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This research paper aims to empirically examine the causal relationship among economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Lebanon. The analysis utilizes annual time series data spanning from 1970 to 2022 and employs a trivariate causality model to explore the interdependencies and causal linkages between these variables. Through a sys...
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Context 1
... Root Tests: The Philips-Perron (PP) unit root was considered more appropriate to address the heteroscedasticity exclusion. As observed in Table 1, the results demonstrated that all the variables were non-stationary at constant and trend assumptions but became stationary at the first difference. Hence, it can be concluded that the variables of log GDP per capita, energy consumption per capita, and CO 2 emissions per capita are not stationary. ...