Table 1 - uploaded by Anna Spenceley
Content may be subject to copyright.
Similar publications
Citations
... Several researchers have explored how tourism in protected areas can create both positive and negative environmental, social, and economic impacts in a host community (Eagles et al., 2002;Leung et al., 2018;McCool, 2009;Mitchell & Ashley, 2010;Snyman, 2014). Over the past decade, literature in this area focused on key themes related to sustainable tourism including the economic impacts of tourism (Lapeyre, 2011;Nielsen & Spenceley, 2011;Snyman, 2012Snyman, , 2014Spenceley, 2010;Telfer & Sharpley, 2008), the social impacts of tourism Esteves et al., 2012;Mbaiwa, 2003), and the environmental impacts tourism has in protected landscapes (Buckley, 2010;Eagles et al., 2013;Mbaiwa, 2003). Another topic of interest among scholars in the last decade is exploring the impacts of visitation on tourism and conservation and identifying methods to maximize the benefits in protected areas . ...
In its most benign form, tourism is able to protect the cultural and ecological integrity of a region and to promote economic development in line with sustainability principles. Additionally, sustainable forms of tourism have the potential to improve the quality of life within the host community by promoting intergenerational equity. However, sustainable models of tourism are extremely challenging to design, implement, and manage at the community level because of competing stakeholder interests. There are significant power dynamics associated with sustainable tourism planning and management that often fail to incorporate all citizens’ voices, particularly those belonging to underprivileged backgrounds.
Due to the growth of international tourism (prior to the COVID-19 pandemic) and its related impacts, multinational organizations such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) continue to collaborate with member states and affiliates to identify methods to improve existing sustainable tourism strategies, discover new ones, and to address the social impacts of tourism globally. This study examines the social impacts of tourism in UNESCO’s Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve and the stakeholders’ dynamics that influence tourism planning in the region. Through an exploratory case study, this research uses media analyses, document review, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the social impacts of tourism and the stakeholders’ dynamics related to tourism management. Stakeholder theory, responsible leadership, and ecosystem services are used as a theoretical framework to ground the inquiry and to provide insight into how the social impacts of tourism are related to tourism planning dynamics. The findings revealed significant new knowledge about social impacts of tourism in the Adirondack High Peaks Wilderness and a mapping of complex competing stakeholder interests related to tourism management. A conceptual model is offered to assess the social impacts of tourism in international UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.
... Ormsby & Mannle, 2006;Rylance, 2016;Spenceley, Habyalimana, Tusabe, & Mariza, 2010) or (2) tourism enterprises (e.g. Snyman, 2012Snyman, , 2014Snyman, , 2017Spenceley, 2010). Therefore, it does not address other direct and indirect benefits that can be provided from tourism in protected areas, such as include employment or the sales of goods and services to tourists and tour operators, or access to natural resources within protected areas. ...
... Many researchers have described how tourism and visitation to protected areas can generate both positive and negative environmental, economic and social impacts (Eagles et al., 2002;Leung et al., in press;McCool, 2006;Mitchell and Ashley, 2010;Snyman, 2014). The past decade has seen the publication of research on protected areas addressing several core themes in relation to sustainable tourism, including: the economic impacts of tourism (Lapeyre, 2011;Nielsen and Spenceley, 2011;Snyman, 2012Snyman, , 2014Spenceley, 2010;Telfer and Sharpley, 2008), including a recent focus on value chain analysis (Meyer, 2007;Mitchell et al., 2009;Rogerson, 2012;Rylance and Spenceley, 2013;Spenceley et al., 2010) and inclusive tourism Spenceley, 2014a, 2014b), the social impacts of tourism (Deery et al., 2012;Esteves et al., 2012;Mbaiwa, 2005;Stronza and Gordillo, 2008) and the environmental impacts tourism has in protected areas (Buckley, 2010;Eagles, 2013;Mbaiwa, 2003). Another area of research which has progressed in the last decade is that of understanding visitation (Kajala, 2009(Kajala, , 2013Kajala et al., 2007, Leung et al., in press;Spenceley et al., 2015a;Telfer and Sharpley, 2008) and the importance of understanding the impact of visitation on tourism and conservation and finding ways of maximising benefits and, at least, satisfying all stakeholders. ...
... Categorisation of the types of business and developmental benefi ts provided in the seven areas of inclusion was undertaken, using Tewes- Gradl et al. (2014)'s typology of business and development priorities for IB tourism enterprises (see Table 2). Two nature-based tourism businesses in Southern Africa were selected for study, mainly because of the strength of existing data regarding their past developmental impact: Damaraland Camp in Namibia (UNDP 2012;Snyman 2012;Spenceley, 2010) and Phinda Private Game Reserve in South Africa. Th ey off er a similar type of safari tourism provided enabling a comparative analysis but operating in diff ering proximities to and densities of local communities. ...
Inclusive business is described as private sector-led business initiatives that aim to profitably engage low-income populations across productive value chains. This paper aims to quantify the impact of businesses implementing inclusive business strategies to determine the value to local communities as well as the tourism business. The research reviews the direct impact of the business on communities, determines the value proposition to the businesses as well as comparing the partnership structures between the operators and communities. Practical examples from Namibia and South Africa are provided of how different strategies may, or may not, generate a tangible impact for both parties. The research contributes to the limited literature about inclusive business models in the tourism sector.
... Bandarin et al. (2011: 17) hold that, manifestation of proper community livelihood come in many forms that can also include ''greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more secure lives, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure hours, political and cultural freedoms and a sense of participation in community tourism activities.' ' The movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs is a clear representation of culture-based tourism (UNWTO, 2004). Spenceley (2010) affirms that, cultural tourists buy local foods and beverages, pay for the traditional arts and performances, buy art and craft products among others that generate revenues and employment to the local communities. In addition, the effort to develop culture-based tourism, infrastructure, and associated services can bring about development of roads, accommodation, health care facilities, water, electricity, and security. ...
... Hamzah and Ismail (2008) advance culture-based tourism as an encouragement to practicing culture and traditions since it involves travelers who are motivated by an interest in experiencing other peoples, places, and cultures. Spenceley (2010) affirms that culturebased tourism provides an opportunity for exchange and learning between cultures. However studies by Brida et al. (2011) revealed that some members of the host communities are sometimes not convinced about visitors' coming to their areas as an incentive for conservation of traditions or local customs, they instead view it as an interruption to their lifestyles. ...
This paper analyses the promotion of culture-based tourism as a tool for cultural conservation and community livelihoods improvement in Buganda region, Uganda. A pragmatic approach was adopted to explore the existing cultural heritage resources in Buganda and their conservation for tourism as a means for community development. Data were collected using documentary reviews, focus group discussions with key actors in the tourism subsector, and a questionnaire interview. Results indicate that culture-based tourism is positively correlated to cultural conservation and community livelihood. The paper highlights the importance of culture-based tourism and culture conservation on community livelihood in the context of Uganda. The significant results obtained in this case study also show that cultural conservation was a strong predictor of community livelihoods. It is concluded that if culture-based tourism is enhanced and promoted, it has the potential to influence people’s livelihoods through the income generated from tourism activities and employment. This in turn contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage sites and hence sustainability. There is however need to investigate the novel and innovative ways of marketing and promoting cultural tourism in Uganda to enable improvement in people’s livelihood. It is also necessary to devise ways on how to increase community involvement in planning, implementation, and securing benefits of culture-based tourism.
... Neoliberalism is an economic and political philosophy that emphasises the role of market forces in determining appropriate resource use, and rejects regulation and government intervention (Heynen et al. 2007). Nature-based tourism has been one of the most widely adopted mechanisms for neoliberal conservation, particularly in highly biodiverse developing countries with limited alternative economic activities (Brockington et al. 2008;Spenceley 2008Spenceley , 2010Van der Duim et al. 2011). Advocates of this approach suggest it can provide 'win-win' outcomes for conservation and development by generating tangible benefits that compensate for costs and create incentives to conserve. ...
Nature-based tourism is well recognised as a tool that can be used for neoliberal conservation. Proponents argue that such tourism can provide revenue for conservation activities, and income generating opportunities and other benefits for local people living at the destination. Private-Community Partnerships (PCPs) are a particular form of hybrid intervention in which local benefits are claimed to be guaranteed through shared ownership of the tourism venture. In this paper, we evaluate one such partnership involving a high-end tourist eco-lodge at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. We examine the introduction, development, and implementation of this partnership using the policy arrangement approach. This is done through analysing the actors involved and excluded in the process, the emergence of coalitions and forces, power relations, the governing rules, and the role of framing discourses. The analysis reveals that the technical conceptualisation of the partnership arrangement failed to take proper account of political and contextual factors, resulting in escalating conflict up to the national level. The paper concludes that while more time is needed to evaluate the full impact of hybrid neoliberal approaches such as PCP, the unbalanced power relations they imply can create fertile conditions for political conflict that ultimately undermines their 'win-win' goals.
... Third, there are partnership arrangements, which can involve private and public entities as well as communities in operating tourism "joint ventures". The accruing revenues are thereafter shared based on written agreements guiding such arrangements (Elliot & Sumba, 2010;Spenceley, 2003Spenceley, , 2010Sumba, Warinwa, Lenaiyasa, & Muruthi, 2007;van der Duim, 2011). ...
Debates on how to deliver conservation benefits to communities living close to protected high-biodiversity areas have preoccupied conservationists for over 20 years. Tourism revenue sharing (TRS) has become a widespread policy intervention in Africa and elsewhere where charismatic populations of wildlife remain. This paper analyzes TRS policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda, from a policy arrangements perspective. It is based on data collected at BINP and three surrounding parishes, using qualitative methods. It concludes that the governance capacity of the TRS policy arrangement at BINP is low due to the structural incongruence of the dimensions of the policy arrangement (analyzed in terms of actors, resources, rules of the game and discourses). Despite the participatory rhetoric of policy reforms, the Uganda Wildlife Authority remains the most powerful actor: it has control over resources and consequently determines the rules of the game. Local communities do not feel adequately compensated for conservation costs. This issue is exacerbated by weak communications with local people, problems of fair distribution locally and nationally, corruption claims and powerful local elites. To maximize TRS’ ability to contribute to conservation through development, inequities in the design of the TRS and dispersion of benefits need to be addressed. Bwindi(BINP): (PAA) 20(TRS) Bwindi(BINP)TRSBINPBINPTRS(): TRSTRS
... Important variables for classification include the type of actors involved, the degree of centralization or decentralization, the type of management body, the main sources of income and the land tenure arrangements (Van der Duim, 2011). Most of these partnerships claim to circumvent shortcomings of the " wholly " community-based tourism models, arguing that whilst private sector partners should ensure profitability, local benefits can be guaranteed through community equity (Spenceley, 2008). This chapter focuses on a particular form of partnership -Private-Community Partnerships (PCP) -which is often mediated by public and third sector organisations. ...
... Some of the main constraints to success and competitiveness identified in Africa in a recent World Bank study are relevant to Mozambique (Spenceley, 2010): ...
... Source: Spenceley, 2010 Specifically to Mozambique, some of the challenges that need to be overcome to promote sustainable growth of the tourism sector are: ...
The purpose of this paper is to outline the economic case for tourism as a driver of economic growth in Mozambique. The study is based on a review of literature and reports on the current state of the tourism industry in the country, coupled with some projections of what the industry could achieve with the right enabling environment.
... Third, there are partnership arrangements, which can involve private and public entities as well as communities in operating tourism "joint ventures". The accruing revenues are thereafter shared based on written agreements guiding such arrangements (Elliot & Sumba, 2010;Spenceley, 2003Spenceley, , 2010Sumba, Warinwa, Lenaiyasa, & Muruthi, 2007;van der Duim, 2011). ...
