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Ocotea catharinensis. (a) Partially open flower (ST, oxidized stigma; #, extrorse stamens). (b) Open flower (TE, tepals; *, nectaries; +, introrse stamens). (c) Flowering sequence of O. catharinensis: 1, 2, and 3, buds; 4, partially open flower already with oxidised stigma; 5 and 6, open flowers; 7, open flower with nonfunctional stamens, stigma, and nectaries.

Ocotea catharinensis. (a) Partially open flower (ST, oxidized stigma; #, extrorse stamens). (b) Open flower (TE, tepals; *, nectaries; +, introrse stamens). (c) Flowering sequence of O. catharinensis: 1, 2, and 3, buds; 4, partially open flower already with oxidised stigma; 5 and 6, open flowers; 7, open flower with nonfunctional stamens, stigma, and nectaries.

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Ocotea catharinensis (Lauraceae) is an endangered tree species from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Currently, little is known about the reproductive ecology of this species. Aiming to propose conservation measures, we described aspects related to phenology, floral biology, pollination, seed dispersal, and mating system of O. catharinensis. We c...

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... observations were carried out from January 2016 to December (except in February 2016and July 2017 due to logistical difficulties). In this period, 62 individu- als, with DBH > 20 cm, were observed monthly for the flowering (buds and open flowers; Fig. 3) and the fruiting (un- ripe and ripe fruits) using binoculars. We applied the method proposed by Fournier (1974) to score the intensity of pheno- logical events, attributing 0 for individuals without phenologi- cal activity, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 for individuals with 1-25, 26-50, 51-75 and 76-100% of phenological intensity, respectively. Phenological index to each phenophase was obtained by sum- ming all intensity values (6 ?0) and averaging by the number of individuals presenting phenological activity during a given month, modifying the proposal of Bencke & Morellato (2002). We compared the average DBH between reproductive and non-reproductive individuals through a confidence interval (CI) (95%) obtained with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Possible relationships between phenological events, including monthly frequency of individuals presenting buds, open flowers, unripe or ripe fruits and climatological data, including monthly aver- ages of mean temperature, maximum temperature and mini- mum temperature and total monthly rainfall, were investigated through Spearman correlation. Climatological data were obtained from an official meteorological station 18 km from the study ...
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... III-glycerin test (Dafni 1992) revealed 100% of stig- matic receptivity before and after anthesis. Stigmas remained receptive until oxidation; nevertheless, it was not possible to determine the average time between anthesis and oxidation. Based on the observations in fully opened and partially opened flowers, it was possible to describe the occurrence of protog- yny. All flowers with open anthers presented oxidised (76) or partially oxidised (13) stigmas, while all flowers with non-oxi- dised stigmas had closed anthers (13) (Fig. 2). Pollen had 100% viability according to the aceto-carmine test (Dafni 1992). Pollen grains were also highly sticky, easily adhering to tweezers and to other pollen grains, forming pollen aggregates. The flowers are bisexual, radially symmetric, with six tepals, six nectaries, six introrse stamens, three extrorse stamens and three staminodes (Fig. 3). Each anther has four valves. The six nec- taries are kidney-shaped, positioned at the base of the filament of the extrorse stamens, in pairs. According to the proposal of Schmid (1988), the nectaries can be classified as filament nec- taries. The stamens surrounding the stigma present extrorse dehiscence (Fig. 3); therefore, there is a spatial separation between stigma and anthers, characterising ...
Context 3
... III-glycerin test (Dafni 1992) revealed 100% of stig- matic receptivity before and after anthesis. Stigmas remained receptive until oxidation; nevertheless, it was not possible to determine the average time between anthesis and oxidation. Based on the observations in fully opened and partially opened flowers, it was possible to describe the occurrence of protog- yny. All flowers with open anthers presented oxidised (76) or partially oxidised (13) stigmas, while all flowers with non-oxi- dised stigmas had closed anthers (13) (Fig. 2). Pollen had 100% viability according to the aceto-carmine test (Dafni 1992). Pollen grains were also highly sticky, easily adhering to tweezers and to other pollen grains, forming pollen aggregates. The flowers are bisexual, radially symmetric, with six tepals, six nectaries, six introrse stamens, three extrorse stamens and three staminodes (Fig. 3). Each anther has four valves. The six nec- taries are kidney-shaped, positioned at the base of the filament of the extrorse stamens, in pairs. According to the proposal of Schmid (1988), the nectaries can be classified as filament nec- taries. The stamens surrounding the stigma present extrorse dehiscence (Fig. 3); therefore, there is a spatial separation between stigma and anthers, characterising ...

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Intraspecific genetic variation plays a fundamental role in maintaining the evolutionary potential of wild populations. Hence, the assessment of genetic diversity patterns becomes essential to guide biodiversity conservation policies, particularly for threatened species. To inform management strategies for conservation of Mimosa catharinensis – a narrow endemic, critically endangered plant species – we identified 1,497 unlinked SNP markers derived from a reduced representation sequencing method (i.e., double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing, or ddRADseq). This set of molecular markers was employed to assess intrapopulation genetic parameters and the demographic history of one extremely small population of M. catharinensis (N=33) located in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Contrary to what is expected for narrow endemic and threatened species with small population sizes, we observed a moderate level of genetic diversity for M. catharinensis [uH E(0%missing data)=0.205, 95% CI (0.160, 0.250); uH E(30%missing data)=0.233, 95% CI (0.174, 0.292)]. Interestingly, M. catharinensis, which is a lianescent shrub with no indication of seed production for at least two decades, presented high levels of outcrossing [t (0%missing data)=0.883, SE±0.0483; t (30%missing data)=0.909, SE±0.011] and an apparent absence of inbreeding [F (0%missing data)=−0.145, 95% CI (−0.189, −0.101); F (30%missing data)=−0.105, 95% CI (−0.199, −0.011)]. However, the reconstruction of demographic history of M. catharinensis indicated that the population should be suffered a recent bottleneck. Our population genomic study tackles a central issue in evolution and conservation biology and we expect that it will be useful to help safeguard the remaining genetic diversity reported for this unique genetic resource.