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The paper analyzes both published and unpublished results of the investigations of Vietnamese reef building corals and reefs performed in the last decades of the twentieth century and first decades twenty-first. The state of the art in the study of reef-building scleractinian corals and reefs is presented. The scleractinian fauna of Vietnam is show...
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Citations
... NTB is well known for its rich and diverse coral reef development [14], with up to 350 species of scleractinian corals and a rich biodiversity of other reef invertebrates and fish, particularly in the MPA Hon Mun [12,13,15]. Latypov was the first to describe coral communities in NTB in the early 1980s [12,13,[16][17][18]. High coral cover (up to 100%, [12,13] was common for most sites in the southern part of the bay. ...
In order to implement successful coastal management and protect corals, it is imperative to understand the Nha Trang Bay’s coastal processes and take adequate measures to protect corals and reef structure. This paper aimed to analyze whether sudden variations in physical parameters, such as temperature, could be potentially harmful to coastal coral reefs, in addition to anthropogenic factors such as pollution and intensive fishing. In this paper, the first long-term observation (2008–2019) of temperatures, not only from SST data, but also in situ in coral reefs (10 and 18 m depth) at Nha Trang Bay, South Central Vietnam, was investigated. The data showed that wind-induced upwelling during summer mainly govern the coastal region. In contrast, wind-induced downwelling was found during winter, visible in all three investigated water layers (SST, 10 and 18 m). In winter, the vertical mixing is strong and there is virtually no time-lag between the layers. In summer a scattering layer was formed, the phenomenon where a layer of water with different properties (such as temperature or salinity) is formed, blocking the sinking of water. In summer, correlations with air temperature were not significant, nor were correlations with night cooling, thus having implications for the distribution of nutrients and the health of the coral reefs. However, this was only the situation near the coast. Wavelet analysis shows that the short-term variability is significantly more substantial, caused by the shallow depth of the thermocline, which is much stronger affected by tidal and weather events than in winter. As a result of the combination of large yearly temperature variations (21oC to 31oC) plus increased sediment deposition in the rainy seasons, reefs close to the shore are generally not well-developed. This paper strongly advocates for science-based monitoring of coral reef conditions and underscores the need for law enforcement within the Marine Protected Area of Nha Trang Bay.
... On the shore of the bay is the wellknown eponymous resort town of Nha Trang. Until the mid-1990s, rich coral communities with high coral cover and species diversity (more than 250 species from 60 genera) were described in the bay, the composition of which made it possible to attribute these communities to the "coral triangle" (Vo and Hodgson, 1997;Latypov, 2007Latypov, , 2011. According to the recollections of local fishermen at that time, pods of dolphins, whale sharks, and giant manta rays also periodically entered the bay; sea turtles and reef sharks were found on the reefs; and there were a lot of fish. ...
Until recently, the city of Nha Trang, which stretches along Nha Trang Bay of southern Vietnam, was known as the "Riviera of the South China Sea" with clean and white beaches, untouched islands, and rich coral reefs with high biodiversity. Nevertheless, complex and long-term anthropogenic impacts caused by enlargement of tourist resorts on the coast of the bay and on its islands, dredging, boom of mariculture development, and overfishing led to degradation of more than a half of the coral reefs in the bay already by the beginning of the 2010s. By that time, only a third of the remaining reefs in the seaward part of the bay were characterized by rather high coral cover and diversity. Finally, in just three years from 2017 to 2019, more than 90% of these remaining rather healthy reefs have died off as a result of an outbreak of the main coral predator: crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster sp. By April 2019, the abundance of this starfish reached 4.2 individuals per 100 m 2. Such abundance is 8-fold higher than the maximum at which the coral community may exist without decline. An abrupt increase in starfish abundance in the bay was determined by an increase in phytoplankton production (food source of starfish larvae) due to eutrophication of the bay and withdrawal of all natural enemies of the starfish from the coral reef ecosystem because of overfishing. In June 2019, the subsequent strongest sea surface temperature anomaly caused bleaching and mortality of surviving coral colonies. The cascade degradation of coral reefs in Nha Trang Bay and significant degradation of coral reefs in the neighboring provinces of Vietnam do not make it possible to give an optimistic prediction on recovery of coral reefs in this area in the near future.
... The coral ecosystem in Vietnam is highly diverse, with at least 366 coral species belonging to 70 genera identified to date (Latypov, 2005(Latypov, , 2011. Studies on the coral microbiome in this region have mainly concentrated on microbial diversity and composition (Bettarel et al., 2018;Mien et al., 2019;Pham et al., 2015) or the bacterial community's antimicrobial activities (Mien et al., 2020), while less attention has been paid to the microbes in nearby sediment and seawater, although the myriad of microbial communities in coral, seawater, and sediment differ. ...
Corals harbor a myriad of microorganisms, many of which play a beneficial role for their host. To
date, many of these microbes have not been identified, and information is also lacking on their
origin, in particular their potential presence in the surrounding seawater or sediment. In this study,
we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the bacterial communities associated with three
genera of scleractinian coral (Acropora, Lobophyllia and Porites) of the coast of Phu Quoc Island in
Vietnam. We surveyed the bacterial communities on the mucous layer of these corals, as well as in
the water column and the surface sediment in their vicinity, which we considered as five biotopes:
Acropora, Lobophyllia, Porites, water column, and sediment. Overall, we identified 29 phyla, 50 classes,
114 orders, 254 families, and 402 genera across all samples. Proteobacteria were dominant in most of
the biotopes, while Desulfobacterota and Bacteroidota were mainly found in the sediment. Bacteriome
analysis based on amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) suggested that five genera (Algicola, Algicola
bacteriolytica, Alteromonas, Catenococcus, and Vibrio) were the core bacteria in the three coral biotopes,
but there were no shared ASVs across all five biotopes investigated. Additionally, linear discriminant
analysis revealed that 23 biomarkers differed significantly across the five biotopes, with coral biotopes
having the highest diversity of bacterial taxa (15 biomarkers), followed by seawater (4 biomarkers)
and sediment biotopes (4 biomarkers). These findings highlight that the composition of the coral
bacteriome is significantly different from that of nearby seawater and sediment samples, and that
the composition may be specific to the coral host.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485523000063?dgcid=coauthor
... these bays are ideal for most marine organisms in the tropics [7,8]. Moreover, the coral reefs of these bays are unique due to connection with the open sea and wave action, thereby leading to the formation of reefs of inner bays and straits, and reefs of open capes and islands [9]. In particular, the coral reefs in Nha Trang and Van Phong Bays are considered as high diverse ecosystems with many valuable marine micro-and macroorganisms producing various bioactive compounds [8,10]. ...
Low molecular weight secondary metabolites of marine fungi Aspergillus flocculosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium sp. from Van Phong and Nha Trang Bays (Vietnam) were studied and a number of polyketides, bis-indole quinones and terpenoids were isolated. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS techniques. Stereochemistry of some compounds was established based on ECD data. A chemical structure of asterriquinone F (6) was thoroughly described for the first time. Anthraquinone (13) was firstly obtained from a natural source. Neuroprotective influences of the isolated compounds against 6-OHDA, paraquat and rotenone toxicity were investigated. 4-Hydroxyscytalone (1), 4-hydroxy-6-dehydroxyscytalone (2) and demethylcitreoviranol (3) have shown significant increasing of paraquat- and rotenone-treated Neuro-2a cell viability and anti-ROS activity.
... One transect of each location was established perpendicular to the shoreline and lay along the bottom of the profile to a water depth of 15 meters. Then the hard corals found on-site were classified based on their colony formation, external structure and natural color (Latypov, 2011;Veron and Stafford-Smith, 2000). For the coral species which were impossibly classified on-site, their photographs and the specimens were taken for laboratory study based on their external morphology and skeleton formation of coral polyps (Latypov, 1990(Latypov, , 1992(Latypov, , 2011Veron and Stafford-Smith, 2000). ...
... Then the hard corals found on-site were classified based on their colony formation, external structure and natural color (Latypov, 2011;Veron and Stafford-Smith, 2000). For the coral species which were impossibly classified on-site, their photographs and the specimens were taken for laboratory study based on their external morphology and skeleton formation of coral polyps (Latypov, 1990(Latypov, , 1992(Latypov, , 2011Veron and Stafford-Smith, 2000). ...
The coral reef ecosystem plays an important role in scientific research and economy. An assessment research on status of the coral reefs was carried out at 6 sites of coastal water from Nghi Son (Thanh Hoa province) to Vung Ro (Khanh Hoa province), Viet Nam between October and December 2015. The research was done using the manta tow method for rapid reef assessment and reef area determination, using reef check for detailed assessment of reef substrate types, etc. 288 species of hard corals under 57 genera and 14 families were identified from the study sites. These species mainly belonged to 4 families, namely Acroporidae, Faviidae, Poritidae and Fungiidae. The research showed the bad condition of the reef at all study sites through such indicators as a low live hard coral cover (average cover of 19.8%), high dead coral cover, recently killed coral, fleshy seaweed, etc. Most of surveyed transects had poor level of hard coral cover, the number of transects having good coral cover was unsignificant. The total reef area of 6 surveyed sites was 809.5 hectares, mainly occupied in Son Tra and Vung Ro. This was the first time coral disease and bleaching widely ranged had been observed and described. However, the reason of this phenomenon has not been mentioned yet and there is a need for more detailed researches on these problems in the coming time to have a basis for protection and management of coral reef ecosystem in Vietnam’s coastal water.
... Nevertheless, some remote seaward reefs in this area have remained healthy until recently, with high coral cover (60-70%) and species richness . The coral diversity of NTB was determined to be one of the highest in Vietnam (250 species of scleractinians from 60 genera according to Latypov 2011), and this area is believed to be part of the Western Pacific Coral Triangle, the centre of diversity of Indo-Pacific coral fauna (Latypov 2007(Latypov , 2011. However, the situation in NTB has changed markedly in a very short period of time (between 2016 and 2018), with ,60% of the remaining healthy coral communities in the bay having been lost to date (Tkachenko 2018;present study). ...
... Nevertheless, some remote seaward reefs in this area have remained healthy until recently, with high coral cover (60-70%) and species richness . The coral diversity of NTB was determined to be one of the highest in Vietnam (250 species of scleractinians from 60 genera according to Latypov 2011), and this area is believed to be part of the Western Pacific Coral Triangle, the centre of diversity of Indo-Pacific coral fauna (Latypov 2007(Latypov , 2011. However, the situation in NTB has changed markedly in a very short period of time (between 2016 and 2018), with ,60% of the remaining healthy coral communities in the bay having been lost to date (Tkachenko 2018;present study). ...
... Despite the general similarity in coral fauna between central Vietnam and the adjacent Coral Triangle (Latypov 2011(Latypov , 2014, the dependence of coral recruitment on reefs in NTB on remote upstream areas of the South China Sea is negligible, but recruitment can be related to nearby coral reef areas off the coast of southern and central Vietnam. Figueiredo et al. (2013) showed that larvae of many broadcast-spawning and brooding corals, even those with an obligate planktonic phase, develop with sufficient rapidity to attain high levels of self-recruitment. ...
Nha Trang Bay (NTB), located off the south-east coast of Vietnam, is a famous tropical tourist site. In the past, the bay was characterised by flourishing coral reefs but, by the end of 2019, more than 90% of the corals were gone. In addition to chronic and complex anthropogenic effects, there was an extensive outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci), the main natural predator of reef-building corals in the Indo-Pacific, among the remnant coral communities in NTB. By 2019, the mean abundance of A. planci in NTB reached 4.2 starfish per 100 m². Coral surveys conducted on 10 target sites over a 3-year period ending in 2019 revealed that mean coral cover decreased by 64.4% (coral loss varied from 43 to 95%). The greatest declines were in Acropora and Montipora, with 80.6 and 82.3% reductions in the coverage of these taxa respectively. The combination of nutrient enrichment and predator removal is thought to determine the extent of the outbreak of A. planci in the bay. The present trends in environmental conditions in NTB do not indicate a positive outcome for coral reef recovery in in this area in the near future.
... Due to their proximity to the Coral Triangle, the Spratly Islands are characterized by great coral diversity with potentially up to 500 coral species (Veron, 2000) from the 571 species of reef corals known to date in the SCS and by the close similarity of Spratly's coral composition to those of southern Vietnam and Taiwan (Huang et al., 2014). Sporadic scientific expeditions in the area of the Spratly Islands since the middle of the 1990s recorded various levels of coral species richness from 153 species of scleractinia in 56 genera (Dai and Fan, 1996) to 120 species in 40 genera (Zhao et al., 2013) and finally to 261 species in 71 genera (Latypov, 2011(Latypov, , 2012. However, these data are based on very localized sectors within the Spratly archipelago comprising from one to five islands at the most, while in total the region includes more than 150 islands, atolls, and reefs; hence, the coral species richness could be much higher. ...
The Spratly Islands are a large group of more than 150 different coral formations from reefs to islands scattered between 6° and 12° N and 111° and 117° E in the southern part of the South China Sea. In addition to overfishing, dredging, and land reclamation in the area, an increased frequency of thermal anomalies resulting from global climate change has had an increasing effect on the coral reefs of the Spratly Islands. The coral surveys conducted in 2018–2019 on 15 sites within the archipelago revealed certain transformations of coral communities as a response to repetitive temperature stress. These transformations are expressed in shifts toward the dominance of thermally-resistant coral taxa with a stress-tolerant life strategy and in changes in size–frequency distribution of thermally-susceptible taxa toward the dominance of younger generations. Thermally-resistant taxa were dominant in 11 of 15 sites; eight of 15 sites were dominated by stress-tolerant taxa. The mean coral cover was 36.6%; the highest contribution in the total cover belonged to Acropora (27%), Porites (17.4%), and Pocillopora (4.1%). The high number of coral formations within the Spratly archipelago, high reef connectivity, and coral diversity determine the persistence of high reef resilience potential in the area.
... Nha Trang bay is located in central Vietnam and harbors one of the highest coral diversities in the area (Latypov, 2011). Unfortunately, the health of the local ecosystems is being threatened by an increase of human activities leading to an alarming degradation of the bay in some zones (Latypov, 2015). ...
Sponge diversity has been reported to decrease from well-preserved to polluted environments, but whether diversity and intra-species variation of their associated microbiomes also change as function of environmental quality remains unknown. Our study aimed to assess whether microbiome composition and structure are related to the proliferation of some sponges and not others under degraded conditions. We characterized the most frequent sponges and their associated bacteria in two close areas (impacted and well-preserved) of Nha Trang Bay (Indo-Pacific). Sponge assemblages were richer and more diverse in the well-preserved reefs, but more abundant (individuals/m. transect) in the impacted environments, where two species (Clathria reinwardti and Amphimedon paraviridis) dominated. Sponge microbiomes from the polluted zones had, in general, lower bacterial diversity and core size and consequently, higher intra-species dispersion than microbiomes of sponges from the well-preserved environments. Microbial communities reflect the reduction of diversity and richness shown by their host sponges. In this sense, sponges with less complex and more variable microbiomes proliferate under degraded environmental conditions, following the ecological paradigm that negatively correlates community diversity and environmental degradation. Thereby, the diversity and structure of sponge microbiomes might indirectly determine the presence and proliferation of sponge species in certain habitats.
... большинство исследованных донных местообитаний в южной части залива характеризовалась высоким коралловым покрытием (до 100%). Видовое разнообразие рифообразующих коралловв заливе считается наиболее высоким для всей акватории Вьетнама (250 видов из 60 родов) и является частью "Кораллового Треугольника" -центра происхождения коралловой фауны Индо-Пацифики [10]. ...
According to field studies carried out in 2013-2016, the assessment of the status of coral communities in Nhatrang Bay, South Vietnam and the analysis of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting it were given. It is established that the condition of coral communities of the Gulf worsens. This trend is most pronounced in the Western (coastal) part of the Gulf, which is more prone to increased sedimentation and eutrophication from the rivers flowing into the Gulf, the construction of resort complexes and the development of floating mariculture farms. In addition to the direct negative anthropogenic impact, the threat of biological destruction of coral communities in the Gulf has increased significantly as a result of the outbreak of the predatory crown-of-turn starfish - the main natural enemy of reef-forming corals. It is shown that, given the current scale of reef exploitation and the rate of development of the island coastline, as well as without urgent measures to regulate the number of crown-of-turn starfish starfish, most of the remaining and relatively healthy coral communities in the Eastern part of Nha Trang Bay may degrade in the next 10 years.
Journal of Tropical Science and Technology, v. 14, no 11: 03-15
... As a whole, the species complex of Vietnam scleractinian, as well as those of alcyonarian and gorgonian, belongs to the tropical fauna as the majority of Vietnam corals are also common for the equatorial Indo-Pacific reef zone. The scleractinian species composition of this area exceeds 80% of that of the Pacific, and the alcyonarian diversity of Vietnam's reefs is one of the greatest in the Indo-Pacific ( [14], [19], [47], [48]). The species composition and high diversity of Vietnam's coral fauna, as well as its close similarity to the Southwest Pacific coral fauna, allow one to refer it to the Indonesia-Polynesian center of origin of the coral faunas of the tropical Indo-Pacific. ...
Dynamics of biodiversity research traced reef-building scleractinian on the reefs of Vietnam for more than 35 years. Found 376 corals species, pertaining to 80 genera (including nine ahermatypic corals), of which 153 species, belonging to 28 genera, were not previously known for that region, and 16 species from six genera were described for the first time. As in most Indo-Pacific reefs, the species diversity of Vietnam's reefs consists mainly of the members of five families: Acroporidae (98 species), Faviidae (42 species), Fungiidae (32 species), Poritidae (31 species), and Dendrophylliidae (26 species), making up altogether 64.48% of the total scleractinian species composition. The species composition and high diversity of Vietnam's coral fauna, as well as its close similarity to the Southwest Pacific coral fauna, allow one to refer it to the Indonesia-Polynesian center of origin of the coral faunas of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The whole Vietnam coast, from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Gulf of Siam, is a biogeographically single whole and is part of the Indo-Polynesian Province of the Indo-Pacific Area.