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Other perceived benefits of cannabidiol amongst adult cannabidiol users. Respondents were asked what other benefits or effects they feel from using cannabidiol. Participants were allowed to select multiple options. X-axis is the percentage of total responses (n = 906)
Source publication
Background:
Public and medical interest in cannabidiol (CBD) has been rising, and CBD is now available from various sources. Research into the effects of low-dose CBD on outcomes like stress, anxiety, and sleep problems have been scarce, so we conducted an online survey of CBD users to better understand patterns of use, dose, and self-perceived ef...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... be used for general health and wellbeing. In the detailed results below, you can find the demographics of our survey population (Table 1), the CBD use patterns (Table 2), and logistic regression and OR's for the different subgroups. The indications for CBD use are shown (Fig. 1), as well as how CBD affects sleep (Fig. 2), and other effects of CBD (Fig. 3). Using CBD for sleep was associated with taking it in the evening, and using CBD for anxiety or stress was associated with the sublingual route. Females had higher odds of using CBD for anxiety and men for post-workout. Details of the results can be found ...
Context 2
... asked participants to report on other effects they experience. From a total of 960 responses, the most prevalent effect was calm (21.3%), followed by decreased pain (19.5%) (see Fig. 3). One per cent reported feeling euphoric/high. In examining the "other" responses, 27/960 (9.3%) reported that they did not feel any benefits from the use of CBD. Sex was associated with sexual enhancement where males reported experiencing more sexual enhancement (9.9%) than females (2.9%) (aOR 0.274, [95% CI 0.11-0.70], p = 0.007). ...
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Citations
... Self-medication for anxiety disorders with Cannabis sativa L. [3][4][5][6][7] is increasingly common due to incomplete efficacy and moderate side effect profiles with current prescription medications [8,9]. Anxiety-related health complications (e.g., poor sleep) are often reported to be one of the most common reasons for off-label medicinal cannabis use [10,11], necessitating further empirical investigation into the potential therapeutic efficacy of cannabis in the treatment of anxiety. However, the diversity of phytochemicals produced by cannabis is immensely complex [12], and it is this variability in phytochemical composition that contributes to the unique effects and varying levels of efficacy conferred by particular strains and products [13,14]. ...
... Anxiety and anxiety-related complications are the most common reason for off-label medicinal hemp use [11,48,49]. While empirical demonstrations of CBD s anxiolytic effects are becoming more common [32,50], there is little empirical understanding of independent contributions that prominent monoterpenes or monoterpenoids, found in whole-plant cannabis extracts, contribute to the plant s purported anxiolytic effects. ...
... Anxiety and anxiety-related complications are the most common reason for off-label medicinal hemp use [11,48,49]. While empirical demonstrations of CBD's anxiolytic effects are becoming more common [32,50], there is little empirical understanding of independent contributions that prominent monoterpenes or monoterpenoids, found in whole-plant cannabis extracts, contribute to the plant's purported anxiolytic effects. ...
Volatile organic compounds, colloquially referred to as “terpenes”, have been proposed to impact the therapeutic qualities that are traditionally ascribed to cannabis. However, the contribution of these terpenes in anxiety, at relevant levels and exposure methods common with cannabis use, is lacking empirical assessment. We tested the anxiolytic properties of two prominent cannabis terpenes, linalool and β-myrcene, in male and female mice using short duration vapor pulls to model human inhalation when combusting flower or vaping cannabis oil. We observed sex differences in the locomotor effects in the open field and anxiolytic properties in the elevated plus maze of these terpenes that depended on their exposure characteristics. Both linalool and β-myrcene had anxiolytic effects in female mice when delivered in discrete vapor pulls over the course of 30 min. In male mice, only a single vapor hit containing linalool or β-myrcene had anxiolytic effects. The combination of sub-effective levels of linalool and the phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), had synergistic anxiolytic effects in females, but these entourage effects between CBD and terpenes were absent with β-myrcene for females and for either terpene in males. Together, our findings reveal sex differences in the anxiolytic properties of common cannabis terpenes and highlight the potential benefits of unique combinations of CBD and terpenes in expanding the therapeutic dose window.
... CBD users mostly report high perceived positive health and wellness effects (Binkowska et al., 2024;Corroon & Phillips, 2018;Fedorova et al., 2021;Geppert et al., 2023;Goodman et al., 2022;R. Kaufmann et al., 2023;Leas et al., 2020;Moltke & Hindocha, 2021). ...
... While not the primary aim of the study, findings indicate a significant reduction in sleep disturbance and pain intensity following 2 weeks of broad-spectrum CBD use at moderate levels (i.e., M = 34.20 mg/day). These findings support prior research that has demonstrated positive effects of CBD isolate at varying doses on outcomes related to sleep (Moltke & Hindocha, 2021;O'Sullivan et al., 2023;Saleska et al., 2024;Shannon et al., 2019) and extend those findings to the use of broad-spectrum CBD. These findings add to the growing body of literature focused on elucidating CBD's effects on pain (Capano et al., 2020;Mlost et al., 2020;Shehata et al., 2022) other changes in PROMIS-29 subscale scores reached statistical significance, likely due to the small sample size. ...
A growing number of hemp-derived cannabidiol (CBD) products are available with negligible amounts (<100 ppm) of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) due in part to consumer concerns regarding the risk of positive drug screens. There are, however, no published studies that report whether repeated use of these products may lead to positive urine drug tests for THC. There is also scant research on the effects of these products on physical and mental well-being. Twenty healthy adults consumed a hemp-derived broad-spectrum CBD product every day for 2 weeks. Participants attended study visits at the beginning and end of the 2-week period. At each visit, participants underwent urinalysis testing for CBD, THC, and metabolites (analyzed via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry) and completed a validated assessment of physical and mental well-being. Participants reported using an average of 1.09 ± 0.51 ml (34.20 ± 16.00 mg CBD) of study product per day. Neither tetrahydrocannabinol nor its metabolites were detectable in urine following the 2-week period of use. Ingestion of the broad-spectrum product was associated with a significant reduction in sleep disturbance and pain intensity symptoms (p < .05), which remained significant after correcting for possible confounds (i.e., age, sex, dosage). No adverse events were reported.
... Self-medication for anxiety disorders with Cannabis sativa L [3][4][5][6][7] is increasingly common due to incomplete efficacy and moderate side effect profile with current prescription medications [8,9]. Anxiety-related health complications (e.g., poor sleep) are often reported to be one of the most common reasons for off-label medicinal cannabis use [10,11], necessitating further empirical investigation into the potential therapeutic efficacy of cannabis in the treatment of anxiety. However, diversity of phytochemicals produced by cannabis is immensely complex [12], and it's this variability in phytochemical composition that contributes to the unique effects and varying levels of efficacy conferred by particular strains and products [13,14]. ...
... Anxiety and anxiety-related complications are the most common reason for off-label medicinal hemp use [11,48,49]. While empirical demonstrations of CBD's anxiolytic effects are becoming more common [31,50], there's little empirical understanding of independent contributions that prominent monoterpenes or monoterpenoids, found in whole-plant cannabis extracts, contribute to the plant's purported anxiolytic effects. ...
Volatile organic compounds, colloquially referred to as “terpenes”, are proposed to impact the therapeutic qualities that are traditionally ascribed to cannabis. However, the contribution of these terpenes in anxiety, at relevant levels and exposure methods common with cannabis use, is lacking empirical assessment. We tested the anxiolytic properties of two prominent cannabis terpenes, linalool and β-myrcene, in male and female mice using short duration vapor pulls to model human inhalation when combusting flower or vaping cannabis oil. We observed sex differences in the locomotor effects and anxiolytic properties of these terpenes that depended on their exposure characteristics. Both linalool and β-myrcene had anxiolytic effects in female mice when delivered in discrete vapor pulls over the course of 30 minutes. In male mice, only a single vapor hit containing linalool or β-myrcene had anxiolytic effects. The combination of sub-effective levels of linalool and the phytocannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), had synergistic anxiolytic effects in females, but these Entourage Effects between CBD and terpenes were absent with β-myrcene for females and for either terpene in males. Together, our findings reveal sex differences in the anxiolytic properties of common cannabis terpenes and highlight the benefits of unique combinations of CBD and terpenes in expanding the therapeutic dose window.
... Our findings also show that the co-users are those at most risk in terms of potential harms of cannabis use, as they, compared to cannabis-only users, used cannabis at higher frequency, and were more likely to have moderate or severe CUD and illicit drug use problems. The co-users may also have believed that CBD could attenuate some of THC's adverse effects (Moltke and Hindocha, 2021). However, previous controlled clinical laboratory studies and randomized clinical trials have shown that CBD can either attenuate or exacerbate the effects of THC by increasing the pharmacodynamics of THC (Arkell et al., 2019;Englund et al., 2013;Solowij et al., 2019;Zamarripa et al., 2023). ...
... While CBD is pharmacologically active and may have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, appetite-stimulant, anti-emetic properties 1,2 and is anti-convulsive in certain types of epilepsy, 3 CBD has not been found to be intoxicating, is not psychoactive, and presents no potential for abuse or dependence. [4][5][6] In addition, the use of CBD is well tolerated and not currently thought to be associated with significant adverse health risks. 7 The reasons for consumer (i.e., non-prescribed) use of CBD products have been extensively assessed, and while evidence for the efficacy of using CBD to selfmanage medical conditions is sparse, reasons for consumer CBD use include the management of various mental and physical health symptoms, 8 and general well-being. ...
The prevalence of electronically vaporized cannabidiol (CBD) use is rising in many countries. However, few regulatory frameworks exist for inhaled CBD, and this lack of oversight may not protect consumers from adverse consequences. We generated a representative map of several global consumer vaporized CBD markets by collating data concerning cannabinoid levels, including CBD and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, from the scientific literature. In addition, we analyzed several CBD e-liquids obtained in the UK. E-liquid CBD concentrations varied markedly both within and between markets. E-liquid CBD concentration commonly differed from the labeled amount, in one case by >200%, and fell outside a ±10% tolerance. Other cannabinoids, including Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol, were commonly found in e-liquids. In summary, CBD e-liquids vary markedly in terms of CBD and other cannabinoid content, diluents, and contaminants. Due to the relatively unregulated state of the CBD vaporizer and e-liquid marketplace, consumers may be subject to harm associated with vaporized CBD use.
... CBD, a non-intoxicating major cannabinoid, presents broad therapeutic potential in the context of PTSD (Bitencourt & Takahashi, 2018;Bolsoni et al., 2022;Loflin et al., 2017), anxiety (Berger et al., 2022;Blessing et al., 2015;Linares et al., 2019), stress (Crippa et al., 2021), substance use disorders (Hindocha et al., 2018;Hurd et al., 2019), and other psychological indications (Hundal et al., 2018). Many individuals perceive CBD products as being efficacious for treating a variety of conditions (e.g., Leas et al., 2020;Moltke & Hindocha, 2021), and some report being drawn to what they describe as its natural or holistic characteristics (Wysota et al., 2022). Moreover, CBD products display a robust safety profile with a low abuse liability (Chesney et al., 2020;Souza et al., 2022) and minimal adverse effects when administered in the absence of contraindicated medications (e.g., warfarin, oral tacrolimus; Grayson et al., 2018;Leino et al., 2019). ...
... Surveys focused on characteristics of current CBD product users suggest anxiety and stress-relief rank among the top reasons for using CBD products (Corroon & Phillips, 2018;Wheeler et al., 2020). Further, one survey of CBD product users found that, despite using relatively low doses overall (<50mg/daily), participants endorsing anxiety as a reason for use overwhelmingly perceive CBD products as effective in reducing anxiety (Moltke & Hindocha, 2021). Building on this work, the current study addresses a gap in the empirical literature by evaluating characteristics of CBD product use within a sample of participants using it specifically for anxiety. ...
... (open-ended). " To extend prior work suggesting people use CBD products for multiple indications (e.g., Moltke & Hindocha, 2021), participants' non-anxietyrelated reasons for use were ascertained via check-all-thatapply items including "Other than anxiety, are there any other reasons for which you are using CBD? (If yes, check all that apply). " Participants' use patterns were collected by open-ended items including "How long have you been using CBD for anxiety?", and "What CBD administration form(s) are you currently using for anxiety?" ...
Introduction:
Cannabidiol (CBD) shows promise for a variety of indications, including anxiety. Prior survey work indicates anxiety ranks as a top reason for which people use cannabidiol (CBD), but no work has evaluated individuals using CBD specifically for anxiety.
Method:
The current study evaluated CBD product use patterns and perceptions within a sample of 81 participants (Mage = 32.63, SDage = 12.99) who reported using CBD products for anxiety-related concerns within the past 30 days.
Results:
Family and friends, followed by popular and scientific literature, were the most common sources informing participants' decision to use CBD products to target anxiety. On average, participants reported using CBD products daily for at least a year and indicated it was very effective in targeting anxiety-related symptoms. The top three ranked symptoms improved by CBD products were subjective anxiety, difficulty falling asleep, and irritability. These findings were despite the fact that the most frequent dosing levels (∼50mg) were well below those empirically observed to yield anxiolytic effects. Most participants denied side effects, adding to the literature supporting CBD products' safety and tolerability. Finally, participants were generally poorly informed about the nature of CBD products (e.g., distinction from THC), suggesting a need for consumer education.
Conclusion:
Collectively, the current study extends prior survey work suggesting powerful expectancies about CBD products, particularly in terms of anxiety reduction, including among those using it to target anxiety-related symptoms. Findings also highlight the importance of addressing the gap between scientific and consumer knowledge.
... CBD was proposed as a potential treatment for two facets of externalizing symptomatology: 293 substance use disorder (Chye et al., 2019;Navarrete et al., 2021), which includes cannabis use, 294 and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (Ma et al., 2022;Nezgovorova et al., 2021;Poleg et 295 al., 2019). The role of CBD in specifically modulating externalizing symptoms requires further reports of CBD as a sleep remedy (Moltke & Hindocha, 2021), it is important to consider the 304 contents of cannabis in relation to its therapeutic or risk profile. ...
Background. Cannabis is one of the most widely used drugs in early adolescence, a crucial time for development. Cannabinoids within the cannabis plant (e.g., delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC], and cannabidiol [CBD]) are suggested to have a range of health implications. These may differ by sex, given sex differences in the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Yet, how aspects of mental and physical health are related to cannabis use as measured by hair concentrations, both within early adolescence and across sexes, is so far inconclusive.Methods. We analyzed hair toxicology data from three cannabinoid analytes (THC, CBD, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC [THCCOOH]) and multiple mental and physical health measures in 9-15 year-old youth (49% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=2,262). Two-part linear regression models were fit to assess the effects of cannabis constituent presence, concentrations, and THC concentrations + CBD presence on externalizing and internalizing symptoms, physical and strengthening exercise, asthma presence, and sleep duration. Secondary analyses fit the same models but stratified by sex.Results. In the full sample, greater THC concentrations predicted more frequent strength exercise and physical exercise one year later; greater CBD concentrations predicted fewer internalizing symptoms and strength exercise days; and greater THCCOOH concentrations predicted shorter sleep duration. Among males, cannabinoids differentially predicted exercise days; greater THC and THCCOOH concentrations predicted shorter sleep duration; and greater CBD concentrations predicted longer sleep duration and fewer externalizing symptoms. Among females, greater THC and THCCOOH concentrations predicted strength exercise frequency; THCCOOH predicted asthma presence one year later; and THC concentrations predicted shorter sleep duration.Conclusion. In a nationwide study of youth ages 9-15 years old, we found cannabinoid hair concentrations predict differences in health outcomes a year later, suggesting potential differential mechanisms for THC and CBD effects on health. Furthermore, sex-specific observations in these prospective associations emphasize the importance of considering sex assigned at birth when investigating correlates of cannabis use. Analysis of cannabinoid hair concentrations can reveal key links to mental health, physical activity, and sleep, aiding understanding of complex cannabis effects.
... This has also led to the emergence of additional chemovars such as type II Cannabis which is known to have equal levels of both THC and CBD compounds (Lewis et al., 2018). Nonetheless, some of the reported medicinal applications and benefits of Cannabis include alleviating nausea and pain in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and alleviating neurological symptoms such as anxiety, stress and sleeping problem (Moltke & Hindocha, 2021). Additionally, studies have shown promising evidence of the therapeutic effects of the Cannabis plant (including drugs and essential oils derived from the plant) in the suppression of diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease (Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007;Odieka et al., 2022). ...
Introduction
The chemical classification of Cannabis is typically confined to the cannabinoid content, whilst Cannabis encompasses diverse chemical classes that vary in abundance among all its varieties. Hence, neglecting other chemical classes within Cannabis strains results in a restricted and biased comprehension of elements that may contribute to chemical intricacy and the resultant medicinal qualities of the plant.
Objectives
Thus, herein, we report a computational metabolomics study to elucidate the Cannabis metabolic map beyond the cannabinoids.
Methods
Mass spectrometry-based computational tools were used to mine and evaluate the methanolic leaf and flower extracts of two Cannabis cultivars: Amnesia haze (AMNH) and Royal dutch cheese (RDC).
Results
The results revealed the presence of different chemical compound classes including cannabinoids, but extending it to flavonoids and phospholipids at varying distributions across the cultivar plant tissues, where the phenylpropnoid superclass was more abundant in the leaves than in the flowers. Therefore, the two cultivars were differentiated based on the overall chemical content of their plant tissues where AMNH was observed to be more dominant in the flavonoid content while RDC was more dominant in the lipid-like molecules. Additionally, in silico molecular docking studies in combination with biological assay studies indicated the potentially differing anti-cancer properties of the two cultivars resulting from the elucidated chemical profiles.
Conclusion
These findings highlight distinctive chemical profiles beyond cannabinoids in Cannabis strains. This novel mapping of the metabolomic landscape of Cannabis provides actionable insights into plant biochemistry and justifies selecting certain varieties for medicinal use.
... In this survey, the main purposes of medical use of CBN were improving sleep, followed by mental symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and then painrelated symptoms such as headaches, chronic pain, and joint pain. This was a similar trend to our previous research on the uses of CBD, 22 online surveys on the uses of CBD conducted mainly in the United States and Europe, 25,26 and an online survey on the uses of CBG conducted in the United States in 2021. 27 Although CBN is often used specifically to improve sleep, we can assume that other purposes overlap with those of CBD and CBG. ...
