Table 2 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This study investigated mixed microalgae consortia cultivation in a fed batch reactor using textile wastewater. The results showed 95% of total phosphorus (TP) and 70% of total nitrogen (TN) depletion during the operational period. Algal biomass growth, pollutant removal, and biomass constituents were examined for five cycles of the fed batch opera...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... shown in Table 2. organic removal efficiency was obtained as 52% for COD, 71% for TN and 98% for TP, respectively. ...
Context 2
... 5th cycle started and ended in 10 days, where 2.12 g/L of COD, 51 mg/L of TN and 5 mg/L of TP were noted. Overall organic removal values can be seen in Table 2. ...
Similar publications
The residual structural and morphological characteristics of the exfoliated textile fibers, termed as dry lint, trapped in commercial laundry dryer filters have been assessed for the first time. Any attempt toward resource recovery from lint would require detailed material characterization and properties as a priori. Lint fibers collected from five...
Citations
... The presence of high concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in wastewater can lead to decreased levels of dissolved oxygen (Fazal et al., 2021). The initial N and P concentrations of the RTWW used in this study were quite low compared to previous studies (Kumar et al., 2018;Behl et al., 2020;Fazal et al., 2021). All groups inoculated with the N. solitaria strain with a high ICC showed a rapid increase in DO levels due to photosynthetic activity as soon as the batch system test began, reaching a peak value (approximately 9 mg L − 1 ) at the end of the first day in the EII and CII trials (Fig. 4a). ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the growth and treatment performance of a possible new candidate for real textile wastewater treatment (RTWW). For this purpose, the isolated natural green microalgae Neglectella solitaria were subjected to two phases of trials. Firstly, the growth performance of the species was evaluated at two different initial cell concentrations (ICC) for two distinct stages of unsterilized RTWW, and subsequently, the nutrient and color removal performance for these same stages was investigated using the ICC that exhibited high growth performance. The removal efficiencies of color, COD, nitrogen, and phosphate parameters were investigated under a 7-day batch culture system, and flocculations in pH, T, DO, S, and EC were monitored. The species adapted fully to RTWW without acclimatization, and the inoculated ICC provided a dramatic and multifold increase in Chl quota, growth rate, and chl-based biomass efficiency (p < 0.05). Nutrient removal efficiencies were obtained as 90.3–98.3 % COD, 91–97 % PO4, 60.1–96.5 % NO2%, and 27.7–84.8 % NO3, respectively. The microalgae was also effective in decolorization, removing 90.7–90.9 %, 90.24–91.67 %, and 54.69–55.2 % of color at three standard wavelengths (620, 528, and 420 nm), respectively. The final concentrations of the monitored nutrients in effluents treated by N. solitaria met the standards set by EU Directive 91/271 and national regulations, and partially met the requirements of EU Directive COM (2018)337. The results indicate that N. solitaria could be a promising new candidate for sustainable wastewater management due to its high potential in TWW treatment.
... Environmental Sciences Europe (2024) 36:185 dye treatment. Fed-batch reactors (FBRs) are particularly advantageous in textile wastewater treatment due to their flexibility in operation, minimal space requirements, and cost-effectiveness [106]. A notable example is the application of Trametes hirsuta EDN082 immobilized in light-expanded clay aggregates (LECAs) within a rotating drum biological contactor (RDBC). ...
Textile wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge, primarily due to the presence of diverse contaminants, especially textile dyes. Untreated release of these effluents directly into aquatic systems can lead to esthetic degradation, eutrophication, reduced photosynthetic activity, and accumulation of hazardous substances. Although conventional treatment methods are employed for reducing the contaminant load in effluents, they often are less efficient, thus prompting the exploration of innovative alternatives. Current review highlights myco-remediation as an inexpensive, promising and environmentally sustainable solution. Fungi, with their diverse decontamination mechanisms such as biosorption, biotransformation, and immobilization, prove effective in reducing heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and emerging contaminant levels present in these effluents, However, more research effort is needed to apply the biodegradation strategy to decompose completely the “forever chemicals” per‐ and polyfluorinated alkyl substances. Fungi play a key role in degrading and decolorizing textile dyes due to their biocatalytic activity mediated by the production of oxidative enzymes, such as laccases, lignin peroxidases, and manganese peroxidases, as well as their dye adsorption capabilities. This comprehensive review concentrates on fungi-based remediation of textile wastewater effluents, including the mechanisms they employ. While most studies concentrate on effluent treatment, this review also explores the concurrent utilization of biomass and growth kinetics for efficient reduction in pollutant concentrations. Further, the current work showed data on optimization of growth conditions such as pH, temperature and nutrient requirements that lead to efficient effluent decontamination.
... Van Den Hende et al. (2011) realized an 87% nitrogen oxides removal efficiency using microalgal bacterial flocs for the treatment of flue gas from coal-fired power plants. Similarly,.7% of total nitrogen was removed by Chlorella zofingiensis from piggy wastewater (Zhu et al. 2013) and 70% removal efficiency of total nitrogen from textile wastewater has been achieved using mixed microalgae (Kumar et al. 2018). Moreover, the inorganic nitrogen can be transformed to organic nitrogen and participates in protein synthesis by microalgae (Chen and Wang 2020). ...
Treatment of nitrogenous flue gas or wastewater using microalgae caters to the strategic goal of sustainable development and environmental protection. However, the physiological responses and metabolic mechanisms of microalgae responding to nitrogenous compounds in flue gas or wastewater are still not well understood. In this study, different nitrogen sources, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium, were set up to simulate the nitrogen type in nitrogen-containing flue gas or wastewater for cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and the physiological responses and metabolic mechanisms of C. reinhardtii responding to the different types of nitrogen sources were analyzed by biochemical techniques and transcriptome sequencing technology at the RNA level. It was shown that different nitrogen sources can increase biomass production and protein content of C. reinhardtii, but higher concentration of nitrogenous compounds can inhibit growth. The maximum protein content reached 569.05 mg g⁻¹ in N− TAP medium supplemented with 14 mM ammonium nitrogen and the transcriptome results showed that ammonium greatly enhanced the metabolic pathways of N metabolism and C metabolism, indicating that proper concentration of ammonium could be the most direct and readily available nitrogen source for C. reinhardtii. This study lays a theoretical foundation for microalgae to effectively utilize nitrogen sources in nitrogen-containing flue gas or nitrogen-containing wastewater.
... A practical strategy to improve the performance of microalgae cultivation for either biomass production or water treatment purposes could start by selecting strains and pre-adapting them to the cultivation conditions [9][10][11]. In general, changes in parameters during microalgae cultivation, such as nutrient solution composition, pH, photoperiod, light intensity and temperature, can cause physiological adaptation and a subsequent reduction of the lag phase, improving growth, substrate utilization and stress tolerance [12,13]. ...
... In general, changes in parameters during microalgae cultivation, such as nutrient solution composition, pH, photoperiod, light intensity and temperature, can cause physiological adaptation and a subsequent reduction of the lag phase, improving growth, substrate utilization and stress tolerance [12,13]. For instance, Kumar et al. [9], reported a gradual adaptation of a microalgae consortia to textile wastewater as a culture medium after fivecycle fed batches, in which they observed a significant decrease in time between the first cycle (30 days) and the fifth cycle (10 days), this in addition to an improvement in the removal of total N, P, chemical oxygen demand and dye decolorization. Using a similar idea, Okurowska et al. [11], adapted a microalgae-bacteria consortia to domestic landfill leachate (20% v/v) for 24 months. ...
A constant source of nutrient pollution that causes eutrophication is municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) secondary effluent. This paper investigates the natural increase of pH, nutrient removal and biomass production from a cyclical re-cultivation system designed to favour the adaptation of a microalgae consortia to WWTP secondary effluent. An outdoor experiment was performed with the microalgae consortia MC-10 under 3 sequential batch cycles. The natural pH increase (range 9-10) in the WWTP secondary effluent was established as an operation parameter because it certainly influenced microalgae biomass production (by maintenance and bioavailability of C and P), water treatment and pathogen removal. The increase of pH (9.7, 9.8 and 9.9) during the culture cycles of MC-10 probably generated conditions for faecal bacterial removal below detectable values (i.e., < 2 MPN/100mL). The treatment of WWTP secondary effluent after batch cycles (cycle 1 to 3) using MC-10 indicated improvements in: biomass productivity (66 to 167%) and a great potential for the reduction of total alkalinity (13.1 to 50.3%), NO3–-N (30.9 to 53.6%), PO43–- P (90.4 to 93.0%) and electrical conductivity (EC) (8.5 to 18.1%). Additionally, the harvested biomass showed high mineral concentration (46.5%) suggesting its potential use as a bio-fertilizer.
... The primary source of biofuels are photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, and they could serve as promising alternatives to fossil fuels while eliminating the menace of air pollution by reducing the emission of carbon dioxide since the rate of carbon dioxide release in biofuel burning is equal to that absorption of carbon dioxide by trees for photosynthesis. In addition to net zero carbon dioxide emission, biofuels offer less energy cost, fuel security, and less environmental pollution (Chen et al., 2018;Kumar et al., 2018). Moreover, the energy density provided by bio-diesel is 30.54 ...
Increasing energy demands require exploring renewable, eco-friendly (green), and cost-effective energy resources. Among various sources of biodiesel, microalgal lipids are an excellent resource, owing to their high abundance in microalgal biomass. Transesterification catalyzed by advanced materials, especially nanomaterials and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), is a revolutionary process for overcoming the energy crisis. This review elaborates on the conversion of microalgal lipids (including genetically modified algae) into biodiesel while primarily focusing on the transesterification of lipids into biodiesel by employing catalysts based on above mentioned advanced materials. Furthermore, current challenges faced by this process for industrial scale upgradation are presented with future perspectives and concluding remarks. These materials offer higher conversion (>90%) of microalgae into biodiesel. Nanocatalytic processes, lack the need for higher pressure and temperature, which simplifies the overall process for industrial-scale application. Green biodiesel production from microalgae offers better fuel than fossil fuels in terms of performance, quality, and less environmental harm. The chemical and thermal stability of advanced materials (particularly MOFs) is the main benefit of the blue recycling of catalysts. Advanced materials-based catalysts are reported to reduce the risk of biodiesel contamination. While purity of glycerin as side product makes it useful skin-related product. However, these aspects should still be controlled in future studies. Further studies should relate to additional aspects of green production, including waste management strategies and quality control of obtained products. Finally, catalysts stability and recycling aspects should be explored.
... Microalgae-based bioremediation shows promise, owing to their minimal growth requirements and ability to degrade a wide array of pollutants [13][14][15]. Several microalgal species, including Chlorella, Cosmarium, and Spirogyra, have been reported to degrade common textile dyes [16][17][18]. Moreover, the algal biomass generated during treatment not only mitigates CO 2 but also serves as a precursor for producing valuable byproducts like biofuels, biofertilizers, and nutraceuticals, contributing to a circular economy model [9]. ...
... Other potential improvements to these basic PBR designs include enhancing light capture and distribution (internal illumination and spectral shifting), mass transfer, and other aspects of PBR operation. For example, in fed-batch reactors often used in industrial wastewater remediation, the addition of textile wastewater as a substrate has demonstrated enhanced microalgal biomass and bioremediation when the microalgae grew as a mixed consortium [18]. This consortium could decolorize textile wastewater with an efficiency of 68-72 %, while also removing 95 % of total nitrogen (TN) and 70 % of total phosphorus (TP). ...
In the face of escalating global water pollution exacerbated by textile wastewater (TWW), it is essential to investigate sustainable and cost-effective solutions. This review explores microalgae-based bioremediation, an eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods, which offers operational cost-effectiveness and process optimization due to microalgae's adaptability and valuable biomass production. However, for industry-wide implementation, efficient strategies for large-scale algal cultivation and biomass harvesting are required. Herein, we delve into conventional and advanced bioreactor designs, microalgal immobilization techniques, and integrated algal flow-way setups, focusing on the process engineering aspects. We further examine current harvesting methods and their implementation stages. Despite associated challenges, microalgae-based bioremediation could revolutionize TWW treatment, promoting a circular economy and resource recovery.
... Coding DNA sequences of 12 genes (atp6, atp9, cox1, cox2, cox3, nad1, nad2, nad3, nad4, nad5, nad6, and cob) that were shared by all taxa were extracted and combined in the same order, and aligned by Clustal Omega (Sievers and Higgins 2021). Phylogenetic trees were generated using the maximum-likelihood (ML) methods with 1000 bootstrap replicates in MEGAX (Kumar et al. 2018) and were rooted with a Chlorella vulgaris genome (Hu et al. 2020). The evolutionary history was inferred using the ME method (Rzhetsky and Nei 1992). ...
Sphaeropleales have the characteristics of rapid growth, high oil content, and efficient removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in sewage waters, and is potentially valuable in biodiesel production and environmental remediation. In this study, we isolated a strain of Sphaeropleales, Chlorolobion braunii strain ITBB-AG6 from an azolla community in a sewage pond. Its mitochondrial genome contains 110,124 bp and harbors at least 40 genes, including 15 protein-coding genes, 20 tRNA genes, and three rRNA genes. The protein-coding genes include two for ATP synthases, seven for NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductases (nad), three for cytochrome c oxidase subunits (coxs), and one for cytochrome b (cob). Transfer RNA genes for 18 amino acids were identified, in which the tRNA genes for leucine and serine are doubled, but the tRNA genes for threonine and valine are not annotated. Phylogenetic analysis using the mitochondrial genomes of seven families of Sphaeropleales indicated that ITBB-AG6 is closely related to Monoraphidium neglectum, and falls in the family Selenastraceae with 100% bootstrap support. Two species in the family Neochloridaceae are separated by a species in Hydrodictyaceae, indicating a polyphyletic nature. These findings revealed the complicated phylogenetic relationships of the Sphaeropleales and the necessity of genome sequences in the taxonomy of microalgae.
... Several types of solutions are presently applied for the treatment of textile wastewater deriving from traditional and innovative production processes (Louhichi et al., 2022;Masi et al., 2019;Mezzanotte et al., 2013;Visigalli et al., 2021, among others). Biological processes based on microalgae have also been tested and are claimed to have a great potential Kumar et al., 2018). Several lab-scale studies demonstrated that cyanobacteria and microalgae, including Oscillatoria spp., Chlorella spp., Elkatothrix spp., Scenedesmus spp., can effectively decolorize synthetic and real textile wastewater (El-Kassas and Mohamed, 2014). ...
... Colour was measured during the continuous test according to Kumar et al. (2018) in the DPTW and in the microalgal suspension to assess the colour removal efficiency. Samples were filtered on 0.45 μm Whatman filter paper in order to separate microalgae from the liquid phase. ...
This study aims at evaluating an innovative biotechnological process for the concomitant bioremediation and valorization of wastewater from textile digital printing technology based on a microalgae/bacteria consortium. Nutrient and colour removal were assessed in lab-scale batch and continuous experiments and the produced algae/bacteria biomass was characterized for pigment content and biomethane potential. Microbial community analysis provided insight of the complex community structure responsible for the bioremediation action. Specifically, a community dominated by Scenedesmus spp. and xenobiotic and dye degrading bacteria was naturally selected in continuous photobioreactors. Data confirm the ability of the microalgae/bacteria consortium to grow in textile wastewater while reducing the nutrient content and colour. Improvement strategies were eventually identified to foster biomass growth and process performances. The experimental findings pose the basis of the integration of a microalgal-based process into the textile sector in a circular economy perspective.
... Microalgae samples were centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min to measure decolonization efficiency and separated supernatant. Supernatant absorbance was measured at 664 nm (Kumar et al., 2018). Decolorization efficiency was measured by the following: ...
The streams from textile wastewater (TWW) contain numerous nutrients which is suitable for microalgae cultivation. However, direct use of TWW reduces microalgae algae growth and lipid production due to the presence of dyes and other suspended solids which cause hindrance in microalgae cultivation. This problem can be overcome by diluting TWW with freshwater. However, the use of freshwater to treat wastewater is neither sustainable nor economical. The study is based on the hypothesis that mixing two wastewater streams with different characteristics would, first, eliminate the use of freshwater for dilution and, second, increase the biomass production of Chlorella vulgaris. To test the hypothesis, TWW and juice wastewater (JWW) were chosen as the former is enriched with high nutrients and the latter can provide high COD environment for the microalgae to thrive. The results, indeed, demonstrate that a maximum biomass yield of 2.83 ± 0.04 g L⁻¹ was achieved in 75% TWW diluted with 25% JWW. The highest nitrate and phosphate of 99 ± 0.19% and 97 ± 1% was also achieved in the 75% TWW. Finally, this study concludes that merging two wastewater streams can not only increase the wastewater treatment process efficiency but also eliminate the need of freshwater to treat wastewater.
Graphical Abstract
... Numerous research works and strategies have been carried out to utilize wastewater for microalgae cultivation in an attempt to turn microalgae biofuels as competitive as petroleum-based fuels [28]. Wastewater contains a tremendous amount of nitrogen in the form of ammonium and nitrate that can be an ideal nutrient reservoir to grow microalgae cells [17,30,65]. ...
Chemical fertilizer is the most ubiquitous nutrient source used to cultivate microalgae. However, the bottlenecks associated to its vast usage such as high cost and environmental hazards are evident, whose solution is to include a search for alternative nutrient sources. Thus, nutrient-rich wastewater has been utilized in recent years for microalgae cultivation as it is widely available and able to minimize the usage of freshwater. However, it contains a large amount of heavy metal ions and microorganisms which in turn can inhibit the growth of microalgae cells. This scenario led to the development of compost derived from animal manure as a feasible and economic substitute for existing nutrient sources to grow microalgae. It constitutes a copious amount of nutrient elements, cheap, omnipresent, and environmental-friendly, which makes it as a sustainable option for the cultivation of microalgae in the commercial stage. Nevertheless, its full-scale application is limited by several challenges such as transparency problems, variability in nutrient content, selectivity over some microalgae species, and formation of other microorganisms during the composting process as well as nitrogen leakage into the atmosphere. To overcome these limitations, pre-treatment methods such as decolourization, dilution, and zeolite addition have been incorporated and discussed to increase the potential usage of animal manure for large-scale production of microalgae biomass.
