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In the office buildings, large energy is consumed due to poor thermal performance and low efficiencies of HVAC systems. A cooling load calculation is a basis for the design of building cooling systems. The current design methods are usually based on deterministic cooling loads, which are obtained by using design parameters. However, these parameter...
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Citations
... Thus, the SWHS is one of the most well-known approaches to reduce the consumption of conventional energy resources such as electricity, oil, and liquefied petroleum gas. It is estimated that the annual CO 2 emissions would be diminished more than 4.5 million tons, whilst the hot water demand in the residential sector would be fully supported by solar energy [57]. The use of SWHS in Egypt started in the late 1970s and early 1980s; however, this market is still in its primary stages, and using solar thermal applications for either heating processes or power generation is quite limited [58]. ...
Currently, the economy of Middle Eastern countries relies heavily on fossil fuel sources. The direct and indirect adverse consequences of fossil fuel utilization for power generation enforce the region’s countries to raise the share of renewable energy. In this context, various incentive policies have been developed to encourage the residential and industrial sectors to support a portion of energy needs through renewable energy resources. In this case, a solar water heating system (SWHS) as an application of solar thermal technology provides some of the heat energy requirements for domestic hot water (DHW) and space heating, supported conventionally by electricity or natural gas, or even other fossil fuels. This paper reviews the feasibility of the SWHS in the Middle East region from technical and economical standpoints and investigates some of the progress, challenges, and barriers toward this market. The pay-back times and CO2 emission reduction under different incentive frameworks and configurations of each system have been assessed in this context. Furthermore, the advantages and weaknesses of the SWHS in several countries have been reported. Finally, various guidelines have been proposed to enhance the development of this technology.
... Such teachings, in turn, again call for more sophisticated integration and analytical tools between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of thermal comfort, both for outdoor and indoor environments. More specifically, and considering the early principals of the urban energy balance as defined by Oke [126] the reciprocal dynamics of indoor environments also play an essential role resultant of the: (i) increased heat storage within urban materials and buildings [18,22,40,[127][128][129][130][131]; and the cause-and-effect of, (ii) anthropogenic emissions resultant of urban cooling energy loads associated to interior air conditioning [117,[132][133][134][135], which by the end of the century can potentially increase by 166% (in energy demand) as a result of climate change [136]. ...
To date, top-down approaches have played a fundamental role in expanding the comprehension of both existing, and future, climatological patterns. In liaison, the focus attributed to climatic mitigation has shifted towards the identification of how climatic adaptation can specifically prepare for an era prone to further climatological aggravations. Within this review study, the progress and growing opportunities for the interdisciplinary integration of human biometeorological aspects within existing and future local adaptation efforts are assessed. This encompassing assessment of the existing literature likewise scrutinises existing scientific hurdles in approaching existing/future human thermal wellbeing in local urban contexts. The respective hurdles are subsequently framed into new research opportunities concerning human biometeorology and its increasing interdisciplinary significance in multifaceted urban thermal adaptation processes. It is here where the assembly and solidification of 'scientific bridges' are acknowledged within the multifaceted ambition to ensuring a responsive, safe and thermally comfortable urban environment. Amongst other aspects, this review study deliberates upon numerous scientific interferences that must be strengthened, inclusively between the: (i) climatic assessments of both top-down and bottom-up approaches to local human thermal wellbeing; (ii) rooted associations between qualitative and quantitative aspects of thermal comfort in both outdoor and indoor environments; and (iii) efficiency and easy-to-understand communication with non-climatic experts that play an equally fundamental role in consolidating effective adaptation responses in an era of climate change.
... 0.8.7 was used for angular detection of users' joints while performing the required activities and few little modifications of angles values were needed in order to guarantee that manikin reaches and touch object/commands thanks to the accuracy of photogrammetric acquisition method, previously checked in [23] and [24]. Comfort evaluations were performed by a MatLab application called "CaMAN ® " [15,[25][26][27][28], developed by Cappetti and Naddeo, that takes, as input, the angles describing operator posture, and gives, as output, an index of postural comfort (CI) having a value in a range 1-10. ...
Computer aided technologies (CAT) are becoming an indispensable instrument to design, improve and manufacture new products and services. Digital human modelling (DHM) systems allow to simulate the Human-artifact interface and to evaluate, in early step of design process, the ergonomic performances of new products or workplaces. In particular, for products that have to be used in a “constrained” workplace, different tasks and activities are associated with different postures. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of anthropometric characteristics and expectations on the postural comfort perception through the CAT/DHM systems, while using four office devices: desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet and smartphone. A statistical sample of healthy students was selected and their anthropometric characteristics were measured. The postures assumed by the participants were gathered in a not-invasive way by cameras. The angular detection was performed directly on snapshots by using Kinovea® software. Human joints’ an-gles were used for the virtual-postural analysis, through DELMIA® software. The evaluation of postural comfort was obtained in two ways: CaMAN® software developed by the researchers from the Department of Industrial Engineering in Salerno (Italy) was used to calculate the objective comfort indexes while an appropriate questionnaire, given to subjects during the devices usage, was used to evaluate the subjective com-fort indexes. The results of analyses show a difference between subjective and objective postural comfort indexes for all the devices: this difference has been associated to the expectations.
... The energy consumption of decontamination air conditioners is reduced by installing comfortable air conditioners in the air conditioning areas. The layout optimization of the surgical department will not only make the surgical flow more smoothly, but also save air conditioning energy consumption [9]. ...
In order to ensure the cleanliness of operating room, clean air conditioners are installed in the clean operation departments in hospitals in China. Purification air conditioning system is an air conditioning system with a special function that ensures the cleanliness of the operating room and the required temperature and humidity in the operating room to avoid infection. This paper took the energy-saving design of the clean air-conditioning system of the clean operation department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, China, as an example to illustrate the energy-saving methods such as layout optimization, air-conditioning division, secondary return air setting and operation mode adjustment. The energy consumption of primary return air technology and secondary return air technology was calculated. The results showed that energy-saving design could save nearly one-third of energy, improve the level of air-conditioning operation and management, reduce costs, and improve resource utilization, which is of great significance to social development.
... Por otra parte, para llevar a cabo un análisis de carga térmica, se verificó la correcta selección del sistema de aire acondicionado siguiendo las recomendaciones de la ASHRAE destinadas a determinar los requerimientos de carga térmica del laboratorio, la cual está sujeta a condiciones internas y externas del recinto, tales como: ubicación geográfica, temperatura ambiente, número de personas en su interior, tipos y número de equipos instalados, entre otras (Wessel et al., 2001). Los lineamientos de la ASHRAE contemplan las características constructivas del recinto, los equipos instalados, el número de personas, la temperatura y humedad en su interior para obtener condiciones de confort, entre otras; se determina la carga térmica usando el método de cálculo de Cargas por Temperatura Diferencial (CLTD por sus siglas en ingles Cooling Load Temperature Difference), el cual es ampliamente utilizado en estudios de transferencia de calor (Adil Zainal & Yumrutaş, 2015;Bansal, Chowdhury, & Gopal, 2008;Elhelw, 2016;Suziyana, Nina, Yusof, & Basirul, 2013). Como se observa en la Tabla 3 . ...
In this Study the behavior of energy consumption for
two different air conditioning technologies into the
Electrical Machines Laboratory at Universidad de la
Costa CUC was compared. During this investigation the
building was assesed, and the equipments with
significant energy consumption were identified, realizing
the climate system being the highest one. Considering
the above, a comparison of energy consumption was
made between mini-split technology with a system of
variable refrigerant volume (VRF), using the same
internal and external conditions associated to the study
of educational buildings. This comparison was carried
out by measuring active electric power and energy
consumption of the current system during a typical
operational week. Those results were compared by
modeling and dynamic simulation of the building energy
performance, making use of Energy Plus software (E+)
as a prediction tool and assigning VRF as climate
system technology. As a result, the potential savings of
this technological change was estimated around 30%.
... In comparison to the simple wall case, the WWC is able to reduce the heat conducted inside the building by 57-65% for incident solar radiation between 400-800 W/m 2 . Assuming that 35% of the cooling load is due to heat that is conducted inside the building through the walls [39,40], the power consumed by the AC unit can be reduced by 10.6-12.5% using BWC and 20-23% using WWC. This value is close to the value of 10-20% reported by Khedari et al. [24] for a similar arrangement of exterior building wall. ...
... The convective and radiative heat transfer are functions of surface area, the more area available, the more heat can reduce the heat conducted inside the building by 60-69% in comparison to the simple wall case. Therefore, the power consumed by the AC unit can be reduced by [21][22][23][24].15% in comparison to the case of exterior building wall without any channel, assuming 35 % of the cooling load is due to heat conducted inside the building through its walls [39,40]. ...
... In middle eastern countries, 30-40 % of the residential building cooling load is due to heat conducted through the exterior walls of the building [39,40]. For the present calculation, it is assumed that 35 % of the residential buildings cooling load is due to the heat conducted through the outer walls of the building (q wall = 35 %). ...
Cooling load accounts for more than 70% of the electric energy used in buildings in the Middle East. This paper presents a passive method to reduce the cooling load in buildings. The proposed concept includes adding an external solar shield enclosing an air gap between it and the outer wall of the building. This external solar shield layer would absorb the solar radiation incident on the outer walls of the building and get heated inducing a convective airflow in the gap between the layer and the building. This is an example of solar chimney in a flat geometry with a superficial resemblance to Trombe wall. Conventional Trombe wall channel heats the building external wall and creates a convective flow in-between a transparent glass layer and the heated wall. This hot flow is used either as a warm inlet air to the building in winter or help inducing airflow from inside the building for ventilation in summer. However, in the present work, the solar chimney induced airflow is purely external to the building.
The proposed external solar shield starts with a glass layer from outside followed by an opaque porous metallic layer followed by an air channel before the building outer walls. The absorbing porous layer would get heated up quickly and transfer its heat to the air in the gap effectively due to its large surface area. The porous layer thickness is optimized at 15 cm while the air gap is optimized at 0.3 m. Numerical simulations based on finite volume analysis using ANSYS Fluent were carried out for a wall of 3 m height. Comparisons of the performance of buildings with its outer walls shielded by white painted, black painted and glazed walls are presented and discussed with respect to that of buildings with bared outer walls as a control.
Putting glazing alone after an air gap, expectedly, increases the heat gained by 47–56% compared to 0.7 emissivity simple bared wall. Single black and white solar shielding walls reduce the heat gain by 30 and 67%, respectively. However, the proposed design of a solar chimney with a glass outer wall followed by a porous foam metal layer on its inner surface, reduced thermal gain by 67–79%. This results in electrical cooling load reduction by about 28%. Furthermore, the heated airflow induced by a solar chimney formed with a 20 × 3 m south wall can be utilized to induce water evaporation of 625–1046 kg/day allowing active evaporative cooling and/or water desalination under solar irradiation condition of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
... Por otra parte, para llevar a cabo un análisis de carga térmica, se verificó la correcta selección del sistema de aire acondicionado siguiendo las recomendaciones de la ASHRAE destinadas a determinar los requerimientos de carga térmica del laboratorio, la cual está sujeta a condiciones internas y externas del recinto, tales como: ubicación geográfica, temperatura ambiente, número de personas en su interior, tipos y número de equipos instalados, entre otras (Wessel et al., 2001). Los lineamientos de la ASHRAE contemplan las características constructivas del recinto, los equipos instalados, el número de personas, la temperatura y humedad en su interior para obtener condiciones de confort, entre otras; se determina la carga térmica usando el método de cálculo de Cargas por Temperatura Diferencial (CLTD por sus siglas en ingles Cooling Load Temperature Difference), el cual es ampliamente utilizado en estudios de transferencia de calor (Adil Zainal & Yumrutaş, 2015;Bansal, Chowdhury, & Gopal, 2008;Elhelw, 2016;Suziyana, Nina, Yusof, & Basirul, 2013). Como se observa en la Tabla 3 . ...
The primary goal of this study project is to learn more about the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) in the office space. Considered are three different air-conditioning arrangements. The simulation programme utilized is ANSYS2021 R1. Accordingly, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and analysis for the issue involving a person’s thermal comfort is displayed. The person expects to work in a comfortable setting, yet the stifling air conditions in an indoor office room hinders their productivity. Different boundary requirements have thus been given to the office room for this problem. Utilizing the realizable k-epsilon model, which allows for scalable wall functions, the analysis is carried out. The CFD simulations in an office room area are computed in this study. Comfort conditions achieved by using different air flow velocities are evaluated and analyzed.
Conventional air conditioning in buildings consumes substantial energy contributing to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which aggravates global warming. Kirigami envelopes with reflective surfaces offer a promising option to reduce indoor heat gain. So far none has performed outdoor testing of kirigami envelopes nor numerical simulation to understand how they interact with the environment. To understand the impact of the geometric design of the kirigami shading system on both daylighting and temperature variation in the indoor environment, a series of prototypes and simulations is devised to investigate the real‐time shading behavior in an outdoor environment. Large‐scaled and silver‐coated kirigami‐based envelopes of different cut patterns and stretching ratios are fabricated and placed in front of custom‐designed chambers equipped with six thermo‐sensors. Simulation is performed to investigate the effect of light modulation and hence temperature inside the chamber, which corroborates with the experiments. The indoor daylighting pattern and temperature are significantly influenced by the geometry of the stretched kirigami envelope, and overall, both the indoor temperature and the spatial distribution of illuminance are more uniform compared with that without the kirigami envelope. These results indicate that the installation of kirigami envelopes can improve building energy saving and occupants’ comfort.
