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Optimum packet size for QPSK with symbol rate fs=80k, convolutional coding with coding rate r=3/4, k=9, and BER Pb=10−4.
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Satellite networks are inevitable for the ubiquitous connectivity of M2M (machine to machine) and IoT (internet of things) devices. Advances in the miniaturization of satellite technology make networks in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) predestined to serve as a backhaul for narrow-band M2M communication. To reduce latency and increase network responsivity,...
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Smart Grid is an advanced two way data and energy flow capable of self-healing, adaptive, resilient, and sustainable with prediction capability of possible fault. This article aimed to disclose Smart Grid communication in a logical way to facilitate the understanding of each component function. The study was focused on the improvement, advantages,...
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... It was or iginally designed for the S-Band communication network with distributed nano satellites (S-NET) mission [24], and was later adapted to host other payloads for the Spectrum AnaLysis SATellite (SALSAT) [18], and On-Orbit Verification Cube Satellite (OOV-Cube) ...
Machine Learning (ML), or Artificial Intelligence (AI) in general, is among today’s fastest-growing methods to handle complex or computationally intensive tasks. ML is commonly implemented with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) on conventional computer systems that can limit their full potential. Even with access to specialized hardware such as graphics cards or Tensor Processing Units (TPUs), the demand for more computing power constantly increases. Although these hardware requirements can be met for terrestrial applications, an extraterrestrial or in-orbit application is considerably more challenging. Additional requirements for energy budget, thermal control, and radiation resistance can usually not be met, especially for small spacecraft. The benefits of an AI system for fast onboard data processing would, however, be remarkable. An optical approach to this problem can potentially be the solution. Optical computers promise to be much more energy efficient and better suitable for the mentioned space requirements. An implementation of an optical computing device on a spacecraft has not been done and can be considered as a technological leap. This work, along with the project Optical Computing for Machine Learning in Orbit (OMLO) of the Technical University of Berlin (TU-Berlin), aims to specify and conceptualize such a system.
... The S-NET mission aims to collect and analyse data on various aspects of inter-satellite communication, including link stability, data throughput, and network latency. This data is crucial for understanding satellite network dynamics and improving future satellite formations' design and operation [4]- [6]. ...
The increasing deployment of nanosatellite formations in Low Earth Orbit has amplified interest in aerodynamic control methods, such as the usage of differential drag to manage satellite formations. These manoeuvres offer a simple methodology for influencing the relative motion of satellites without requiring a traditional propulsion system. From a theoretical point of view, differential drag control manoeuvres can be commanded at any point in time and for the desired duration, as they only require a change in the satellite attitude to vary the residual drag. However, practical challenges encountered during previous in-orbit drag control campaigns using the BEESAT- 4 CubeSat have highlighted the importance of considering the operational constraints during the planning process as they significantly limit the effectiveness of the manoeuvres. This paper, which focuses on the S-NET satellite formation consisting of four 9kg nanosatellites launched in 2018, presents the concept for a sophisticated planning routine for practical in-orbit aerodynamic drag manoeuvres. The aim is to develop and validate an adaptable methodology for the design of differential drag control manoeuvres, incorporating the effect of operational constraints as well as the uncertainties in the environmental parameters into the manoeuvre planning process. The potential manoeuvre scenarios are calculated via linearised relative motion equations using state-of-the-art models for the environment as well as satellite aerodynamics.
By incorporating the most dominant constraints, i.e. reduced satellite availability and the limited accuracy of the attitude control system, into the manoeuvre planning process, the effect of these constraints on the manoeuvres can be analysed, and valuable conclusions can be drawn for future application. Furthermore, the study includes uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters to provide a range of possible outcomes for the resulting manoeuvres. By implementing these limitations in the
analysis, the resulting tool can be used effectively during the manoeuvre design process to develop manoeuvre sequences that achieve the goal of the mission despite the constraints.
... As orbital and frequency band resources become increasingly scarce, they pose great challenges to the national network sovereignty and security of other countries [14]. At the same time, the diverse technological development paths of different countries not only hinder the application and diffusion of technology, but also undermine the existing communication ecosystem construction, resulting in substantial resource wastage and sunk costs [15]. These theoretical gaps and security challenges urgently require a more detailed review of the development and use of Satellite Internet. ...
To conduct a comprehensive review of international publications, this study focuses on discussing the development status and future trends of Satellite Internet. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, all peer-reviewed publications in English from journals indexed with the SSCI and SCIE categories of the Web of Science are reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that focused only on the architecture, functions, technologies, and applications of Satellite Internet across the entire period. A total of 2085 records were identified, of which 69 met the inclusion criteria. Through a systematic literature review, the results show that three main research perspectives were summarised and a unified Satellite Internet definition and technical architecture were innovatively provided. Additionally, Satellite Internet application industries and scenarios were comprehensively sorted, and four types of potential impacts were categorised and discussed. This study provides an insightful analysis of recent trends in Satellite Internet research, which may provide guidance for planning and supporting the forthcoming wave of information infrastructure growth. Future research should broaden the scope of theoretical studies when assessing the strategic importance of Satellite Internet. Further quantitative research is needed to provide a more scientific and comprehensive perspective.
... These ISNLs operate on RF frequencies in the 23.18-23.38 GHz range of the Ka band at a capacity of 12.5 Mbps [105]. d) Challenges for ISNLs: In the following, we highlight major challenges that are encountered in establishing ISNLs between SNs in a constellation. ...
Due to the unprecedented advances in satellite fabrication and deployment, innovative communications and networking technologies, ambitious space projects and programs, and the resurgence of interest in satellite networks, there is a need to redefine space networks (SpaceNets) to incorporate all of these evolutions. This paper introduces a vision for future SpaceNets that considers advances in several related domains. First, we present a reference architecture that captures the various network entities and terminals in a holistic manner. Based on this, space, air, and ground use cases are studied. Then, the architectures and technologies that enable the envisaged SpaceNets are investigated. In so doing, we highlight the activities and projects of different standardization bodies, satellite operators, and national organizations towards the envisioned SpaceNets. Finally, the challenges, potential solutions, and open issues from communications and networking perspectives are discussed.
... As depicted in Fig. 2, in a star topology, satellites are connected to a central node that controls their interconnections. In contrast, in a mesh setup, all satellites are directly connected [59]. Moreover, in line topology, the satellites are communicating with their neighbors only, following a line structure, as shown in Fig 2. Among these topologies, the star is by far the most popular for masterslave networks since it reduces the chances of network failures. ...
This paper surveys the literature on point-to-point (P2P) links for integrated satellite-aerial networks, which are envisioned to be among the key enablers of the sixth-generation (6G) of wireless networks vision. The paper first outlines the unique characteristics of such integrated large-scale complex networks, often denoted by spatial networks, and focuses on two particular space-air infrastructures, namely, satellites networks and high-altitude platforms (HAPs). The paper then classifies the connecting P2P communications links as satellite-to-satellite links at the same layer (SSLL), satellite-to-satellite links at different layers (SSLD), and HAP-to-HAP links (HHL). The paper surveys each layer of such spatial networks separately, and highlights the possible natures of the connecting links (i.e., radio-frequency or free-space optics) with a dedicated survey of the existing link-budget results. The paper, afterwards, presents the prospective merit of realizing such an integrated satellite-HAP network towards providing broadband services in under-served and remote areas. Finally, the paper sheds light on several future research directions in the context of spatial networks, namely large-scale network optimization, intelligent offloading, smart platforms, energy efficiency, multiple access schemes, distributed spatial networks, and routing.
... As depicted in Fig. 2, in a star topology, satellites are connected to a central node that controls their interconnections. In contrast, in a mesh setup, all satellites are directly connected [51]. Moreover, in line topology, the satellites are communicating with their neighbors only, following a line structure, as shown in Fig 2. Among these topologies, the star is by far the most popular for masterslave networks since it reduces the chances of network failures. ...
This paper overviews point-to-point (P2P) links for integrated satellite-aerial networks, which are envisioned to be among the key enablers of the sixth-generation (6G) of wireless networks vision. The paper first outlines the unique characteristics of such integrated large-scale complex networks, often denoted by spatial networks, and focuses on two particular space-air infrastructures, namely, satellites networks and high-altitude platforms (HAPs). The paper then classifies the connecting P2P communications links as satellite-to-satellite links at the same layer (SSLL), satellite-to-satellite links at different layers (SSLD), and HAP-to-HAP links (HHL). The paper overviews each layer of such spatial networks separately, and highlights the possible natures of the connecting links (i.e., radio-frequency or free-space optics) with a dedicated overview to the existing link-budget results. The paper, afterwards, presents the prospective merit of realizing such an integrated satellite-HAP network towards providing broadband services in under-served and remote areas. Finally, the paper sheds light on several future research directions in the context of spatial networks, namely large-scale network optimization, intelligent offloading, smart platforms, energy efficiency, multiple access schemes, and distributed spatial networks.
... The IoT backbone requirements (∼Mbps rate and ∼1000 km range) need to consider the S band, or X the X band due to the trade-off between bandwidth, directionality (≈10 • ), antenna (e.g., patch antenna on S/C), and transceiver size and power consumption [113]. ...
The next wave of Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) brings new technological developments that incorporate radical advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), edge computing processing, new sensing capabilities, more security protection and autonomous functions accelerating progress towards the ability for IoT systems to self-develop, self-maintain and self-optimise. The emergence of hyper autonomous IoT applications with enhanced sensing, distributed intelligence, edge processing and connectivity, combined with human augmentation, has the potential to power the transformation and optimisation of industrial sectors and to change the innovation landscape. This chapter is reviewing the most recent advances in the next wave of the IoT by looking not only at the technology enabling the IoT but also at the platforms and smart data aspects that will bring intelligence, sustainability, dependability, autonomy, and will support human-centric solutions.
... The standby protocol implies that confirmation of receipt must be sent to each staff transferred. In the absence of clarification within a certain period of time, the workers correction shall be considered to be unacceptable and repeated [7][8][9]. We'll review the standby algorithm: -The message source transmits the I (N) -code (data frame) and activates the timer (Figure 1). -The receiver checks if I (N) personnel are not intact. ...
There is justification for a simulation model for assessing channel level protocols. The effect of the data link layer protocol parameters on the data transfer function is analyzed. The data link protocol parameters have been specified and split into two categories, which are customizable and not configurable. In the work, parameters such as the acceptable information frame size are related in detail to the tunable data link protocol parameter; service personnel format; time-out value; unconfirmed frame window size, etc. That nominal data transfer rate, error-correcting codes used, etc. are non-configurable parameters.
The fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, has been impacted by the advancements of various technological areas, including microsatellites. The Internet of Space Things (IoST) and Space Sensor Networks (SSNs) are generally integrated into microsatellites as well as Internet of Things (IoT) devices that have recently been used in modern applications. Compared to the traditional microsatellites and IoT devices, the current IoST and SSN devices have the advantages of collecting IoT data in remote areas where there is no network or Internet, sending data with low power between mobile devices and satellite constellations, ensuring global coverage of data exchange, and so on. Due to the mentioned individual advantages, the IoST and SSNs devices have been widely applied in microsatellites and IoT devices. The IoST devices can be integrated with a satellite constellation and CubeSats or IoT receivers. Beside this, the IoST devices are implemented in other applications as a bigger satellite constellation which have both IoT receivers and space sensors such as satellite dishes and RF devices. This paper surveys the current research and technologies of IoST and SSNs within their applications in microsatellites and IoT devices. The impact of IoST on Industry 4.0 is also discussed in this paper.
The paper presents technique for evaluating design parameters of a satellite constellation operating on the Internet-of-Things principle and making it possible to determine the impact on the constellation general design parameters on characteristics of the fifth generation 5G communication technology used in data transmission between spacecraft, as well as in communication between a spacecraft and the ground stations. Examples of the satellite communication constellation with the data transfer rate of 24 Gbit/s operating in circular orbits with the height of 1000 km are considered. It is shown that the upper limiting parameter for selecting the signal transmission frequency from the satellite to the Earth is the spacecraft power consumption, and the lower limits are the data transfer rate and the signal level. Besides, it is necessary to consider the antenna gain, which depends on the signal transmission frequency and has limitations. Results of studying dependence of the distance between the satellites in the Earth orbit constellation on the power consumed on board the spacecraft are presented. It is shown that with an increase in the number of satellites in constellation and due to a decrease in the onboard equipment power, the mass of a single spacecraft would decrease by 1.4 times. However, total mass of the constellation grows by almost 1.5 times, which potentially increases the project total cost.
