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3 Outcrop photographs (top), thin-section micrographs (middle), and cathodoluminescence images (bottom) showing some characteristics of the Berlín Orthogneiss. (a, d, and e) Layered coarse-grained bt-kfs-pl-qz gneiss. (b, f, and g) Layered fine-grained bt-kfs-pl-qz gneiss. (c, h, and i) Fine-grained pl-bt-kfs-qz gneiss; this lithology shows no layering and has more abundant biotite than layered gneisses
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The metamorphic crystalline core of the Santander Massif recorded an early Paleozoic peak metamorphism that reached the granulite facies with temperatures above the wet pelite solidus and an overprinting Jurassic low-pressure metamorphism. The early Paleozoic metamorphism occurred during the Ordovician and produced greenschist to amphibolite facies...
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... with leucosomes from the migmatitic Bucaramanga Gneiss. The Berlín Orthogneiss is mainly a mesoscopically layered coarse-to fine-grained quartz+plagioclase+K-feldspar gneiss with variable amounts of garnet, biotite, muscovite, sillimanite, and magnetite; it contains prominent quartz+feldspar lenses within an anastomosing mica-rich matrix (Fig. ...
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... 2). The basement of the South American Plate to the east consists of Permian to Jurassic metamorphic rocks capped by magmatic rocks of varying ages ranging from Late Triassic to Pliocene (Vinasco et al., 2006;Bayona et al., 2012;Blanco-Quintero et al., 2014;Cochrane et al., 2014;Bustamante et al., 2017;Zapata-Villada et al., 2017;Cardona et al., 2018;Zapata et al., 2019;Zuluaga and Lopez, 2019). These magmatic rocks include remnants of a volcanic arc built during the Paleogene between 60 Ma and 53 Ma (Bayona et al., 2012;Bustamante et al., 2017;Cardona et al., 2018). ...
A controversy has developed in recent years regarding the timing of the closure of the Central American Seaway. This tectonic event significantly impacted oceanic circulation between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic oceans and resulted in the formation of a land bridge connecting the South and North American continents. The long-held view of a Pliocene age (ca. 3 Ma) for the closure of the Central American Seaway has been challenged by the proposal that the Panamá Arc collided with South America during the Middle Miocene (15−13 Ma) as a deep oceanic gap between them closed along the Uramita suture zone. However, direct geologic evidence from this suture zone to support either interpretation has been lacking. Here, we report on a comprehensive study of three stratigraphic transects across the Uramita suture zone, using a host of methodologies including sedimentological, ichnological, micropaleontological, U-Pb detrital geochronological, and provenance analyses. Our data reveal that lower offshore to slope conditions prevailed in the Central American Seaway along the suture zone during the latest Early to earliest Middle Miocene (16.4−15.1 Ma) and that oceanic conditions there ceased to exist between the Middle and Late Miocene. These results agree with the Middle Miocene age proposed for the Central American Seaway closure along the tectonic boundary. However, other deeper portions of the Central American Seaway persisted in western Colombia, which challenges the notion of a Central American Seaway confined to the suture zone between the Panamá Arc and South American Plate during the Middle Miocene.
... ~420-430 Ma), due to an active continental margin setting, with the dextral-inverse movement of faults exposing deeper cortical levels in its hanging wall block towards the northwest (e.g., Van der Lelij et al., 2015;Tazzo-Rangel et al., 2018). Another possible scenario involves the emplacement of Jurassic granitoids in a low-lying magmatic arc associated with a low-pressure metamorphic event that partially overprinted the metamorphic core of the Santander Massif (Zuluaga et al., 2017;Zuluaga and Lopez, 2019). Finally, a third alternative suggests the accretion metamorphism and late exhumation of paraautochtonous terranes during the Late Silurian-Early Devonian or the Pennsylvanian (e.g., Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997;Cardona et al., 2016;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019). ...
The Devonian Period experienced the proliferation of vascular plants and had the highest levels of carbonate production, reef-building, and marine faunal diversity in the Paleozoic Era, which led to a diverse biostratigraphic record. While the presence of extensive reef systems is a characteristic feature of many Devonian deposits worldwide, this aspect is relatively subdued in northwestern South America. Instead, the Devonian stratigraphy of Colombia and Venezuela is characterized by marine faunas and flora which altogether point to a connection between Laurussia and Gondwana.
Despite these biostratigraphic pieces of evidence, paleogeographic reconstructions of northwestern Gondwana are challenging. For these reasons in this contribution, we summarize the current knowledge of metamorphic, plutonic, and sedimentary Devonian rocks from northwestern Brazil to Venezuela along with our new results to propose paleogeographic evolution during Early, Middle, and Late Devonian time.
Devonian sedimentation in northwestern Gondwana took place under an extensional tectonic regime widely documented at the current Eastern Cordillera and Llanos basin in Colombia delineating a Devonian back-arc basin, shaped by normal and dextral strike-slip en echelon faults. Paleontological data discloses to ages ranging from Pragian to Frasnian for the Devonian sedimentary rocks in northwestern Gondwana deposited during a transgression along a north-south trending epicontinental basin, on top of a Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic metamorphic basement. During Eifelian-Givetian times, the build-up of a carbonate platform indicates the maximum flooding surface of the basin. Finally, during the Frasnian-Fammenian, a regressive cycle characterized by coastal facies indicates a period of uplift possibly linked with the first stages of western Pangaea amalgamation and the Rheic Ocean closure.
Recently, published U–Pb detrital zircon geochronology from Devonian sediments of Colombia basins suggests a protracted active margin during Paleozoic times, with near-zero lag times between zircon crystallization and sedimentation. These provenance constraints appear to contradict Devonian magmatic quiescence in northwestern Gondwana. In contrast, south of the Macarena Range in the structural domain of the Guiana Shield, Devonian sedimentary rocks exclusively yield Proterozoic zircon inheritance.
Observed changes in detrital zircon provenance suggest, 1) A Devonian magmatic arc in the Oaxaquia, Mixteca, or Maya blocks, was likely the source of detritus to Devonian basins in northern Colombia and Venezuela, and 2) A paleogeographic control must have prevented the interconnection of northern Devonian sediment routing systems with their southern counterparts in the Guiana Shield. In this scenario, basement highs within the Guiana Shield vicinity likely acted as paleogeographic barriers compartmentalizing Devonian sedimentary basins in northwestern Gondwana.
... No significant mineralizations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo, W, Sn and ±Au associated with this magmatism have been discovered. However, the existence of type I and type S granites, both peraluminous and metalluminous (van der Lelij et al., 2016;Zuluaga and López, 2019;Rodríguez et al., 2020aRodríguez et al., , 2020b, suggests different formation conditions for these granites and reveals the possibility of various mineral deposits. ...
... The magmatism in question ranges from calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline series, is mainly peraluminous and to a lesser extent metalluminous (Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2013;Spikings et al., 2015;van der Lelij et al., 2016;Zuluaga and López, 2019;Rodríguez et al., 2020a). There are two contrasting models that explain this magmatism. ...
... The subduction was framed in an extensional regime related to the fragmentation of Pangea (Restrepo-Pace, 1995;Spikings et al., 2015;van der Lelij et al., 2016). The extension possibly also contributed to the decompression and partial melting of the thinned continental crust (Zuluaga and López, 2019). The peraluminous character has been interpreted as a result of contamination by the thick continental crust (Spikings et al., 2015;van der Lelij et al., 2016;Zuluaga and López, 2019). ...
This study uses the trace-elements composition of zircons from various units, generated during the Late Triassic-Jurassic mag-matism of the Santander Massif, to infer the metallogenetic fertility potential of Cu (±Mo±Au) in the base metals of the magmas. The evaluation is based on the degree of hydration and the oxidation state since these factors can make the magma fertile for min-eralization. The application of fertility indicators, tested by other authors from various Cu (±Mo±Au) porphyry deposits around the world, allows us to conclude that most of the units studied offer fertility potential for Cu (±Mo±Au) base metal deposits. The geological units with the greatest potential for relative fertility are the dioritic facies from La Corcova Monzogranite and from the Páramo Rico Tonalite and Granodiorite. The samples with an intermediate potential are, in decreasing order, those of the Mogotes Batholith, the Rionegro Monzogranite, the Intrusive-Extrusive Igneous Complex and a small amount in the Santa Bárbara Monzo-granite. The samples with a possible low potential are the San Joaquín Rhyolite and the Alto Los Cacaos Rhyolites. The San Martín Tonalite has very little or no potential.
... growth of the continental margin and includes the main Late Triassic to Cretaceous magmatic arcs (Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2009;Villagómez et al., 2011;Spikings et, 2015;Zapata et al., 2019), which formed during the subduction of the Farallon (Pacific) Plate (Kerr et al., 1997;Nivia et al., 2006;Pindell and Kennan, 2009;Villagómez and Spikings, 2013). These magmatic arcs are underlain by Paleozoic (325-260 Ma), Triassic and Jurassic metamorphic belts (e.g., Vinasco et al., 2006;Bustamante et al., 2017;Zuluaga and Lopez, 2019;Restrepo-Moreno et al., 2019). The Western Domain, on the other hand, comprises two major litho-structural blocks, the Western Cordillera and the PCB. ...
... Arc magmatism in the western paleomargin of Gondwana has been considered to have begun at the end of the Triassic and continued until the Lower Cretaceous due to the subduction of the Farallon Plate under the western margin of Gond-wana (Álvarez, 1983;Bayona et al., 1994;Bustamante et al., 2016;Jaramillo and Escovar, 1980;Leal-Mejía, 2011;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019;Rodríguez et al., 2015f, 2018Rodríguez et al., 2015f, , 2020Quandt et al., 2018;Quiceno et al., 2016;Spikings et al., 2015;Toussaint, 1995;Villagómez et al., 2015;Zapata et al., 2016;Zuluaga et al., 2015;Zuluaga and López, 2019). Under this framework, two models were postulated: 1) migration of arc magmatism in an east-west direction Bustamante et al., 2016;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019;López and Zuluaga, 2020;Quandt et al., 2018;Ramírez et al., 2020;Zuluaga and López, 2019) and 2) migration of magmatism in a west-east direction (taking into account the migration of the magmatic cycles of the Permian and the Early to Middle Jurassic) . ...
... Arc magmatism in the western paleomargin of Gondwana has been considered to have begun at the end of the Triassic and continued until the Lower Cretaceous due to the subduction of the Farallon Plate under the western margin of Gond-wana (Álvarez, 1983;Bayona et al., 1994;Bustamante et al., 2016;Jaramillo and Escovar, 1980;Leal-Mejía, 2011;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019;Rodríguez et al., 2015f, 2018Rodríguez et al., 2015f, , 2020Quandt et al., 2018;Quiceno et al., 2016;Spikings et al., 2015;Toussaint, 1995;Villagómez et al., 2015;Zapata et al., 2016;Zuluaga et al., 2015;Zuluaga and López, 2019). Under this framework, two models were postulated: 1) migration of arc magmatism in an east-west direction Bustamante et al., 2016;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019;López and Zuluaga, 2020;Quandt et al., 2018;Ramírez et al., 2020;Zuluaga and López, 2019) and 2) migration of magmatism in a west-east direction (taking into account the migration of the magmatic cycles of the Permian and the Early to Middle Jurassic) . ...
... On this orogen, at the end of the Triassic and the beginning of the Jurassic (~214-184 Ma) (Rodríguez et al., 2017(Rodríguez et al., , 2019Van der Lelij et al., 2016), magmatism that formed peraluminous, I-and S-type (López and Zuluaga, 2020;Rodríguez et al., 2017Rodríguez et al., , 2019bRodríguez et al., , 2020Zuluaga and López, 2019) batholithic bodies and stocks of predominantly monzogranitic to syenogranitic composition (Figure 2a) (Rodríguez et al., 2017Ward et al., 1973) developed in a more eastern position than the belts of the volcanic arcs of the Carboniferous (Leal Majía, 2011), Permian, and Lower to Middle Jurassic (Rodríguez et al., 2019 (Figure 2a and b). ...
Abstract
This work presents a considerable volume of new and compiled data indicating that arc magmatism in the western paleomargin
of Gondwana began in the Carboniferous and continued during the Permian and Early Triassic. Subsequently, the magmatism
reactivated during the Early and Middle Jurassic due to the subduction of the Farallon Plate under the continental paleomargin.
The arc pluton belts are distributed from the edge of the paleomargin toward the interior of the continent in the same orientation
as the slab (west–east direction).
During the Carboniferous, between ca. 333 Ma and ca. 300 Ma, magmatism formed small calcic metaluminous gabbro and
leucotonalite plutons of tholeiitic to calc-alkaline affinity on the western margin of Gondwana. Later, the second belt of arc plutons
formed during the Permian/Triassic (between ca. 300 Ma and ca. 234 Ma) and are represented by metaluminous to peraluminous
calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline batholiths and stocks of heterogeneous composition (granites, granodiorites, diorites, quartz
monzonites, and monzonites), which were intruded by dikes and minor granite bodies during the Middle Triassic.
Between ca. 214 Ma and ca. 186 Ma, peraluminous plutons of batholithic dimensions of monzogranitic to syenogranitic composition
developed in the back-arc. Between ca. 197 Ma and ca. 186 Ma, back-arc magmatism occurred, while a new magmatic
cycle began along the arc axis. At the end of the Jurassic, the magmatic arc cycle ended in the northwestern paleomargin of Gondwana
(ca. 164 Ma). The intrusion ca. 159 Ma of porphyritic bodies of alkaline andesitic basalts toward the edge of the continental
margin suggests the strangulation and collapse of the subduction zone in the mantle.
To the west, off the continental margin, a new arc magmatic cycle began over a different continental terrane ca. 171 Ma and
extended to ca. 138 Ma, giving rise to a belt of calcic to calcic-alkaline plutons emplaced in the Ordovician metamorphic (Anacona
Terrane), Triassic (Tahamí Terrane), and Upper Jurassic (Tierradentro Orogen) rocks. The assemblage amalgamated to the
western margin of Gondwana in this period.
... Among the blocks that currently compose the northern Andes, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Massif (SNSM; Figure 1A) is of particular interest, mainly because of its isolated situation that adds up to a rather complex structural and stratigraphic setting. The tectono-metamorphic events that affected northwestern Gondwana during the Early Palaeozoic to Late-Palaeozoic-Early Mesozoic remain poorly constrained at the SNSM Massif, that by its palaeogeographic position plays a fundamental role in reconstructing a former conjugate margin between Laurentia and Gondwana (Weber et al. 2007(Weber et al. , 2018Cardona et al. 2010c;Spikings et al. 2015;van der Lelij et al. 2016;Zuluaga et al. 2017;Riel et al. 2018;Spikings and Paul 2019;Zuluaga and Lopez 2019;Tazzo-Rangel et al. 2019). Moreover, the lack of integration among field observations, and scarce isotopic and petrologic data available at the SNSM Massif makes it challenging to establish a geodynamic context between igneous activity and metamorphism since Palaeozoic to Early Mesozoic times. ...
... The tectonic history of northwestern Gondwana is defined by the build-up of an Early Palaeozoic Famatinian arc composed of igneous and metamorphic suites (Rapela et al. 1998;Ramos 2015Ramos , 2018. At the SNSM, event M 2 at ca. 450 Ma (Figure 12) can be correlated to other Ordovician tectono-metamorphic events of the Famatinian belt of western Gondwana (Estrada-Carmona et al. 2012;Weber et al. 2012Weber et al. , 2018Martens et al. 2014;Ramos 2015;van der Lelij et al. 2016;Zuluaga and Lopez 2019;Tazzo-Rangel et al. 2019). Aluminosilicates+K-feldspar from the Rio Piedras gneiss suggest S-type magmatism similar to the documented at the Santander Massif and Mérida Andes orthogneisses (van der Lelij et al. 2016;Tazzo-Rangel et al. 2019). ...
... As evidenced by zircon inheritance, the Ordovician tectono-magmatic event of the IB reworked the Proterozoic basement of the SNSM Massif. Similarly, the crustal reworking of Gondwanan continental margin during the Famatinian orogeny is widely documented at the Mérida Andes (Tazzo-Rangel et al. 2019), the Santander Massif (Zuluaga et al. 2017;van der Lelij et al. 2019;Zuluaga and Lopez 2019), the Central Cordillera Anacona terrane (Martens et al. 2014), the Acatlán Complex (Yanez et al. 1991;Talavera-Mendoza et al. 2005;Keppie et al. 2008), the southern Chiapas Massif (Weber et al. 2018), the Maya block (Solari et al. 2010), and the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Chew et al. 2007;Spikings et al. 2021). ...
The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Massif (SNSM) in the Northern Andes affords an insight into lower crustal section structural relations. This polymetamorphic basement comprises high-grade gneisses, which alternate with imbricate slivers of medium-to high-grade schists. New field observations coupled with LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology and trace element geochemistry reveal some hallmarks on the evolution of this strongly remobilized crustal section. The Proterozoic Rodinia-type basement (1100 − 880 Ma) recorded at least two separated tectono-metamorphic events (M0 and M1) and was subsequently affected by a magmatic episode during the Ordovician (~450 Ma; M2). During the Permian, subduction of Panthalassian oceanic crust beneath Pangaea led to the installation of a magmatic-arc and probably coeval metamorphism (~288-266 Ma; M3). Middle-Late Triassic roll-back extension of the upper plate led to anatexis and metamorphism (M4) reaching peak conditions at ca. 239 Ma with concurrent crystallization of garnet and sillimanite, followed by a decreasing geothermal gradient at ca. 202 Ma. Early Jurassic arc build-up under a rejuvenated convergence was contemporaneous to metamorphism on an accretionary wedge (M5) at ca. 185 Ma. The SNSM Massif basement units yield metamorphic ages that compare to similar tectono-metamorphic provinces in NW-Gondwana, including the Central Cordillera of Colombia, the Guajira Peninsula, the Mérida Andes, the Perijá Range, the Santander Massif, and the Central American and Mexican terranes to the south of the Ouachita-Marathon Suture (Oaxaquia, Mixteca, and Maya blocks). Age equivalence of these events is best explained by the existence of a conjugate margin with Laurentia until the Late Triassic ~216 Ma, which preceded the inception of a Colombian marginal seaway during the break-up of western Pangaea. Furthermore, the presence of Ordovician metamorphic rocks in the SNSM Massif confirms the extent of a Famatinian arc along NW-Gondwana during the Early Palaeozoic.
... They are interpreted also as the infilling of extensional basins (Michalzik, 1991;Godínez-Urban et al., 2011) located adjacent to the limit between Laurentia and Gondwana during Pangea's rupture, in the Middle-Late Jurassic (Martini and Ortega-Gutiérrez, 2016;Nova et al., 2019). Despite this, only the magmatic evolution of the basins is considered in most North-Andean Jurassic tectonic models (Spikings et al., 2015;Zuluaga et al., 2015;Bustamante et al., 2016;Rodríguez et al., 2018;Zuluaga and López, 2019); therefore, they lack a description of the sedimentary environments and their variations. Other studies try to conciliate all the geological data into different plausible tectonic models but lack a detailed scenario of each of the involved units (e.g., Martini and Ortega-Gutiérrez, 2016;Bayona et al., 2020). ...
The Yariguíes Anticlinorium, a regional structure located at the western flank of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, includes the thickest record of continental sedimentary rocks accumulated near to the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. The sedimentary rocks are lithoarenites and feldspathic arenites, grouped in the Girón Formation, and deposited in a Late Jurassic extensional basin interpreted in this work as a rift basin. We analysed the sedimentologic and compositional characteristics of two sections that accumulated in a complex rift system. We identified important thickness variations, from 3,350 m in the type section to at least 525 m in a reference section in the Zapatoca area, as well as petrographic and lithofacies changes. This led us to confirm that the Girón Formation encompasses all the continental facies, whose source rock correspond mainly to the exhumed blocks of the Santander Massif during the Late Jurassic. The synrift successions were segmented by transverse structures and regional longitudinal faults of the rift-shoulder, as the Suárez Fault. The tectonic frame of the study area shows the relevance of the W-E compressional regimes, explaining the local kinematics as a heritage of the former configuration and tectonic inversion of the basins. However, clockwise rotation of the stress field was detected from the stress tensor analysis. The latest orientation of the stress tensors and shear joints are related to the effect of the transpressional Bucaramanga and Lebrija faults along the study area.
... En los Andes colombianos las rocas ígneas plutónicas del Jurásico Inferior se dividen en dos cinturones subparalelos: el primero, ubicado en el Macizo de Santander, con edades comprendidas entre los 202 y 195 Ma (Mantilla, et al., 2013; Van der Lelij, 2016); el segundo, desarrollado sobre la Cordillera Central, la Serranía de San Lucas y la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, donde se estableció entre los 194 y 180 Ma (Leal-Mejía, 2011, Quandt, et al., 2018Leal-Mejía, et al., 2019;Shaw, et al., 2019). Los resultados de los datos geoquímicos de los intrusivos en los dos cinturones indican que hacían parte de arcos magmáticos relacionados con la subducción de la placa oceánica protopacífica debajo de la margen occidental de Gondwana (Sillitoe, et al., 1982;Aspden, et al., 1987;Dörr, et al., 1995;Van der Lelij, 2016;Spikings, et al., 2015;Zuluaga & López, 2019). ...
... Este basamento metamórfico es intruido por granitoides Silúricos (Granito de Durania) y los grandes batolitos del Grupo Plutónico de Santander (Material suplementario, figura 1S, https://www.raccefyn.co/index.php/raccefyn/article/view/1208/2900), que presentan un rango temporal desde el Triásico Tardío hasta el Jurásico Temprano (Goldsmith, et al., 1971;Ward, et al., 1973;Dörr, et al., 1995;Van der Lelij, 2016;Mantilla, et al., 2013;Zuluaga & López, 2019;Rodríjuez, et al., 2020). ...
... Por otra parte, Zuluaga & López (2019) propusieron que, dado el carácter elongado de estos plutones, la génesis y el emplazamiento de los pulsos magmáticos fueron controlados por una dinámica transtensiva en la corteza, asociada con una convergencia oblicua en la zona de subducción. Este factor en la corteza promueve el adelgazamiento cortical y favorece un alto régimen térmico en la corteza superior, probablemente relacionado con la fusión por descompresión (Zuluaga & López, 2019). ...
The geological information of the Jurassic record in the Northern Andes of Colombia indicates that during this time, magmatic activity, metamorphism, and sedimentation developed simultaneously. In the Santander Massif (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia), vestiges of this magmatic activity can be recognized by the presence of igneous plutonic bodies (Santander Plutonic Group). New paleontological studies in rocks from the sedimentary record of the Bocas Formation allowed for preliminary identification of conchostracans species: Shipingia hebaozhaiensis, Euestheria buravasi,and Laxitextella multireticulata of the Late Triassic age. U/Pb geochronology in ignimbrite and rhyolitic tuff of the Jordan Formation yielded ages of 199.37 ± 0.34 Ma and 198.49 ± 0.33 Ma defining an Early Jurassic age for this unit. These results indicate that the lithological record of volcanic origin within the Jordan Formation is contemporary with the development and genesis of the Santander Plutonic Group (age ~ 202-195 Ma).
... According to Chapman et al. (2017), the partial melts that occur landwards from the trench (e.g. in response to slab flattening) become increasingly evolved due to the incorporation of major amounts of continental lithospheric mantle in the melt region, which could have been the case for the SMM and Perijá regions. Zuluaga and Lopez (2019), studied the initial magmatic record and indicates that the rocks crystallized in the Santander and Merida Andes regions are characterized by high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinity and low Nb-Ta anomalies. Additionally, the N-S elongated shapes of the intrusives reflect their emplacement along a trans-tensional structural setting linked to an upper-crust high-temperature thermal regime coupled to decompression melting (Aspden et al., 1987;Zuluaga and Lopez, 2019). ...
... Zuluaga and Lopez (2019), studied the initial magmatic record and indicates that the rocks crystallized in the Santander and Merida Andes regions are characterized by high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinity and low Nb-Ta anomalies. Additionally, the N-S elongated shapes of the intrusives reflect their emplacement along a trans-tensional structural setting linked to an upper-crust high-temperature thermal regime coupled to decompression melting (Aspden et al., 1987;Zuluaga and Lopez, 2019). The only depositional ages reported in volcanic and sedimentary rocks coeval to this initial event were yielded in the La Quinta -Merida Andes at 202.0 ± 1.6 and 203.2 ± 0.2 Ma, respectively ( Fig. 10) (Langer et al., 2014;van der Lelij et al., 2016). ...
... El "Mapa de Terrenos Geológicos de Colombia" (Gómez et al., 2015a) presenta la distribución de terrenos más actualizada, y muestra las unidades litológicas del territorio nacional agrupadas en los siguientes terrenos geológicos: Provincia Rio Negro -Juruena (Paleoproterozoico), Terreno Chibcha (Neoproterozoico), Terreno Tahamí (Paleozoico a Triásico), Terreno Anacona (Devónico -Misisípico), Terreno Quebradagrande (Cretácico temprano), Terreno Arquía (Cretácico temprano), Terreno Caribe (Cretácico tardío), y Terreno La Guajira (Cretácico tardío). Dichos terrenos albergan indistintamente mineralizaciones relacionadas ya sea con las diferentes épocas magmáticas (Leal- Mejía, 2011;Leal-Mejía et al., 2019), con los procesos orogénicos (Cediel, 2019;Kroonenberg, 2019;Restrepo-Pace and Cediel, 2019;Zuluaga and López, 2019), o con las épocas de depositación en cuencas foreland, interarco o marginales (Barrero et al., 2007). ...
The Metallogenic Map of Colombia shows the spatial and temporal distribution of deposits and mineral occurrences in a geological context at a regional scale. Additionally, this distribution is shown in a metallogenic context in relation to the ‘Eastern Amazonian Craton’, ‘Central Andean’ and ‘Western Andean’ metallogenic provinces, which in turn correspond to tectonic domains representative of 'cratonized crust' of a stable tectonic setting, ‘metamorphosed crust’ by orogenic processes and events tectono-thermal, and ‘acretioned crust’ constituted by fragments of ophiolitic successions attached to the continent, respectively. The deposits are represented by symbols and colors, the first associated with types of deposits related to magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary processes, and described in a general way for Colombia, and the second representative of commodity associations. The deposits are grouped into metallogenic districts, and form metallogenic belts that are related to mineral systems. In addition, metallogenic epochs have been defined for different mineral systems, that include porphyry-epithermal related to intrusive / orogenic, related to mafic-ultramafic magmatism, VMS (Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide), ferrous, and sediment hosted, which cover large intervals of time and which are eventually confirmed by ages of mineralization and hydrothermal alteration. The Metallogenic Map of Colombia demonstrates the mineral potential of the territory, shows the most important aspects of metallogenesis in the national territory and constitutes a tool for decision making.
