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![Fig. 1. Chemical structure of saponin [25].](profile/Sk-Raafi/publication/369827838/figure/fig1/AS:11431281363918498@1744190357863/Chemical-structure-of-saponin-25_Q320.jpg)
Eye-catching, aesthetic fashions often suppress its untold dark story of unsustainable processing including hazardous wet treatment. Considering the risks imposed by conventional cotton scouring and following the trend of scouring with enzymes, this study was undertaken to evaluate the bioscouring of cotton knit fabric involving saponin-enriched so...
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... The primary objective of cotton scouring is to eliminate natural and artificial impurities, enhancing the fabric's cleanliness and absorbency (Raafi et al., 2023). In this study, cotton fabric was scoured using four different treatment solutions. ...
Eco-friendly technologies have become essential across industries,
including textiles. Cotton fabric, a widely used natural fiber, requires effective
treatment methods to enhance its properties. This study compares conventional
chemical treatment with an eco-friendly alternative using banana tree trunk ash. Cotton fabric samples were categorized into four groups based on treatment variations: 100% chemical (100%CT), 100% natural (100%NT), 75% natural and 25% chemical(75NT:25CT), and 50% natural and 50% chemical (50NT:50CT). These samples underwent textile wet processing and various physico-chemical and physicomechanical tests. The findings indicate that cotton fabric treated with natural methods demonstrated a higher yield due to reduced degradation and enhanced mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 24.55 kg/cm² and elongation at break (%) of 62.36, surpassing chemically treated samples. However, dye absorption efficiency was greater in chemically treated fabrics, as confirmed by the dye exhaustion test, while water absorption test and wicking test depicts water absorption as well as transportation capability were slightly lower in naturally treated cotton fabric samples. Overall, this study highlights banana ash as a promising eco-friendly alternative to chemical scouring agents in textile processing.
... For instance, nonylphenol ethoxylates with 8-10 units of ethylene oxide are especially good for disperse dyes, forming micelles that enclose dye particles and keep them in suspension even at high temperatures of 130-140°C employed in high-pressure dyeing of polyester. [28][29] Non-ionic surfactants serve as levelling agents in achieving balanced dyeing by regulating the rate of absorption of dye. Some examples of these are block copolymers and fatty amine ethoxylates, which decelerate the migration of dyes, particularly in fibre-reactive and acid dyeing procedures. ...
Non-ionic surfactants have emerged as crucial agents in textile production because of their unique physicochemical characteristics, such as neutrality, low toxicity, and good compatibility with various chemicals and fibres. Their amphiphilic nature allows them to wet, emulsify, disperse, and stabilize well, making them suitable for application at different stages of textile processing especially in pre-treatment, dyeing, and finishing. This review discusses the structural diversity of non-ionic surfactants and examines their functionality in enhancing fabric quality, dye uniformity, process efficiency, and environmental compliance. Individual surfactant types like alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, sugar-based surfactants, and block copolymers are explored for their individual contributions to textile treatment. In addition, the paper discusses new developments such as bio-based surfactants, thermos responsive materials, and nanostructured finishes that broaden the application of non-ionic surfactants in smart textiles and green manufacturing. Environmental factors such as biodegradability, aquatic toxicity, and regulatory limitations are also discussed. By summarizing available literature and emphasizing new trends, the review of this article should present an integral view of the mechanism, advantage, and future outlook of non-ionic surfactants in contemporary textile production. The extended progress of non-ionic surfactants will be crucial to address the requirements of the industry for high performance, sustainability, and process innovation. KEYWORDS: - Non-ionic surfactants, textile processing, dyeing auxiliaries, eco-friendly surfactants, textile pre-treatment, finishing agents
... A clean surface allows for better adhesion of finishing, it can bring protective properties. The scouring process must be an industrial requirement for overall performance, and appearance and be suitable for a range of applications, it has enhance the durability [18][19]. ...
This research analyses the bioactive Components of Grona Triflora, a medicinal plant that has potential health benefits, and its application in textile finishing to enhance fabric functionality and property. Grona Triflora was purified, dried, and ground into a powdered material for extraction using methanol, ethanol, and distilled water. The extraction’s, anti-diabetic activity of each extract was analyzed using the alpha-amylase and alpha-glycosidase biocatalyst prevention assays to determine effectiveness in modulating polysaccharide metabolism. The Anti-microbial activity was assessed against bacterial strains E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungal strains Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus, indicating substantial efficacy. The herbal finishing was then applied to pre-treated thermal knit fabric using a dip and nip padding mangle technique [12]. The FTIR Spectroscopy ratified the existence of functional bioactive groups, the SEM showed texture and structural alternations.
... The wettability of cotton fibers was improved after pectinase treatment, which was attributed to the degradation of pectin by pectinases, and wax was removed along with pectin (Agrawal et al. 2007;Wang et al. 2007). However, pectinase scouring is not as effective as NaOH scouring, because pectinase is difficult to contact and degrade some pectin that is deeply embedded in the cotton epidermal (Raafi et al. 2023a). This leads to the fact that pectinase typically needs to be used in combination with mechanical action, ultrasonic energy, plasma, surfactant or other enzymes to enhance the effectiveness of the scouring (Agrawal et al. 2008;Eren and Erismis 2013;Kan and Lam 2018;Silva et al. 2017;Raafi et al. 2023a). ...
... However, pectinase scouring is not as effective as NaOH scouring, because pectinase is difficult to contact and degrade some pectin that is deeply embedded in the cotton epidermal (Raafi et al. 2023a). This leads to the fact that pectinase typically needs to be used in combination with mechanical action, ultrasonic energy, plasma, surfactant or other enzymes to enhance the effectiveness of the scouring (Agrawal et al. 2008;Eren and Erismis 2013;Kan and Lam 2018;Silva et al. 2017;Raafi et al. 2023a). However, some shortcomings, such as the cost and complexity of the equipment, the high energy consumption, the possible reduction of enzyme activity, and the large amount of water used to clean the residual surfactant, limit the application of these methods in industrial production (Chen et al. 2022;Ma et al. 2020;Paria and Khilar 2004). ...
Untreated cotton usually needs to be scoured to remove hydrophobic pectin and wax for the demands of subsequent processing such as dyeing and finishing. Pectinase can degrade pectin on cotton fibers, but the catalytic efficiency is not particularly high. This study developed a new scouring method for cotton fabrics by pectin hydrolase combined with an ascorbic acid (VC)/H2O2 Fenton-like system. The GPC results showed that water-soluble pectin (1969.2 kDa) could be degraded into 10.6 kDa within 30 min through pectinase with VC/H2O2. The FTIR results suggested that VC/H2O2 breaks the ester bonds on water-soluble pectin. The results of XPS demonstrated that the α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of pectin could be degraded more effectively through VC/H2O2 oxidation and pectinase hydrolysis. The fabrics scoured with VC/H2O2–pectinase exhibited a reduction in wetting time (from > 200 to 8.04 s) and an increase in vertical wicking height (from 0.1 to 6.70 cm) in comparison to the fabrics treated with pectinase. The pilot-scale machine experiments yielded satisfactory performance with VC/H2O2–pectinase scoured fabrics, suggesting that VC/H2O2–pectinase scouring has potential for practical application. The cotton fabric scouring by VC/H2O2–pectinase is a simple and efficient method with the advantages of mild treatment conditions, less damage to cotton fabrics and environmental friendliness.
... Scouring is performed to enhance absorbency by the breakdown of components of the cell wall and the removal of amorphous non-cellulosic impurities such as oil, fat, wax, and pectin, while bleaching is the whitening process of fabric that eliminates the protoplasmic residues of protein and flavone pigments causing yellowness in the structure of bast fibers [8][9][10]. Due to its high performance and low cost, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is dominantly used for removal of impurities from the cell wall of natural fibers [11]. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is commonly used as a bleaching chemical in the textile wet processing industry because it has biodegradable properties and decomposes naturally without affecting the environment [12,13]. ...
... Sodium hydroxide is used for scouring because of its high performance and low cost. The removal of impurities from the cellulosic fiber is predominantly done by this chemical [11]. Only leftover impurities might have been removed during the bleaching process. ...
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an annual plant belonging to the Moraceae family. It is grown for its long and stronger fiber. Fabrics made from hemp fibers have obvious advantages over synthetic textiles. An effective attempt has been made to see the effect of scouring and bleaching on the physico-mechanical properties of the hemp fabric. In this study, sodium hydroxide was used for scouring and hydrogen peroxide was used for bleaching. After the scouring, it was found that the tensile strength of the fabric decreased, but elongation increased due to the removal of impurities and non-cellulosic components. Removal of non-cellulosic impurities enhanced the softness, compactness, and crease recovery angle of the fabric. After scouring, there was also a noticeable increase in the whiteness index. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the whiteness index after bleaching, but the tensile strength and thickness decreased due to the acidic nature of hydrogen peroxide, which weakened and deteriorated the surface of the fabric, as confirmed by the result of Scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, it was found that bleaching with a 5% concentration of H2O2 has an unfavorable impact on the physico-mechanical properties of the hemp fabric, whereas scouring with a 2% concentration of NaOH improves most of the physico-mechanical properties of the hemp fabric.
... Through the scouring process, the fabric's surface becomes more receptive to dyes, nishes, and other treatments, enhancing the overall quality and performance of the nal product. Such meticulous pre-treatment procedures are fundamental in textile processing, ensuring the fabric looks at the desired standards of quality, durability, and appearance [19][20]. ...
This study explores the medicinal properties of Grona triflora , focusing specifically on its anti-diabetic and antimicrobial activities. The anti-diabetic potential was evaluated using alpha-amylase and alpha-glycosidase enzyme inhibition assays with methanol, ethanol, and distilled water extracts. The results indicated that [mention which solvent] extract exhibited the most promising anti-diabetic activity and was selected for further antimicrobial assessment. The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed against bacteria and fungi E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus aureus, and Enterococcus using the well-diffusion method. Following this, the extracts were infused into fabric, treated with citric acid as a crosslinking agent, and analyzed for surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical compositions using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The findings from this study contribute to the understanding of Grona triflora's medicinal potential and pave the way for its further exploration in pharmaceutical and textile applications.
... Before testing, all fabric samples underwent conventional scouring, removing any impurities to ensure uniformity in the even comparison. 16 Physical and mechanical property measurements Weight and thickness. The fabric weight and thickness are measured to input the values in the emulator for simulating fabrics in CLO 3D. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) textile-based garment prototyping, widely adopted in the apparel and textile industry, enhances cost efficiency, work productivity, and seamless communication via visual prototyping. Neural network-based 3D textile digitization has the potential to streamline manufacturing processes by negating the need for traditional physical property (PT) measurements. However, a research gap exists concerning the accuracy of the technology and its applicability to advanced functional apparel manufacturing. The primary research question is to investigate how variations in digitized physical properties obtained from PT measurements and artificial intelligence (AI)-based textile digitization impact the accuracy of a fabric’s mechanical representation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate AI-based textile digitization accuracy using a drape test method. The drape coefficient (DC) analysis revealed that the PT-based simulated DC exhibited a normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) ranging from 2% to 11%, while the AI-based simulated DC showed a range of 3–51%. Notably, for the samples, except those with very limp or very stiff fabric samples, the AI-based simulation exhibited a NMAE within 3–15%.
... This process generates a lot of wastewater, consumes high energy, and does not meet the requirements of green and sustainable development in the textile industry. Finding green and environmentally friendly methods for cotton scouring has always been the focus of research in the textile processing eld (Raa et al. 2023). ...
Untreated cotton fabrics are hydrophobic due to the high content of pectin and waxes, and the fabrics need to improve the wettability by scouring for the demands of the subsequent processing such as dyeing and finishing. In this study, a new scouring method for cotton fabrics was developed by pectin hydrolase combined with Fenton system (Fe²⁺/H2O2). The mechanism of pectin degradation by pectinase combined with Fe²⁺/H2O2 was investigated. The results showed that α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of water-soluble pectin could be degraded more efficiently by pectinase hydrolysis and Fe²⁺/H2O2 oxidation. The fabrics scoured with pectinase→Fe²⁺/H2O2 had less wetting time (4.25 s) and higher vertical wicking height (9.80 cm) compared to the fabrics treated with pectinase alone (> 120 s, 5.15 cm). The results of bleaching and dyeing experiments indicated that the whiteness and dyeing properties of the fabrics were not negatively affected by pectinase→Fe²⁺/H2O2 treatment, and the strength loss of the fabrics (11.79%) was lower than that of the fabrics with conventional NaOH treatment (20.16%). The results of the experiments in the pilot-scale machine showed that various performance indicators of the fabrics scoured by pectinase→Fe²⁺/H2O2 reached the level of the conventional NaOH treatment, which demonstrated the possibility for practical application of pectinase→Fe²⁺/H2O2 scouring. The cotton fabric scouring using pectinase→Fe²⁺/H2O2 is an effective and feasible new method with advantages such as environmental friendliness, mild treatment conditions, and good treatment effect.
... Enzymatic scouring, being highly specific biological catalysts, presents advantages over conventional chemical scouring by reducing water, chemical, and power consumption. It operates under milder temperature and pH conditions as compared to chemical scouring (Raafi et al. 2023). However, this approach consumes significant energy, water, and resources, leading to the generation of non-sustainable substantial waste with elevated levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (BOD), and alkalinity (Holkar et al. 2016). ...
A sustainable approach in all industrial processes is prerequisite in industrial revolution 5 and 6. The need for optimization of all industrial products with less greenhouse gas emissions is beneficial for a better-quality product too. Bio scouring is a sustainable alternative to traditional scouring methods for cellulosic (cotton) fabrics. This research aimed to identify optimal parameters for employing triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.3 Lipase) from Bacillus toyonensis and Bacillus thuringiensis consortium sourced from indigenous hot springs. To optimize the process time, temperature, and pH, the RSM was applied. The experimental ranges for temperature, reaction time, and pH were 6–8, 60–80 °C, and 50–150 min, respectively. The focus of the study was directed towards seven outcomes: Tensile strength warp and weft, tear strength warp and weft, wettability, whiteness index, and weight loss. Through a systematic experimental approach, the study determined the optimal parameter settings for the independent variables, setting the temperature at 70 °C, reaction time at 50 min, and pH at 8. The accuracy of the combination of variables was confirmed by subsequent validation experiments, which produced significant results. This validated the efficacy of the enzyme-assisted bio-scouring approach in enhancing cotton fabric properties while adhering to environmentally friendly practices with comparatively less GHG emissions.
Pectins underpin the assembly, molecular architecture, and physical properties of plant cell walls and through their effects on cell growth and adhesion influence many aspects of plant development. They are some of the most dynamic components of plant cell walls, and pectin remodeling and degradation by pectin-modifying enzymes can drive developmental programming via physical effects on the cell wall and the generation of oligosaccharides that can act as signaling ligands. Here, we introduce pectin structure and synthesis and discuss pectin functions in plants. We highlight recent advances in understanding the structure–function relationships of pectin-modifying enzymes and their products and how these advances point toward new approaches to bridging key knowledge gaps and manipulating pectin dynamics to control plant development. Finally, we discuss how a deeper understanding of pectin dynamics might enable innovations in agronomy and biotechnology, unlocking new benefits from these ubiquitous but complex polysaccharides.
