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PCA of the leaf cell width and length measurements of all tested P. nemorale sensu lato specimens Green triangles–group of specimens of P. longisetum, white triangles–molecularly examined specimens of P. longisetum (Wolski1, Wolski5, Wolski12, Wolski14-15, Wolski17, Wolski19, Wolski22-26, Wolski28-29), black triangle–P. longisetum type, red circles–group of specimens of P. nemorale sensu stricto, black circle–P. nemorale type.
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Plagiothecium longisetum was described by Lindberg in 1872, based on Maximowicz materials from Japan. In the 1970s, this species was synonymized with P. nemorale. However, a polyphasic approach applied to the investigation of the P. nemorale sensu lato showed a clear separation between the specimens of former P. longisetum and the type of P. nemora...
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Citations
... The selection of features for the following study was made on the basis of methodology adopted by Wolski (2017Wolski ( , 2019 and Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk (2020). Thus, the features include not only the most taxonomically important ones, but also other characteristics basic to the description of individual taxa: qualitative and quantitative features of gametophytes and sporophytes of the examined plants. ...
... On the basis of features recognized in the literature as the most taxonomically important -length and width of leaf, length and width of cells from midleaf (e.g., Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Wolski et al. 2021) -grouping analyses of the studied taxa were carried out. Due to the incommensurability of the data (length and width of leaf to length and width leaf cell), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to arrange the points in the ordering space. ...
... All mathematical analyses were performed in the PQSTAT v. 1.8.6 program. All other above-mentioned features considered representative of this genus were used to describe individual taxa (e.g., Wolski 2017Wolski , 2019Wolski, Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Wolski et al. 2022a, b). ...
A re-examination of the original collection of Plagiothecium novae-seelandiae described by Brotherus in 1916 indicated that this material is not homogeneous. Re-examination of the diagnosis of this species and morphological analysis supports that two separate taxa should be distinguished – Plagiothecium novae-seelandiae var. novae-seelandiae and P. novae-seelandiae var. brotheri var. nov. Also, comparisons with the original collection of Hypnum lamprostachys (= P. lamprostachys) showed differences, which supported their treatment as separate taxa. Revision of the genus Plagiothecium from Australasia (CANB, CHR, HO, MEL, WELT) and types of other species described from this part of the world (P. funale and P. lucidum) supported by the study of their diagnoses, qualitative and quantitative characteristics as well as mathematical analyses (PCA, HCA) allowed the division of the examined material into six separate groups – six separate taxa. Thereby, three distinct taxa are proposed – P. cordatum sp. nov., P. semimortuum sp. nov., and P. semimortuum var. macquariense var. nov. All taxa mentioned above are described in detail, their current known distribution and ecological preferences are also included. In addition, images illustrating their most important taxonomic features, as well as an original key to distinguish individual taxa are presented.
... Of course, the higher numbers of species of Plagiothecium recorded from China (20 taxa) (e.g. He and Redfearn 1995;Redfearn et al. 1996;Wynns 2015;Zuo et al. 2011;Wolski, Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) or India (nine taxa) (e.g. Gangulee 1980;Dandotiya et al. 2011;Asthan and Sahu 2015;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) result from the larger size of these countries, greater diversity of habitats, but also from a longer history of bryological research. ...
... He and Redfearn 1995;Redfearn et al. 1996;Wynns 2015;Zuo et al. 2011;Wolski, Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) or India (nine taxa) (e.g. Gangulee 1980;Dandotiya et al. 2011;Asthan and Sahu 2015;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) result from the larger size of these countries, greater diversity of habitats, but also from a longer history of bryological research. On the other hand, ten taxa have been reported from Iran (Wolski et al. 2021), which has a similar climate and habitats to Pakistan. ...
... These specimens also represent a unique set of features hitherto unknown in the Northern or Southern Hemispheres (Ireland 1986(Ireland , 1992(Ireland , 2001Buck and Ireland 1989;Buck 1998;Wolski et al. 2021). Decurrencies, composed of spherically inflated cells, asymmetric, concave leaf or the dimensions of the cells distinguish P. higuchii from the common Northern Hemisphere P. nemorale (Wolski 2020;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020). On the other hand, this feature indicates a similarity with representatives of Plagiothecium section Plagiothecium, because taxa from this section usually have a wide decurrency with a group of cells more or less clearly inflated (Wynns et al. 2018). ...
A revision of specimens of Plagiothecium deposited in the herbarium of Pakistan Museum of Natural History (PMNH) collected during a Japanese lead project on Cryptogams in the Western Himalaya (Pakistan) shows that the material consists of five taxa. Of the studied samples, the most common taxa were from the P. denticulatum complex, including Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium, new to Pakistan. Examination of the rest of the collection showed that it consists of specimens with a unique combination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of their gametophyte. For example, for small plants, with small asymmetrical, folded leaves, gradually tapering into long, acuminate, not denticulate apex, whose leaf cells are long and narrow, making the cell areolation tight, the name Plagiothecium filifolium is proposed. For other plants with large leaves, loosely arranged on the stem, concave, symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, with denticulate apex and long decurrency composed of rectangular and spherical, inflated cells, the name Plagiothecium higuchii is proposed. However, within this material, specimens differ in terms of the length and width of the leaf cells and therefore, within this taxon, two varieties are distinguished: Plagiothecium higuchii var. higuchii and Plagiothecium higuchii var. brevicellum.
... The molecular research was based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers: ITS (from the 3' end of the hypervariable nuclear spacer ITS1, through the 5.8S gDNA, to the 5'end of the ITS2 spacer); and cpDNA genes: trnK-psbA (matK) encoding maturase K, and rpl16 encoding ribosomal protein L16. Markers were selected based on Wynns et al. [50]; Ignatova et al. [51]; Wolski, Nowicka-Krawczyk [52] and Wolski et al. [3] Plagiothecium-focused studies. ...
... For each sample, all markers were amplified by PCR in a few replicates to obtain high quality amplicons for sequencing. PCR for ITS and rpl16 was performed using primers and reaction conditions as described in Wolski, Nowicka-Krawczyk [52]. To obtain the best results in trnK-psbA (matK) amplification, three parallel reactions were performed. ...
... Despite the fact that over the last decades the genus Plagiothecium has not been the subject of detailed studies, recent years indicate that it is changing intensively [2][3][50][51][52]63,64]. Extensive research focused on the taxonomic revision of many problematic taxa not only allows to describe their intraspecific variability, but also allows the description of new species. ...
Supported by the examination of specimens from the entire range and by the analysis of type specimens and the diagnosis of individual names, morphological and genetic studies of the Plagiothecium curvifolium complex resulted in the conclusion that this taxon should be recognized as four separate taxa. In addition to P. curvifolium s.str., there is a variety that is proposed as a new combination–P. curvifolium var. recurvum; resurrection of the forgotten P. decursivifolium; and the description of a new species–P. imbricatum. The features that distinguish individual taxa focus primarily on: plant size; arrangement of leaves on the stem; the symmetry, dimensions, shape, concavity and folding of leaves; cell length; serration of the leaf apex; the shape of the decurrencies; the length of the sporophyte and the shape of the operculum. For all described taxa, the distribution, ecological preferences, key to their identification and detailed photographic documentation have been provided.
... obtusifolium, both in terms of length (64-139 µm) and width (7-18 µm). The relative lack of data from the literature is surprising, as the cells in the middle part of the leaf are among the most important taxonomic features of the genus Plagiothecium, allowing individual species to be distinguished from each other based on a given section [12,20,27,40,41]. ...
Hypnum denticulatum var. obtusifolium was described by Turner in the early nineteenth
century. This taxon, now known as Plagiothecium denticulatum var. obtusifolium, has not been studied in detail or received a detailed description. During the revision in the Natural History Museum (herbarium BM), a specimen described there as a type (BM000890810) was found, but a careful analysis showed that it is currently not a type specimen. On the other hand, the conducted research showed that the holotype of this taxon is the figure attached by Turner to the newly described taxon. However, because the holotype does not contain all taxonomically significant features, the specimen found was used to designate the epitype of this name (BM000890810). Therefore, this paper provides the first complete description of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this taxon, which is today known as P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium. Forty qualitative and quantitative characteristics analyzed made it possible to make redescription of the examined taxon. Moreover, analysis of two morphologically similar, currently distinct taxa, P. sandbergii and P. denticulatum var. auritum, revealed no differences between them. Therefore, these taxa were proposed as new synonyms of P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium. Additionally, for both taxa mentioned above, lectotypes were proposed for P. denticulatum var. auritum, specimen PC0132639, and for P. sandbergii, specimen PC0132604, both from the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (Herbarium PC).
... On the other hand, as shown by the latest studies of species from Plagiothecium, supported by DNA analysis [52,[63][64][65], all the abovementioned features, are useful traits to separate closely related taxa from each other [63][64][65]. Thus, modern analysis methods confirm their highly effective taxonomic utility. ...
... On the other hand, as shown by the latest studies of species from Plagiothecium, supported by DNA analysis [52,[63][64][65], all the abovementioned features, are useful traits to separate closely related taxa from each other [63][64][65]. Thus, modern analysis methods confirm their highly effective taxonomic utility. ...
... Similar differences can be observed in closely related Northern Hemisphere species, e.g., P. denticulatum and P. schofieldii G.J.Wolski and W.R.Buck or P. cavifolium sensu stricto and P. nemorale. In both of these cases, P. schofieldii and P. cavifolium are characterized by strongly julaceous and imbricate leaves, while the other two species are characterized by more flattened foliage and less imbricate leaves [3,9,12,14,63]. ...
In the Northern Hemisphere, Plagiothecium cavifolium is currently one of the most widely distributed species. This taxon has been described as extremely variable for decades, but the reasons for this variability have not been investigated in detail. The analysis of original materials and diagnoses, as well as a detailed analysis of the history of names considered as synonyms of P. cavifolium sensu lato, showed that in terms of qualitative and quantitative characteristics, a number of the names of this complex differ significantly from the diagnosis of Hypnum cavifolium (basionym of P. cavifolium). The most important features distinguishing individual taxa include: julaceous stems; imbricate leaves, their symmetry, concavity; serration of leaf apices; the length of the cells from the middle part of the leaf; and the orientation of the capsules. Thus, the research conducted within P. cavifolium sensu lato made it possible to distinguish seven separate taxa: P. cavifolium (= P. cavifolium sensu stricto), P. flaccidum, P. tenue (being a new combination), P. ikegamii, P. subjulaceum, P. sakuraii and P. otii (four resurrected species). In addition, the analysis of original materials and the diagnosis of several taxa allowed them to be excluded from the described complex, and here we propose their
synonymization with other taxa, such as P. longisetum and Hygrohypnum luridum. Photographic documentation and a key to distinguishing species within the described complex are attached. For two names (P. sakuraii and P. succulentum var. longifolium) lectotypes are proposed.
... genetic analyses, mathematical modelling, SEM), integrative taxonomy sheds new light not only on the status or distribution of the taxa studied, but also on the relationships between them and not only at the species level (e.g. Huttunen et al. 2018;Guerra et al. 2019;Ignatov et al. 2020;Plášek and Ochyra 2020;Vigalondo et al. 2020;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Melamed et al. 2021). ...
... Ireland 1969Ireland , 1986Iwatsuki 1970;Lewinsky 1974;Smith 2001). The understanding of Plagiothecium has changed relatively recently, when DNA-based research proved that many of the taxa have been too broadly circumscribed (Zuo et al. 2011;Wynns et al. 2018;Ignatova et al. 2019;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) and that the bryoflora of North America, Europe and Asia is much richer in Plagiothecium than previously assumed (e.g. Wynns et al. 2018;Ignatova et al. 2019;Wolski, Jukoninė 2019;Wolski 2020a, b;Müller and Wynns 2020;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Wolski et al. 2021b). ...
... The understanding of Plagiothecium has changed relatively recently, when DNA-based research proved that many of the taxa have been too broadly circumscribed (Zuo et al. 2011;Wynns et al. 2018;Ignatova et al. 2019;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020) and that the bryoflora of North America, Europe and Asia is much richer in Plagiothecium than previously assumed (e.g. Wynns et al. 2018;Ignatova et al. 2019;Wolski, Jukoninė 2019;Wolski 2020a, b;Müller and Wynns 2020;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Wolski et al. 2021b). ...
Plagiothecium talbotii sp. nov. is described from Attu Island, Alaska, U.S.A. The newly-described species is not similar in appearance to any Northern Hemisphere species; only the habit is similar to P. platyphyllum. However, it not only occupies a different habitat than that species, but genetically and morphologically, it is clearly distinct from it. The results of DNA sequencing, a detailed description of the morphological features, illustrations, ecological preferences and currently known geographical distribution of P. talbotii are presented. The most important distinguishing morphological features of this species are: the size of the plant; dimensions and symmetry of the leaves; dimensions of cells and their areolation; entire leaf apex; and long decurrencies with some inflated cells. Additionally, we propose to place P. talbotii in section
Plagiothecium, which is confirmed by genetic analysis and morphological features.
... (e.g., Hedenäs 2001, 2002;Wynns et al. 2018). The use of molecular methods has not only helped to understand many taxa previously considered problematic, but has also allowed for the description of a number of new taxa (e.g., Zuo et al. 2011;Wynns et al. 2018;Ignatova et al. 2019;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020). Nevertheless, for decades the taxonomic status of many species of this genus has been unclear and ambiguous, and those taxa currently require detailed morphological, genetic and taxonomic studies. ...
... The results of taxonomic revisions conducted in recent years indicate the underestimation of the species richness of individual parts of the world. As a consequence of this research, many countries and regions have increased their number of known taxa of the described genus (e.g., Ellis et al. 2019a;Ellis et al. 2019b;Ellis et al. 2020Ellis et al. , 2021Müller and Wynns 2020;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020;Wolski 2020). ...
... The molecular research was based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers: ITS (from the 3' end of the hypervariable nuclear spacer ITS1, through the 5.8S gDNA, to the 5` end of the ITS2 spacer); and rpl16 cpDNA gene encoding ribosomal protein L16. Markers were selected based on Wynns et al. (2018), Ignatova et al. (2019) and Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk (2020) from Plagiothecium-focused studies. ...
Plagiothecium schofieldii sp. nov. is described from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, U.S.A. Some morphological features of this species correspond to P. lamprostachys (Southern Hemisphere species); however, Plagiothecium schofieldii is genetically and morphologically different from this and other common Northern Hemisphere species e.g., P. denticulatum, P. platyphyllum, or P. ruthei. The most important distinguishing
morphological features differentiating this species are: the arrangement of the leaves on the stem; dimensions, concavity and symmetry of the leaves; dimensions of cells and their areolation; orientation of capsules. Additionally, due to the strong concavity of the leaves, they are very often badly damaged under the microscope. We present the results of DNA research of the analyzed samples, and a detailed description of the morphological features. The new species is illustrated, and its ecological preferences and currently known geographical distribution are presented. Additionally, the authors propose to add this species to Plagiothecium section, which is confirmed by morphological features and genetic analysis.
... Finland FIN [7,9,[26][27][28]48,[91][92][93] ...
... France FRA [7,9,27,47,48,78,94] ...
... Germany GER [7,9,26,27 Islamic Republic of Iran IRN [7,27,43,45,110,111] ...
An annotated checklist of the pleurocarpous moss genus Plagiothecium in Eurasia is presented for the first time based on a thorough review of the literature. Data have been compiled from previous relevant works conducted on the genus over more than 70 years and published up to the end of June 2020 for 107 Eurasian countries (and islands). Sectional classification is based on molecular phylogeny of the genus published recently. A total of 41 taxa are reported, including 29 species and 12 infraspecific taxa (nine varieties and three forms) belonging to eight sections. The highest numbers
of taxa were found in China (20 taxa), the Russian Federation (20 taxa) and Japan (18 taxa), while the smallest numbers of taxa were recorded in the Middle East, Central Asia and the islands area. Not a single species of Plagiothecium was recorded in 26 regions, whereas P. denticulatum, P. nemorale and P. cavifolium turned out to be the most widespread species in the entire study area. They were recorded in most of the surveyed countries and islands. For each accepted taxon, information on relevant literature, synonyms, distribution within Eurasia and globally are provided. Comments on each taxon, ecological preferences, and notes on doubtful records are also included. Additionally, distribution maps for each recognised taxon are supplied. This checklist can enlighten and foster a better understanding of the distribution, diversity, and ecology of Plagiothecium in Eurasia and provides an incentive for future research on the genus.
... myurum Molendo, P. nemorale (Mitt.) A.Jaeger (Karczmarz 1981;Kattel and Adhikari 1992;Wynns 2015;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020). Plagiothecium succulentum is listed for the first time from this country. ...
... myurum Molendo, P. nemorale (Mitt.) A.Jaeger (Karczmarz 1981;Kattel and Adhikari 1992;Wynns 2015;Wolski and Nowicka-Krawczyk 2020). Plagiothecium succulentum is listed for the first time from this country. ...
