst others. Results: The literature provides documented evidence of the chemo-preventative and chemotherapeutic properties of Ginseng, garlic (Allium sativum), Black cohosh (Actaea racemose), Tumeric (Curcuma longa), Camellia sinenis (green tea), Echinacea, Arctium (burdock), Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) and Black Cumin (Nigella sativa). Conclusions: The nine herbs displayed anti-cancer properties and their outcomes and mechanisms of action include inhibition of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis as well as modulation of key intracellular pathways. However, more clinical trials and cohort human studies should be conducted to provide key evidence of their medical benefits.
... Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is the most famous of the Panax species and is also known as Korean ginseng or Asian ginseng. The roots of P. ginseng have been used as an herbal remedy in eastern Asia for more than 2000 years and is known for its possible chemopreventive effects [57][58][59]. The chemopreventive effects of Panax species have mainly been associated with the content of triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides) [60] until the discovery of the potential anticancer activity of the petroleum ether extract from P. ginseng roots around 1980 demonstrating cytotoxic effects to murine leukemia and sarcoma cells [61]. ...
... The chemopreventive effects of Panax species have mainly been associated with the content of triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides) [60] until the discovery of the potential anticancer activity of the petroleum ether extract from P. ginseng roots around 1980 demonstrating cytotoxic effects to murine leukemia and sarcoma cells [61]. Since then, the lipophilic part of this plant and other Panax species such as P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), P. notoginseng (57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71) of the panaxydiol-type. An asterisk (*) after a compound number, indicates a cytotoxic panaxydiol-type polyacetylene of synthetic origin that is not naturally occurring, but which may prove to be present in plants. ...
... An asterisk (*) after a compound number, indicates a cytotoxic panaxydiol-type polyacetylene of synthetic origin that is not naturally occurring, but which may prove to be present in plants. (57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65)(66)(67)(68)(69)(70)(71) of the panaxydiol-type. An asterisk (*) after a compound number, indicates a cytotoxic panaxydiol-type polyacetylene of synthetic origin that is not naturally occurring, but which may prove to be present in plants. of the dehydrofalcarindiol-type. ...
Bioactive C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins have shown to contribute to the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and potential anticancer properties of terrestrial plants. These acetylenic oxylipins are widely distributed in plants belonging to the families Apiaceae, Araliaceae, and Asteraceae, and have shown to induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro and to exert a chemopreventive effect on cancer development in vivo. The triple bond functionality of these oxylipins transform them into highly alkylating compounds being reactive to proteins and other biomolecules. This enables them to induce the formation of anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective phase 2 enzymes via activation of the Keap1–Nrf2 signaling pathway, inhibition of proinflammatory peptides and proteins, and/or induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, which, to some extent, may explain their chemopreventive effects. In addition, these acetylenic oxylipins have shown to act as ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARγ, which play a central role in growth, differentiation, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Bioactive C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins appeartherefore, to constitute a group of promising lead compounds for the development of anticancer drugs. In this review, the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of C17 and C18 acetylenic oxylipins from terrestrial plants are presented and their possible mechanisms of action and structural requirements for optimal cytotoxicity are discussed.
... In this way, it has a color of caramel and is resistant to damage that may occur from fungi and maggots. Red ginseng is especially important in China because red ginseng is believed to be superior to white ginseng (Chang, 2003). ...
