Octal-to-binary encoder. 

Contexts in source publication

Context 1

... design is concerned with the design of digital electronic circuits. The subject is also known by other names such as logic design, switching circuits, digital logic, and digital systems. Digital circuits are employed in the design of systems such as digital computers, electronic calculators, digital control devices, digital communication equipment, and many other applications that require electronic digital hardware [14]. Discrete As an example, quantities consider of information the 3-to-8 are line represented decoder in circuit digital of Figure 3. system with binary codes. A binary code of n bits is capable of representing up to distinct elements of the coded information. A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2 n unique output lines. If the n-bit decoded information has unused or don’t-care combinations, the decoder output will have less then 2 n outputs [18]. As an example, consider the 3-to-8 line decoder circuit of Figure 3. The three minterms are decoded into eight outputs, each output representing one of the minterms of the 3-input variables. The three inverters provide the complement of the inputs, and each one of the eight AND gates generate one of the minterms. A particular application of this decoder would be a binary-to octal conversion. The input variables may represent a binary number, and the outputs will then represent the eight digits in the octal number system. However, the 3-to-8 line decoder can be used for decoding any 3-bit code to provide eight outputs, one for each element of the code [18]. The operation of the decoder may be further clarified from its input-output relationships, listed in Table 1. Observe that the output variables are mutually exclusive because only one output can be equal to 1 and represents the minterm equivalent of the binary number presently available in the input lines [18]. An encoder is a digital function that produces a reverse operation from that of a decoder. An encoder has 2 n (or less) input lines and n output lines. The output lines generate the binary code for 2 n input variables. An example of an encoder is shown in Figure 4 [18]. The octal-to-binary encoder consists of eight inputs, one for each of the eight digits, and three outputs that generate the corresponding binary number. It is constructed with OR gates whose inputs can be determined from the truth table given in Table 2. The low-order output bit z is 1 if the input octal digit is odd. Output y is 1 for octal digits 2, 3, 6, or 7. Output x is a 1 for octal digital 4, 5, 6, or 7. Note that D 0 is not connected to any OR gate; the binary output must be all 0’s. This discrepancy can be resolved by providing one more output to indicate the fact that all inputs are not 0’s [18]. The encoder in Figure 4 assumes that only one input line can be equal to 1 at any time; otherwise the circuit has no meaning. Note that the circuit has eight inputs and could have 28 = 256 possible input combinations. Only eight of these combinations have any meaning. The other input combinations are don’t-care conditions [14]. Encoders of this type (Figure 4) are not available in IC packages, since they can be easily constructed with OR. The type of encoder available in IC form is called a priority encoder. These encoders establish an input priority to ensure that only the highest-priority input line is encoded. Thus, in Table 2, if priority is given to an input with higher subscript number over one with a lower subscript number, then if both D 2 and D 5 are logic-1 simultaneously, the output will be 101 because D 5 has a higher priority over D 2 . Of course, the truth table of a priority encoder is different from the one in Table 2 [14]. In this section we propose a new method for qubit and decoder implementation using the quantum theory. We use the states of hydrogen nuclear spin. The reason statistics of the Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution function is used in order to do this is a direct result of the infinite small size of atoms, molecules and spin populations. If a computer were to keep track of a sample of the nuclear spins at the selected temperature and pressure, it would need to dynamically account for the position and velocity vectors for the number of nuclear spins (here, for hydrogen atoms). This is too many operations for most modern computers to handle adequately. Other problems occur of course which stem from quantum mechanics and our increasing inability to precisely know the exact positions and velocities if nuclear spins were chosen to examine [19]. The values of the magnetic field powerful (B0, in Tesla), Frequency ( υ in MHz), Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and τ = ln (1/(1–X)) of hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance are shown in Table 3. The " τ " values which are shown in Table 3 introduce the Napierian logarithmic of the ratio of 1/ (1–X) as a digital index (constant temperature). In this study, the values that are introduced in Table 3 were utilized as input for a decoder model. The first value of the magnetic field was approximated to zero. The Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and the " τ " values decreased by increasing the magnetic field (B 0 , in Tesla) and the induced frequency. By using these 3 values in the decoder model of this study, different outputs can be observed during the process. Figure 7 shows the process of input of the different 3 values for H-atom (B 0 , υ and γ values) and various matrices output as result of the process. By changing one or more of the values, various matrices result as output. The external field magnitudes on the nuclear spin produce the spin moment in the Larmor frequency. If this frequency overlaps by electromagnetic radiation with the Larmor frequency, it gives the energy and change of spin state (see Figure 5). The previously mentioned practice is the act of writing . By removing the external field, the spin returns to an earlier state which is called the act of reading. Here the effect of reading is radiated in the wave form. Considering Table 1 and the above materials, B 0 is drawn on as a logic zero: 0 (Low): B 0 =10 -5 T, f 1 =4.25787×10-4 MHZ, τ 1 =23.409663. And B 1 =2 T that makes X decrease, called the binary one: 1 (High): B 1 =2T, f 2 =85.157444 MHZ, τ 2=11.203597. In this design we can use some B for the zero and one state that shows the relation between B and τ in Figure 6. By implementing the special frequency in the external field effect use writes in the bit in order to release the energy in atom for the read in the bit. In the excitation process of an organic compound, if there is frequency sweeping in excitation, atoms of hydrogen resonate in separated frequencies. Different positions of hydrogen atoms is the reason for this phenomenon. We can use this phenomenon implementation as in Figure 7. Where B is external field magnitude, ν is the Larmor frequency of the field, T is temperature and γ is magnetogyric of atoms. τ is yield from Eq. ...

Context 2

... design is concerned with the design of digital electronic circuits. The subject is also known by other names such as logic design, switching circuits, digital logic, and digital systems. Digital circuits are employed in the design of systems such as digital computers, electronic calculators, digital control devices, digital communication equipment, and many other applications that require electronic digital hardware [14]. Discrete As an example, quantities consider of information the 3-to-8 are line represented decoder in circuit digital of Figure 3. system with binary codes. A binary code of n bits is capable of representing up to distinct elements of the coded information. A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2 n unique output lines. If the n-bit decoded information has unused or don’t-care combinations, the decoder output will have less then 2 n outputs [18]. As an example, consider the 3-to-8 line decoder circuit of Figure 3. The three minterms are decoded into eight outputs, each output representing one of the minterms of the 3-input variables. The three inverters provide the complement of the inputs, and each one of the eight AND gates generate one of the minterms. A particular application of this decoder would be a binary-to octal conversion. The input variables may represent a binary number, and the outputs will then represent the eight digits in the octal number system. However, the 3-to-8 line decoder can be used for decoding any 3-bit code to provide eight outputs, one for each element of the code [18]. The operation of the decoder may be further clarified from its input-output relationships, listed in Table 1. Observe that the output variables are mutually exclusive because only one output can be equal to 1 and represents the minterm equivalent of the binary number presently available in the input lines [18]. An encoder is a digital function that produces a reverse operation from that of a decoder. An encoder has 2 n (or less) input lines and n output lines. The output lines generate the binary code for 2 n input variables. An example of an encoder is shown in Figure 4 [18]. The octal-to-binary encoder consists of eight inputs, one for each of the eight digits, and three outputs that generate the corresponding binary number. It is constructed with OR gates whose inputs can be determined from the truth table given in Table 2. The low-order output bit z is 1 if the input octal digit is odd. Output y is 1 for octal digits 2, 3, 6, or 7. Output x is a 1 for octal digital 4, 5, 6, or 7. Note that D 0 is not connected to any OR gate; the binary output must be all 0’s. This discrepancy can be resolved by providing one more output to indicate the fact that all inputs are not 0’s [18]. The encoder in Figure 4 assumes that only one input line can be equal to 1 at any time; otherwise the circuit has no meaning. Note that the circuit has eight inputs and could have 28 = 256 possible input combinations. Only eight of these combinations have any meaning. The other input combinations are don’t-care conditions [14]. Encoders of this type (Figure 4) are not available in IC packages, since they can be easily constructed with OR. The type of encoder available in IC form is called a priority encoder. These encoders establish an input priority to ensure that only the highest-priority input line is encoded. Thus, in Table 2, if priority is given to an input with higher subscript number over one with a lower subscript number, then if both D 2 and D 5 are logic-1 simultaneously, the output will be 101 because D 5 has a higher priority over D 2 . Of course, the truth table of a priority encoder is different from the one in Table 2 [14]. In this section we propose a new method for qubit and decoder implementation using the quantum theory. We use the states of hydrogen nuclear spin. The reason statistics of the Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution function is used in order to do this is a direct result of the infinite small size of atoms, molecules and spin populations. If a computer were to keep track of a sample of the nuclear spins at the selected temperature and pressure, it would need to dynamically account for the position and velocity vectors for the number of nuclear spins (here, for hydrogen atoms). This is too many operations for most modern computers to handle adequately. Other problems occur of course which stem from quantum mechanics and our increasing inability to precisely know the exact positions and velocities if nuclear spins were chosen to examine [19]. The values of the magnetic field powerful (B0, in Tesla), Frequency ( υ in MHz), Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and τ = ln (1/(1–X)) of hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance are shown in Table 3. The " τ " values which are shown in Table 3 introduce the Napierian logarithmic of the ratio of 1/ (1–X) as a digital index (constant temperature). In this study, the values that are introduced in Table 3 were utilized as input for a decoder model. The first value of the magnetic field was approximated to zero. The Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and the " τ " values decreased by increasing the magnetic field (B 0 , in Tesla) and the induced frequency. By using these 3 values in the decoder model of this study, different outputs can be observed during the process. Figure 7 shows the process of input of the different 3 values for H-atom (B 0 , υ and γ values) and various matrices output as result of the process. By changing one or more of the values, various matrices result as output. The external field magnitudes on the nuclear spin produce the spin moment in the Larmor frequency. If this frequency overlaps by electromagnetic radiation with the Larmor frequency, it gives the energy and change of spin state (see Figure 5). The previously mentioned practice is the act of writing . By removing the external field, the spin returns to an earlier state which is called the act of reading. Here the effect of reading is radiated in the wave form. Considering Table 1 and the above materials, B 0 is drawn on as a logic zero: 0 (Low): B 0 =10 -5 T, f 1 =4.25787×10-4 MHZ, τ 1 =23.409663. And B 1 =2 T that makes X decrease, called the binary one: 1 (High): B 1 =2T, f 2 =85.157444 MHZ, τ 2=11.203597. In this design we can use some B for the zero and one state that shows the relation between B and τ in Figure 6. By implementing the special frequency in the external field effect use writes in the bit in order to release the energy in atom for the read in the bit. In the excitation process of an organic compound, if there is frequency sweeping in excitation, atoms of hydrogen resonate in separated frequencies. Different positions of hydrogen atoms is the reason for this phenomenon. We can use this phenomenon implementation as in Figure 7. Where B is external field magnitude, ν is the Larmor frequency of the field, T is temperature and γ is magnetogyric of atoms. τ is yield from Eq. ...

Context 3

... design is concerned with the design of digital electronic circuits. The subject is also known by other names such as logic design, switching circuits, digital logic, and digital systems. Digital circuits are employed in the design of systems such as digital computers, electronic calculators, digital control devices, digital communication equipment, and many other applications that require electronic digital hardware [14]. Discrete As an example, quantities consider of information the 3-to-8 are line represented decoder in circuit digital of Figure 3. system with binary codes. A binary code of n bits is capable of representing up to distinct elements of the coded information. A decoder is a combinational circuit that converts binary information from n input lines to a maximum of 2 n unique output lines. If the n-bit decoded information has unused or don’t-care combinations, the decoder output will have less then 2 n outputs [18]. As an example, consider the 3-to-8 line decoder circuit of Figure 3. The three minterms are decoded into eight outputs, each output representing one of the minterms of the 3-input variables. The three inverters provide the complement of the inputs, and each one of the eight AND gates generate one of the minterms. A particular application of this decoder would be a binary-to octal conversion. The input variables may represent a binary number, and the outputs will then represent the eight digits in the octal number system. However, the 3-to-8 line decoder can be used for decoding any 3-bit code to provide eight outputs, one for each element of the code [18]. The operation of the decoder may be further clarified from its input-output relationships, listed in Table 1. Observe that the output variables are mutually exclusive because only one output can be equal to 1 and represents the minterm equivalent of the binary number presently available in the input lines [18]. An encoder is a digital function that produces a reverse operation from that of a decoder. An encoder has 2 n (or less) input lines and n output lines. The output lines generate the binary code for 2 n input variables. An example of an encoder is shown in Figure 4 [18]. The octal-to-binary encoder consists of eight inputs, one for each of the eight digits, and three outputs that generate the corresponding binary number. It is constructed with OR gates whose inputs can be determined from the truth table given in Table 2. The low-order output bit z is 1 if the input octal digit is odd. Output y is 1 for octal digits 2, 3, 6, or 7. Output x is a 1 for octal digital 4, 5, 6, or 7. Note that D 0 is not connected to any OR gate; the binary output must be all 0’s. This discrepancy can be resolved by providing one more output to indicate the fact that all inputs are not 0’s [18]. The encoder in Figure 4 assumes that only one input line can be equal to 1 at any time; otherwise the circuit has no meaning. Note that the circuit has eight inputs and could have 28 = 256 possible input combinations. Only eight of these combinations have any meaning. The other input combinations are don’t-care conditions [14]. Encoders of this type (Figure 4) are not available in IC packages, since they can be easily constructed with OR. The type of encoder available in IC form is called a priority encoder. These encoders establish an input priority to ensure that only the highest-priority input line is encoded. Thus, in Table 2, if priority is given to an input with higher subscript number over one with a lower subscript number, then if both D 2 and D 5 are logic-1 simultaneously, the output will be 101 because D 5 has a higher priority over D 2 . Of course, the truth table of a priority encoder is different from the one in Table 2 [14]. In this section we propose a new method for qubit and decoder implementation using the quantum theory. We use the states of hydrogen nuclear spin. The reason statistics of the Maxwell-Boltzmann probability distribution function is used in order to do this is a direct result of the infinite small size of atoms, molecules and spin populations. If a computer were to keep track of a sample of the nuclear spins at the selected temperature and pressure, it would need to dynamically account for the position and velocity vectors for the number of nuclear spins (here, for hydrogen atoms). This is too many operations for most modern computers to handle adequately. Other problems occur of course which stem from quantum mechanics and our increasing inability to precisely know the exact positions and velocities if nuclear spins were chosen to examine [19]. The values of the magnetic field powerful (B0, in Tesla), Frequency ( υ in MHz), Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and τ = ln (1/(1–X)) of hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance are shown in Table 3. The " τ " values which are shown in Table 3 introduce the Napierian logarithmic of the ratio of 1/ (1–X) as a digital index (constant temperature). In this study, the values that are introduced in Table 3 were utilized as input for a decoder model. The first value of the magnetic field was approximated to zero. The Boltzmann distribution ratio (X = N i /N) and the " τ " values decreased by increasing the magnetic field (B 0 , in Tesla) and the induced frequency. By using these 3 values in the decoder model of this study, different outputs can be observed during the process. Figure 7 shows the process of input of the different 3 values for H-atom (B 0 , υ and γ values) and various matrices output as result of the process. By changing one or more of the values, various matrices result as output. The external field magnitudes on the nuclear spin produce the spin moment in the Larmor frequency. If this frequency overlaps by electromagnetic radiation with the Larmor frequency, it gives the energy and change of spin state (see Figure 5). The previously mentioned practice is the act of writing . By removing the external field, the spin returns to an earlier state which is called the act of reading. Here the effect of reading is radiated in the wave form. Considering Table 1 and the above materials, B 0 is drawn on as a logic zero: 0 (Low): B 0 =10 -5 T, f 1 =4.25787×10-4 MHZ, τ 1 =23.409663. And B 1 =2 T that makes X decrease, called the binary one: 1 (High): B 1 =2T, f 2 =85.157444 MHZ, τ 2=11.203597. In this design we can use some B for the zero and one state that shows the relation between B and τ in Figure 6. By implementing the special frequency in the external field effect use writes in the bit in order to release the energy in atom for the read in the bit. In the excitation process of an organic compound, if there is frequency sweeping in excitation, atoms of hydrogen resonate in separated frequencies. Different positions of hydrogen atoms is the reason for this phenomenon. We can use this phenomenon implementation as in Figure 7. Where B is external field magnitude, ν is the Larmor frequency of the field, T is temperature and γ is magnetogyric of atoms. τ is yield from Eq. ...