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The criterion variables were total weight lifted (Wttot ) determined separately for women and men during BC and KE, and blood lactic acid concentration ([Hla]) determined for a combined female ( N = 10) and male ( N = 10) subset during BC. Subjects performed three separate sets of 4, 8, and 12 repetitions for BC and KE at 65% one-repet...
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Context 1
... present investigation examined concurrent validity of the newly developed OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES) to measure RPE in young adult female and male subjects performing separate upper-and lower-body exercise (Fig. 1). The term OMNI is a contemporary contraction of the word omnibus. Used in the context of perceived exertion metrics, OMNI means a RPE scale having broadly generalizable properties. The scale has both verbal and mode specific pictorial descriptors distributed along a comparatively narrow numerical response range, 0 -10. The pictorial ...
Context 2
... validity: Wt tot . Previous investigations employing Borg scales demonstrated that RPE increased as a function of increasing Wt tot, (1,3,7,8,13,17,18,20,22,27,29), relative intensity (% 1-RM) (17,20,22,27), and isometric contraction time (4,5,14,19,21,26,28). The present findings are generally in agreement with those previous experiments that examined perceived exertion responses using a volume loading (i.e., Wt tot ) resistance exercise paradigm. ...
Citations
... The OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale (OMNI-RES) of perceived exertion was used as a measure of perceptual fatigue [38]. Participants reported their general (G-RPE) and local RPE (L-RPE) related to the whole body and the exercising muscles, respectively. ...
Objectives: This study aimed to explore the effects of four days of Rhodiola Rosea (RR) supplementation on bench-press and bench-pull exercises under resting or mental fatigue conditions in young healthy individuals. Methods: Eighteen participants (seven women) visited the laboratory on five occasions separated by 7 days—one preliminary session and four experimental sessions. In the preliminary session, participants were familiarised with the Stroop and Multiple Object Tracking tests, after which their one-repetition maximum loads for bench presses and bench pulls were determined. The four experimental sessions had the same protocol, differing only in the supplement (RR or placebo) and mental task conditions (Stroop test or control video). Participants were assigned randomly and counterbalanced to each experimental condition: (I) RR and Stroop test, (II) RR and control video, (III) placebo and Stroop test, and (IV) placebo and control video. Results: The main findings indicate that RR supplementation has trivial-to-small effects in terms of mental fatigue, visuo-cognitive processing, or perceived exertion. However, RR was significantly superior to placebo on strength performance in the control video condition during some sets, as it increased the number of repetitions performed in the bench press and the fastest velocity in the bench pull. Out of 52 comparisons, 17 small effect sizes were observed, with 14 favouring RR and 3 favouring placebo, with the remaining differences being trivial. Conclusions: These results suggest that short-term RR supplementation is safe and provides its main ergogenic effects on physical performance rather than in visuo-cognitive or mental outcomes.
... The training load for the PBRT group was based on from 65% to 95% of the 1RM on the anterior side, with the number of repetitions decreasing with increasing intensity. The load was set weekly in the cycle and not adjusted during training [20]. ...
Purpose: Footwork speed is closely linked to explosive strength, and both percentage- (PBRT) and velocity-based resistance training (VBRT) are popular methods for developing muscle strength. This study aimed to compare the effects of PBRT and VBRT on lower limb explosive power and footwork movement speed in elite university badminton players over a 6-week training period. Methods: A total of 20 elite badminton players (12 males, 8 females) from Tongji University were randomly divided into VBRT (n = 10) and PBRT groups (n = 10). The VBRT group trained with loads determined by target speed and velocity loss, while the PBRT participants used fixed loads based on a percentage of their one-repetition maximum (1RM). Both the groups performed free-weight back squats with relative loads ranging from 65% to 95% of 1RM over 6 weeks. The pre- and post-training measurements included back squat 1RM; countermovement (CMJ), squat (SJ), and standing long jumps (SLJs); self-weighted squat jump speed (SJS); left and right touch line (LRF), full-field four-point (FF), and front and back touch net footwork (FBF). Results: (1) The baseline measurements showed no significant differences between the groups (p > 0.05). (2) Post-training, both VBRT and PBRT improved the participants’ lower limb explosive power and footwork movement (p < 0.05). (3) The VBRT group demonstrated significantly greater improvements than the PBRT group in all the measures (p < 0.05). Conclusions: VBRT was superior to PBRT in boosting lower limb explosive power and footwork speed in badminton players over 6 weeks, leading to more significant strength–related and neural adaptations.
... To measure the perceived effort of participants immediately after completing each of the sets in the four different protocols and their Retests, the OMNI-RES scale with ten numerical values (from 0 to 10) was used [30]. Participants were instructed on using the scale through validated procedures [52], which involved reading the instructions prior to each set and administering absolute loads corresponding to 60% and 90% of the 1RM. ...
... The instructions provided followed those established by Robertson [30], stating: "Use the pictograms to describe how your body feels during the exercise. You will now perform a set of exercises with external resistance for the upper body. ...
... In the different studies in the literature [30,35,36,44], the scales have been used considering only indicators of relative intensity (%1RM, velocity, power), total load (volume × intensity, repetitions in reserve), or metabolic stress, being used to characterize the degree of effort reached after training, and subsequently used in some studies to define the intensity of the training [45]. ...
Background: One of the most significant challenges for exercise professionals in designing strength training programs is determining the intensity or effort level of each set performed. One of the most studied methodologies has been the use of Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scales. This study aims to analyze the application of the OMNI-RES scale for monitoring training intensity across different relative loads and fatigue levels in various training protocols. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants completed nine exercise sessions, with one week separating each session. The first session involved a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the bench press (BP) to identify the load–velocity relationship. Subsequently, each participant randomly performed two maximum repetition (MNR) protocols at 60% and 90% of 1RM, and two protocols with a 30% velocity loss (VL) at 60% of 1RM and a 10% VL at 90% of 1RM. These sessions were repeated one week later. Results: significant differences were found between the four bench press protocols regarding the number of repetitions and the percentage of velocity loss per set (p < 0.001). However, the RPE of the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM was significantly higher than the other protocols. Moreover, the RPE for the protocol at 60% of 1RM with a 30% VL was similar to that at 90% of 1RM with a 10% VL (p = 1.000). Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations, percentage VL at 1 m·s⁻¹, and the effort index were significantly higher in the MNR protocol at 60% of 1RM compared to all other protocols (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The most important finding of this study is that the OMNI-RES scale may not be a reliable indicator of exercise intensity. This is because the highest values on the scale were observed at the lowest relative intensity (60% 1RM) during the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) protocol, corresponding to the maximum volume.
... Before determining 1 RM, it was performed in a previous warm-up, which consisted of performing four repetitions with a load of 30% of the MVIC value. At the end of the warm-up, the volunteer was assessed for their perceived effort, using the OMNI-RES scale from 0 to 10 [29,30]. The load was increased at the discretion of the evaluator, according to the ease of execution and the perceived effort of the subject, and the volunteer was asked to perform two repetitions with the new load. ...
... The internal load was assessed by applying the effort perception, using the OMNI-RES scale from 0 to 10 [29,30], at the end of each of these four sets, in each of the two experimental conditions. ...
... On the other hand, the SSRT group performed passive static stretching up to the maximum knee flexion angle, lasting 30 s before each set of RT. For static stretching, SSRT participants were in a prone position, and the evaluator pushed the participant's leg until reaching the point of maximum quadriceps discomfort, verbally signaling the score of number 10 using the OMNI-RES scale with scores ranging from 0 to 10 [29,30]. At the conclusion of each training session, the rating of perceived exertion for the session was collected. ...
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of static stretching performed between sets of resistance training with flywheels on muscle adaptations.
Methods
Twenty men (19.65 ± 1.35 years) were allocated to two experimental conditions: (a) resistance training protocol (RT) or (b) TR protocol + 120 s of static stretching between sets (SSRT). The resistance training was conducted 3 days a week for 8 weeks, with progressively increased training volume throughout the sessions.
Results
There were no significant differences between the two experimental conditions for anthropometric variables (p > 0.05), for the different manifestations of strength evaluated (p > 0.05) and for the muscle activation of the different muscles evaluated in MVIC and 1 RM test (p > 0.05). However, it alters the muscle activation at power exercises at 80% of 1 RM (p < 0.05). SSRT achieved an increase in hip flexibility (p = 0.04), while the group without stretching showed no significant differences.
Conclusion
Stretching between sets from RT does not decrease strength, does not alter muscle activation evaluated in MVIC and 1 RM test, volume, and internal training load, when compared to the same protocol, without performing previous stretching.
... Muscle activation was normalised and then expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC). In addition, the subjective perception of exertion was recorded using the OMNI-Res scale for the suspended kneeling rollout exercise [32]. ...
... In the familiarisation session, the Perceived Subjective Exertion Scale (OMNI-Res) was introduced to participants [32]. The scale ranges from 0 (extremely easy) to 10 (extremely hard). ...
... A fixed effect of the exercise condition was found on the pectoralis sternalis [F (2,32) The pairwise comparison, in Table 1, showed that in the suspended kneeling rollout, the effects of superimposed vibration at 25 Hz were significantly higher than those of the non-vibration condition with a small effect for the anterior deltoid The Friedman test showed a main effect of exercise condition on the OMNI-Res [X 2 (12) = 11.451, p = 0.003]. ...
Citation: Huertas, P.; Buscà, B.; Arboix-Alió, J.; Miró, A.; Esquerrà, L.H.; Peña, J.; Vicens-Bordas, J.; Aguilera-Castells, J. Muscle Activity of Superimposed Vibration in Suspended Kneeling Rollout. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 1637. https://doi. Abstract: Training using instability devices is common; however, for highly trained athletes , a single device may not provide sufficient challenge. This study examines the effect of superimposed vibration in suspended kneeling rollout. Seventeen physically active participants performed the exercise with non-vibration, vibration at 25 Hz, and vibration at 40 Hz. Muscle activation of the pectoralis clavicularis, pectoralis sternalis, anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, infraspinatus, and latissimus dorsi was recorded during exercise, and the perception of effort was recorded after exercise (OMNI-Res scale). One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences for the kneeling rollout (p < 0.05). Friedman's test showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res (p = 0.003). Pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the anterior deltoid (p = 0.004), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.001), and global activity (p < 0.001) between the 25 Hz and non-vibration conditions. It also showed significant differences between the 40 Hz and non-vibration conditions for pectoralis sternalis (p = 0.021), anterior deltoid (p = 0.005), latissimus dorsi (p < 0.001), infraspinatus (p = 0.027), and global activity (p < 0.001). The post hoc Conover pairwise comparison showed significant differences in the OMNI-Res only between the non-vibration and vibration at 40 Hz conditions (p = 0.011). Superimposed vibration increases the muscle activation of the upper limbs when performing the suspended kneeling rollout.
... Las herramientas para el control de la intensidad del ejercicio (tabla 9 y fig. 2), como las escalas de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) y las escalas OMNI-RES 29 , son determinantes en el diseño y seguimiento de programas de ejercicio físico. Estas escalas permiten a los individuos calibrar subjetivamente su esfuerzo durante o después del ejercicio, ofreciendo una guía precisa para poder ajustar la intensidad ( fig. 3). ...
... Validadas para diversas modalidades en grupos demográficos, estas escalas se correlacionan fuertemente con medidas fisiológicas como la frecuencia cardíaca y el VO 2 máx. Son fiables para evaluar tanto el ejercicio cardiovascular como el de fuerza, independientemente del nivel de condición física, edad o género del individuo, así como de factores externos como la temperatura o el estrés [27][28][29][30] . La familiaridad con estas herramientas las convierte en indicadores fiables de la intensidad del ejercicio, proporcionando una base sólida para el control preciso y efectivo del entrenamiento. ...
En la actualidad, las consecuencias del sedentarismo y la falta de actividad física (AF) constituyen uno de los mayores retos de la salud pública a nivel mundial.
La inactividad física se ha convertido en el cuarto factor de riesgo de mortalidad a nivel global, contribuyendo a más de 3 millones de muertes anuales. Según datos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS)1, aproximadamente el 28% de los adultos en el mundo no cumplen con las recomendaciones mínimas de AF. En el contexto español, la situación no difiere significativamente. Datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística revelan que casi el 40% de la población adulta no alcanza los niveles recomendados de AF2.
Este fenómeno no solo afecta a la salud individual, sino que también ejerce una presión significativa sobre los sistemas de atención médica, contribuyendo al aumento de enfermedades crónicas y sus costos asociados.
La rápida urbanización, los cambios en los estilos de vida y la prevalencia de trabajos sedentarios han contribuido a este fenómeno, asociándose directamente con un aumento en la incidencia de enfermedades no transmisibles, como la patología cardiovascular, diabetes tipo 2 y obesidad.
La inactividad física no solo está relacionada con la mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas, sino que también contribuye a la disminución de la calidad de vida, la pérdida de productividad laboral y el aumento de los costos de atención médica. Además, afecta de manera desproporcionada a grupos vulnerables, exacerbando las desigualdades en salud.
Ante este panorama, la medicina familiar y comunitaria se convierte en el agente crucial para la incorporación del ejercicio físico tanto desde un enfoque terapéutico como por ser una herramienta preventiva de gran impacto.
Esta guía busca formar y sensibilizar a los profesionales de la salud sobre la necesidad de integrar la prescripción de ejercicio físico en la atención primaria, fortaleciendo así la relación entre médico y paciente para motivar y adherir en la práctica de AF y lograr cambios sostenibles en el tiempo en los hábitos de vida saludables.
En las siguientes secciones, exploraremos los fundamentos teóricos, las estrategias prácticas y las consideraciones médico-legales para empoderar a profesionales de medicina familiar y comunitaria en la prescripción efectiva de ejercicio físico, con el objetivo de mejorar la salud individual y colectiva de la población.
... At the beginning of the session, subjects were provided the opportunity to ask questions of the procedures. After this, subjects were familiarized with scales used for subjective measures of fatigue (perceived muscles soreness scale and differential-RPE [D-RPE]) (6,48) and prescription methods (OMNI resistance exercise scale RPE and RIR) throughout the study (20,29,50). Subjects were then walked through procedures for testing conditions and follow-up sessions used throughout the study. ...
Cowley, N, Nicholson, V, Timmins, R, Munteanu, G, Wood, T, García-Ramos, A, Owen, C, and Weakley, J. The effects of percentage-based, rating of perceived exertion, repetitions in reserve, and velocity-based training on performance and fatigue responses. J Strength Cond Res - This study assessed the effects of percentage-based training (% 1RM), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), repetitions in reserve (RIR), and velocity-based training (VBT) on (a) acute kinematic outputs, perceptions of effort, and changes in neuromuscular function during resistance training; and (b) neuromuscular fatigue and perceptions of soreness 24 hours after exercise. In a randomized crossover design, 15 subjects completed a %1RM, RPE, RIR, and VBT training condition involving a fatiguing protocol followed by 5 sets of the free-weight back squat and bench press at 70% of 1 repetition maximum. Subjects returned at 24 hours to assess neuromuscular fatigue and perceived soreness. Percentage-based training and RPE allowed the smallest volume loads, with %1RM prescription causing sets to be regularly taken to failure. Alternatively, RIR and VBT allowed greater maintenance of training volume. Velocity-based training had the most accurate training prescription, with all sets being within 5% of the intended starting velocity, while the RPE and %1RM prescriptive methods caused subjects to train with loads that were increasingly inaccurate. The RPE prescriptive method had the lowest reported values for differential RPE while the %1RM had the greatest change across the session. At no point were there between-group differences in measures of neuromuscular fatigue or perceived soreness. These findings demonstrate that autoregulatory prescriptive methods can be used to mitigate the risk of training to failure, ensure accurate training prescription that can maintain training volume, and enhance within-training kinematic outputs without altering neuromuscular fatigue or perceptions of soreness.
... The OMNI RPE scale features verbal and pictorial descriptors specific to mode training, distributed across a narrow numerical range (0-10). Pictorial descriptors align with corresponding verbal labels and are arranged to reflect an exertional intensity gradient (Robertson et al. 2003). Both volume and intensity of exercise increased progressively over the study period: from 51 min to 60 min in the case of the volume and from 50% to 60% of the perceived 15-repetition maximum and heart rate reserve in the case of the intensity. ...
Monocarboxylates, transported by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), have been proposed to influence energy homeostasis and exhibit altered metabolism during exercise. This study investigated the association between the Asp490Glu (T1470A) (rs1049434) polymorphism of the SLC16A1 (MCT1) gene and changes in body composition in males and females with overweight or obesity. The 173 participants (56.6% females) completed a 6-month randomized controlled trial, being assigned to the Supervised Exercise group (strength, endurance, or strength plus endurance training) or the Physical Activity (PA) Recommendations group. Participants were genotypically categorized as Asp/Asp (TT), Asp/Glu (TA), or Glu/Glu (AA). ANCOVA analysis showed main effects for genotype and interaction genotype × group (p < 0.05) for several variables, especially in females. Asp/Asp (TT) females showed greater reductions in total fat mass (−29.30 ± 8.75% change), percentage of body fat (−17.50 ± 8.06% change), and body weight (−13.90 ± 2.62% change) compared with Glu/Glu (AA) (p ≤ 0.020; d ≥ 0.18) and Asp/Glu (TA) (p ≤ 0.050; d ≥ 0.16) females, but only within the PA Recommendations group. Data indicated higher decreases in lean body mass of the Asp/Asp (TT) compared to Glu/Glu (AA) in females (p = 0.067, η² p = 0.067) and to Asp/Glu (TA) in males (p = 0.026; η² p = 0.101). Our investigation suggests an association of the single-nucleotide polymorphism with body composition changes especially in females following exercise recommendations, highlighting the importance of supervised training to offset genetic predisposition for different weight loss. Differences in males only appeared for lean body mass, suggesting sex differences for this genetic association. The study underscores the potential influence of MCT1 functionality on human adaptations to weight loss interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov information: registry name, Nutrition and Physical Activity for Obesity (PRONAF); registration number, NCT01116856.
... To assess perceived fatigability, recent studies (Marzouk et al., 2023; have used self-report scales. For example, Marzouk et al. (2023) assessed perceptions of fatigue following submaximal isometric elbow flexions using Noble's RPE scale (Noble et al., 1983), the Omnibus Resistance Exercise 0 -10 (OMNI-RES) scale (Robertson et al., 2003), a Likert scale (Grant et al., 1999), a Rating of Fatigue scale (Micklewright et al., 2017), and a visual analog scale (Grant et al., 1999). R. W. Smith et al. (2024) used a post-test questionnaire (PTQ) with 10 Likert-type items to identify and determine the perceived sensations (i.e., pain and fatigue in the primary and synergistic muscles) and psychological factors (i.e., loss of focus [LOF] and motivation) that contributed to the decision to terminate sustained, isometric forearm flexion tasks anchored to a low versus high torque output. ...
... Each subject visited the laboratory on three separate occasions (orientation and two test visits), with at least 24 h between each visit. The initial visit was an orientation session where demographic information was recorded, and the subjects were familiarized with the standardized warm-up, testing protocol, and standardized OMNI-RES (Robertson et al., 2003) anchoring instructions (Table 1). Test visit 1 included the standardized warm-up, pre-test MVIC trials to set a perceptual anchor to RPE = 10, a sustained, isometric forearm flexion task anchored to RPE = 6 (RPE6FT), and post-test MVIC trials. ...
... Next, the subjects were oriented to the testing position on an upper body exercise table (UBXT) with the lateral epicondyle of the humerus of the dominant arm aligned with the lever arm of the calibrated isokinetic dynamometer in accordance with the Cybex II (Cybex II International Inc. Medway, MA, USA) user's manual. While the subjects were positioned on the UBXT, they were familiarized with the OMNI-RES (0 -10) RPE scale, which has been shown to be valid and reliable for quantifying perceived exertion during resistance exercise (Robertson et al., 2003), and read the standardized anchoring procedures used during test visit 1 (Robertson et al., 2003;R. W. Smith et al., 2021). ...
Purpose: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sustained, isometric forearm flexion tasks anchored to a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) versus torque on the composite, inter-, and intra-individual patterns of responses for torque and neuromuscular parameters, as well as the perceived factors that contributed to task termination. Methods: Methods: Ten men (mean ± SD: age = 20.9 ± 2.2 yrs.; height = 180.0 ± 5.1 cm; body mass = 81.3 ± 10.0 kg) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) before and after sustained, isometric forearm flexion tasks anchored to RPE = 6 (RPE6 FT) and the torque (TRQ6 FT) that corresponded to RPE = 6, and completed post-test questionnaires (PTQs) with 10 Likert-type items immediately following the fatiguing tasks. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals were recorded from the biceps brachii during the fatiguing tasks. Polynomial regression analyses, dependent t-tests, Spearman's rank order correlations, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Results: The RPE6 FT had a greater (p < 0.001) TTF than the TRQ6 FT , but there was no difference (p = 0.144) in performance fatigability. There was a significant (p < 0.001) composite linear decrease for torque during the RPE6 FT , but no significant (p = 0.111) composite change for torque during the TRQ6 FT. During the RPE6 FT , there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) composite linear decreases in EMG amplitude (AMP), EMG mean power frequency (MPF), MMG MPF, and neuromuscular efficiency (NME = normalized torque / normalized EMG AMP), and a quadratic increase in MMG AMP. During the TRQ6 FT , there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) composite linear increase for EMG AMP, linear decreases for EMG MPF, MMG AMP, and NME, and a quadratic decrease for MMG MPF. There was substantial intra-individual variability for the torque responses and inter-and intra-individual variability for the neuromuscular responses. The PTQ item responses indicated greater (p = 0.003) BB fatigue for the TRQ6 FT than the RPE6 FT. There were no significant (p > 0.05) associations among the perceived factors and TTF or performance fatigability. Conclusion: Conclusion: There were anchor scheme-specific differences in TTF, composite torque and neuromuscular responses, and the perceived sensation of BB fatigue, but no differences for performance fatigability or the other 9 PTQ item responses. In addition, more than one of the PTQ items contributed to the decision to terminate the RPE6 FT and TRQ6 FT , but none of the 10 PTQ items were related to TTF or performance fatigability. Therefore, it is likely that other physiological and psychological factors contributed to task termination during the fatiguing tasks anchored to RPE and torque.
... The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) is a subjective measure that is used in both pursuits to guide load prescription and progression, performance prediction, and to track progress over time. Although RPE and repetitions in reserve (RIR) scales for resistance training [12][13][14] and RPE scales for aerobic training 15 are available, both have similar aims in quantifying the subjective load of training to drive programming adjustments. Objective measures in resistance training, such as barbell velocity, have also been explored as a way to match load and volume prescriptions to daily readiness. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a flexible, trainee-driven training program in improving concurrent training outcomes for individuals training remotely. The study employed a repeated-measures, parallel group design with 18 participants randomized into either a control group with fixed workouts or an experimental group with flexible workout selection based on perceived readiness. Participants were recreationally trained at baseline. Over a 16-week period, both groups completed assessments of strength and endurance, including deadlift, push-ups, and a two-mile run. The results indicated no significant difference in overall fitness improvements between the two groups, with both showing meaningful progress in strength and endurance measures. However, adherence rates were notably lower in the flexible group as the study progressed, potentially due to decision fatigue. Statistical significance was set at ρ ≤ 0.05, with main effects of time showing significant improvement in fitness scores across all groups. The findings suggest that while flexible programming offers similar benefits to traditional fixed programs, it may require strategies to maintain adherence over longer periods. Practical applications include the potential for flexible training to be used effectively in remote settings, particularly for populations like military personnel with varying access to fitness resources.
