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Mashrabiya is one of the primary features of Arab-Islamic architecture which can be found and still used in different cities around the world. It can be defined as an opening covered with wooden lattice for ventilation, daylight, privacy, and an aesthetic appeal for houses. The motivation for this work stems from the lack of existing field studies...
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... was observed that the small pores of the pots allowed water to seep toward their exterior surfaces and became wet, while the airflow passing the pots accelerated the water evaporation process. The average wind speed for the day in R1 was 0.7 m/s and 0.3 m/s. in R2. Figure 11 shows the variation between the air temperature and relative humidity in the courtyard and the rooms on 5 ...
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... Modern applications of the Mashrabiya vary in their adherence to the original design. Traditionally, it was a cantilevered structure with a lattice where water jars were placed to cool through evaporation as air passed through (Bagasi & Calautit, 2020). These days, the term refers to an aperture featuring a wooden lattice screen made out of tiny, circularsection wooden balusters spaced at precise, regular intervals, frequently forming an elaborate and aesthetically pleasing design as shown in figure 1. ...
This research investigates the multifaceted significance of Mashrabiya, a traditional architectural element found throughout the Islamic world. Employing a design typology approach, it delves into its historical, social, artistic, and environmental aspects. The core focus lies in the typology's impact on functionality, including solar control, ventilation, and humidity regulation. Cultural and social values embedded within the design and craftsmanship are also explored. The study emphasizes design strategies for incorporating Mashrabiya in both historical and contemporary buildings, analysing its use as a primary decorative element. A comparative analysis with traditional Malay house screening is included. six case studies, encompassing traditional and modern applications, will be examined alongside the element's historical background, installation methods, material usage, and modern adaptations in hotels and boutiques. Finally, the artistic representation and construction techniques, particularly its connection to abstract geometry, will be explored. This comprehensive investigation aims to highlight the rich history of Mashrabiya, establish it as a valuable source of inspiration for future designers, and bridge the knowledge gap between traditional and modern forms.
... According to the results of that study, the methodology adopted has shown that the hidden thermal bridges were quite visible which allowed them to accurately locate and rectify them. Bagasi and Calautit (2020) conducted a study at the old traditional (Baeshen) family House in historic Jeddah which yielded several significant findings that could form future architectural design practices in similar regions. The study demonstrated that the closed Mashrabiya (perforated wall) panes contributed in reducing the flow of hot air into the rooms during afternoon and thus maintaining indoor temperatures in the range of 35.4 °C to 35.8 °C. ...
Thermal evaluation of twin wall panel systems was assessed under vibrant hot and arid conditions of weather in the Arabian Peninsula. Two systems of wall panels (0.6 m × 0.6 m) were prepared. The first system was prepared with a 5.0 cm thick extruded polystyrene (XPS) board. While the second system was prepared with 5.0 cm thick layer of foam-mortar encompassing expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads. Both the thermal insulative layers were sandwiched between two 7.5 cm thick concrete layers. The two wall panel systems were thermally evaluated at the same time in a carefully designed test room. Comparison was accomplished between the two wall systems by measuring the U -value (thermal transmittance) and R -value (resistance). The U -value (air to air) for sandwiched XPS concrete wall system was 0.837 W/m ² K while it was 2.527 W/m ² K for sandwiched EPS beads foam-mortar concrete wall system. The mean U -values (surface to surface) of the sandwiched XPS concrete wall system was 1.143 m ² K/W and 0.293 m ² K/W for sandwiched EPS beads foam-mortar concrete wall system. The sandwiched XPS concrete wall system was more efficient than the sandwiched EPS beads foam-mortar concrete wall system in terms of thermal performance. About 4.5 h of time lag was observed for both the wall panel systems between the external surface temperature and the heat transmission in the internal surface. The output of the FEM simulation by ABAQUS is compared with the measured data for Set-1 (period 16-Aug-2022 to 26-Aug-2022). The hourly temperature change on the outer and inner surfaces has good agreement for both sandwiched XPS concrete wall system and sandwiched EPS beads foam-mortar concrete wall system. The simulation can also predict the heat flux through the two wall systems investigated.
... Mashrabiya also provides evaporative cooling in integration with the water element. In addition to the water-retaining properties of the wood used in mashrabiya production, using water-filled jugs is one of the methods used for this purpose (Bagasi & Calautit, 2020). When outdoor air, moisture absorbed by the wood, and porous water hit the water jug and penetrate the interior, the interior is cooled (Fig. 23) (Bagasi & Calautit, 2020;Cain et al., 1976;M. ...
... In addition to the water-retaining properties of the wood used in mashrabiya production, using water-filled jugs is one of the methods used for this purpose (Bagasi & Calautit, 2020). When outdoor air, moisture absorbed by the wood, and porous water hit the water jug and penetrate the interior, the interior is cooled (Fig. 23) (Bagasi & Calautit, 2020;Cain et al., 1976;M. Shahda & Noseir, 2021). ...
Global environmental problems are one of the most critical problems of humankind. Increasing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions are among the most important causes of global environmental problems. The existing building sector is vital in increasing energy consumption and CO 2 emissions. Buildings are responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions and about 40% of energy consumption. Energy used for heating and cooling is one of the most important causes of energy consumption in the building sector. Reducing the energy used for heating and cooling is possible with sustainable building design. One of the most essential criteria of sustainable building design is using passive air conditioning strategies. Traditional architecture is a crucial guide for using passive air conditioning elements. This paper presents an architectural taxonomic proposal for passive cooling strategies used in traditional architecture in hot and dry climate areas of the globe. The aim is to facilitate and simplify access to all cooling strategies and provide a guide for their adaptation to modern architecture. A total of 55 passive cooling strategies were identified in the research. Within the taxonomic proposal's scope, the strategy was first divided into four groups: settlement scale, building scale, space scale, and building environment scale, depending on the usage criteria. Then, this grouping was split into 16 subgroups. A taxonomic proposal was created by considering the intended use of the identified strategies. The findings indicate that although traditional architecture in hot and dry climates primarily focuses on heat protection and heat dissipation is also highly utilized. It has been determined that thermal insulation, shading and natural ventilation cooling strategies come to the fore. In addition, it has been determined that approximately 50% of the strategies used for cooling purposes are related to thermal insulation, shading, and natural ventilation. The taxonomic proposal guides modern adaptations in the built environment by combining traditional passive design strategies and simplifying their use. It can also be adapted to different climates and contribute to creating new modern building design guidelines.
... Future studies aim to extend these cooling and humidifying effects to a broader range of rooms. For instance, we could adopt a similar approach to that referenced in ref. [38], which employed evaporative cooling strategies directly at the inlet of the building. This could potentially remedy the limitations observed in cross flow ventilation configurations, where indoor air is predominantly drawn from outside the building. ...
In hot and dry urban environments, courtyards help mitigate extreme heat and influence the urban microclimate. These structures not only provide light and private outdoor spaces but also aid in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect through improved airflow and evapotranspiration. Courtyards, being central open-air areas enclosed by buildings, are crucial in creating opportunities for natural ventilation driven by wind and buoyancy-induced forces, thus serving as a microclimatic regulator. This study investigates the role of courtyards in modulating their microclimate and adjacent indoor areas by integrating evaporative cooling strategies to enhance cooling in these spaces. While numerous studies have been conducted on the role of water bodies in evaporative cooling, the aero-thermal impact on adjacent indoor spaces remains less understood. Addressing this gap, the present research explores the effect of an evaporative cooling system on the wind and thermal conditions within a courtyard and examines different natural ventilation modes, namely, single-sided and crossflow ventilation, in indoor spaces. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, validated against wind tunnel experimental data, was employed to simulate various evaporative cooling water spray configurations. The results reveal complex courtyard microclimates with diverse cooling effects influenced by room orientation and floor level. Specifically, in single-sided ventilated courtyards, water sprays significantly improved the indoor thermal environment, with the average temperature across all rooms decreased by 2.06 °C, and humidity increased by 4.29 %. However, in cross-ventilated courtyards, water sprays' cooling and humidifying effects were relatively less effective. This research underscores the potential of evaporative cooling technology in improving the microclimate of courtyards, with practical applications extending to urban design and architecture. By tailoring cooling strategies to specific courtyard configurations, urban planners and architects significantly improve indoor comfort levels and energy efficiency.
... Traditional buildings in Saudi Arabia, enriched with architectural heritage, incorporate distinctive features and elements like the mashrabiya. This traditional mashrabiya, a marvel of design attuned to occupants' needs and the local environment, has been aptly described by Bagasi and Calautit (2020) ...
... In recent years, a considerable body of research has emerged focusing on the standard mashrabiya and similar elements, such as louvres, with the common objective of enhancing indoor thermal conditions and reducing building energy consumption. Bagasi and Calautit (2020) provided a comprehensive review of the developments of mashrabiya implementation in buildings within hot climates. Meanwhile, Maghrabi (2000) conducted a study on modulated louvre windows, exploring their ventilation efficiency through modeling. ...
... The mashrabiya has demonstrated its potential in improving indoor thermal conditions, as evident in a field experiment by Bagasi and Calautit (2020), where a room with an opening mashrabiya exhibited superior indoor temperatures, up to 4 °C cooler than a room with a closed mashrabiya. However, to further enhance its effectiveness and achieve optimal thermal comfort, the mashrabiya requires integration with additional passive cooling techniques. ...
... Diverse conditions are met by the envelopment of distinct patterns that highlight the mentioned functions. According to Bagasi and Calautit [30], safeguarding privacy, diminishing the air temperature, regulating the passage of light, elevating the air current humidity, and regulating the airflow comprise the functions of the Mashrabiya. An example of Mashrabiya in Saudi Arabia is illustrated in Figure 3 below. ...
... Architecture 2023, 3, FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 28 mentioned functions. According to Bagasi and Calautit [30], safeguarding privacy, diminishing the air temperature, regulating the passage of light, elevating the air current humidity, and regulating the airflow comprise the functions of the Mashrabiya. An example of Mashrabiya in Saudi Arabia is illustrated in Figure 3 below. ...
Developing countries in hot climate regions such as Saudi Arabia have witnessed rapid population growth, which has led to greater resource consumption as a result of the increased demand for new buildings. This research proposes a multi-objective evaluation of the potential green engineering solutions to conserve energy using a building within the ROSHN housing project, which is one of the mega projects in Saudi Arabia, as a case study for this paper with the aid of simulation software, taking into consideration the context of the sustainability concept. The results showed that traditional passive architectural design, whether courtyards or Mashrabiya, had the nearly greatest influence, with percentages ranging from −4% to −5.15% for varied parameters and designs compared to the base case energy usage. Furthermore, energy efficiency solutions for the building envelope’s external insulation and finish system (EIFS) enabled a drop in the U-value that lowered energy usage to −5.40%. However, the wall insulation thickness beyond 300 mm in this system has no substantial influence on energy savings. This research’s most clear finding is that a P2P system for PV panels on a district scale can supply enough energy to meet its needs after implementing the optimal strategy of the other proposed solutions.
... Through experimentation in a sample peripheral space, SVM was found to significantly reduce overheating issues, leading to a decreased primary energy demand for cooling compared to selective glazing and Venetian blinds (17.2% and 9.9%, respectively). It also minimized the primary energy requirement for lighting (by 65.7% and 30.7% compared to RG16 and VB, respectively) while simultaneously improving lighting efficiency (the concept is shown in Figure 6), resulting in a reduction in global primary energy usage by 27% and 16.3% compared to RG16 and VB, respectively, as cited by Bagasi and Calautit [33]. Mashrabiya can reduce a building's energy consumption by limiting solar gain, cooling the interior spaces, and ensuring adequate air flow [31]. ...
... Through experimentation in a sample peripheral space, SVM was found to significantly reduce overheating issues, leading to a decreased primary energy demand for cooling compared to selective glazing and Venetian blinds (17.2% and 9.9%, respectively). It also minimized the primary energy requirement for lighting (by 65.7% and 30.7% compared to RG16 and VB, respectively) while simultaneously improving lighting efficiency (the concept is shown in Figure 6), resulting in a reduction in global primary energy usage by 27% and 16.3% compared to RG16 and VB, respectively, as cited by Bagasi and Calautit [33]. Taleb and Antony [34] further endorse this in their experiments, which were conducted by adding Mashrabiya as a 75% tinted, frosted adhesive film to the glazing. ...
The traditional and indigenous architecture in Saudi Arabia is being replaced by modern, Western-style buildings, resulting from the growing influence of Western culture. This change is evident in architectural elements such as Mashrabiya, which was once a symbol of the country’s Islamic architecture. The research paper aims to analyse the impact of modernization and the resurgence of Mashrabiya on a building’s energy efficiency, as well as the cultural and religious integrity of its historical counterpart in the context of Saudi Arabia. The study employed mixed research methods, including an online survey with Saudi Arabian households to study the public perception of Mashrabiya, case studies of residences with traditional and modern Mashrabiya, and a range of dynamic thermal simulations on a residence with traditional Mashrabiya to study its impact on energy consumption. The survey revealed that the public is aware of the changing face of Mashrabiya and its impact on the cultural and religious identity of the region, mainly privacy, but it is largely uninformed about ways to preserve its true essence. The simulations demonstrated a significant improvement in thermal comfort, i.e., an approximate 14% reduction in operative temperature and a 77.8% reduction in peak solar gain; an improvement in energy efficiency, i.e., a 5.7% reduction in monthly cooling load and a 35.5% improvement in daylight factor. Based on the findings, the research provides several recommendations to preserve the identity of traditional Mashrabiya while enhancing their energy efficiency, such as the incorporation of traditional design elements into the plans of the Saudi Arabian government.
... Es un sistema utilizado en los inicios de la sociedad Islámica que se enfoca en correr agua a través de losas haciendo un efecto "cascada", dirigiendo el agua hacia canales que recorren la vivienda en los espacios comunes humectando el aire durante el recorrido de esta, consiguiendo así reducir la sensación térmica dentro de la vivienda (Bagasi et al., 2020). ...
... Es un elemento de la arquitectura Islámica particular del Cairo, Egipto, y de la ciudad de Yeda, el cual consta de un marco segmentado hecho de madera que se coloca en las ventanas de las edificaciones, su función es proteger la ventana de la entrada de calor proveniente de los rayos del sol mientras permite el paso del viento (Bagasi et al., 2020); además, procura cuidar la intimidad del interior de la habitación (Figura 3). Por sí mismo, no funciona como un sistema de EED, pero en muchos de los casos se combina este elemento con mantas de tela que están humectados o con jarrones del tipo maziara para elevar el rendi-miento de este sistema al generar brisas frescas y reducir la temperatura (Amer et al., 2015;Fardeheb, 2009). ...
... Esquema de función de mashrabiya(Bagasi et al., 2020). ...
Los sistemas de enfriamiento evaporativo son una alternativa en el ámbito de la construcción y
la vivienda para reducir la temperatura en regiones con clima cálido mediante el cambio de fase del
agua, el cual busca disminuir la alta demanda de energía para enfriar los espacios habitables. El
siguiente documento realiza una búsqueda de diversos sistemas de enfriamiento evaporativo colocados
en elementos verticales. Se presentan los resultados de búsqueda de información con base
en la metodología PRISMA a través de sitios científicos como ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google
Scholar y Scielo, con las palabras clave: enfriamiento evaporativo, enfriamiento evaporativo directo,
enfriamiento evaporativo indirecto y enfriamiento pasivo.
... Mashrabiya is one of the environmental elements that can be built in different places. It can be defined as; an opening shielded with a wooden lattice for daylight, ventilation, aesthetics, and privacy appeal for places as shown in figure 1 (A. A. Bagasi and Calautit 2020). It is used to regulate the temperature and to block out direct sunlight. ...
... Yi et al. [192] investigated the effects of the adaptable auxetic shading structure based on IGPs, applied on building facades to optimize illuminance levels and reduce glare probability. Bagasi and Calautit [193] studied the thermal ventilation performance of buildings' facades incorporated with mashrabiya and the potential to enhance its capabilities by combining it with different passive cooling techniques. More recently, Bagasi et al. [194] evaluated mashrabiya's performance regarding building ventilation and humidity in hot climates. ...
Currently, there is a tendency to use Islamic Geometric Patterns (IGPs) as important identities and cultural elements of building design in the Middle East. Despite high demand, lack of information about the potential of IGPs principles have led to formal inspiration in the design of existing buildings. Many research studies have been carried out on the principles of IGPs. However, comprehensive studies relating to new possibilities, such as structure-based, sustainable-based, and aesthetic-based purposes, developed by computer science and related technologies, are relatively rare. This article reviews the state-of-the-art knowledge of IGPs, provides a survey of the main principles, presents the status quo, and identifies gaps in recent research directions. Finally, future prospects are discussed by focussing on different aspects of the principles in accordance with collected evidence obtained during the review process.
