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To achieve herd immunity against COVID-19, it is crucial to know the drivers of vaccination intention and, thereby, vaccination. As the determinants of vaccination differ across vaccines, target groups and contexts, we investigate COVID-19 vaccination intention using data from university students from three countries, the Netherlands, Belgium and P...
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Context 1
... (range) M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Vaccination intention (1- PROCESS. We conclude that indirect effects are statistically significant if the 95% BC-CI excludes zero. ...Context 2
... total of 5.10% of students indicated being unsure about getting the COVID-19 vaccination and had neither positive nor negative vaccination intention. Table 2 presents the results of an OLS regression analysis containing the 5Cs as independent variables and vaccination intention as the dependent variable while controlling for gender and country. The regression model shows good fit and high explained variance (R 2 = 0.54). ...Citations
... Furthermore, vaccine hesitancy and misinformation have also been significant barriers to achieving widespread Vaccination in Canada. A poll conducted by Angus Reid in January 2022 found that 16% of Canadians were not planning to get vaccinated, and 27% were undecided [11]. This skepticism is due to concerns over safety and efficacy, as well as conspiracy theories and misinformation circulating on social media [12]. ...
This article explores the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on public health in Canada and the United States. Using OpenAI's GPT-3 language model, data was extracted from various online sources, including government health agencies, news articles, academic papers, and social media platforms. The data was analyzed using natural language processing techniques to identify common themes and sentiments. Despite the staggering death toll and impact on everyday life, the rollout of vaccines marks a critical milestone in the fight against the virus. However, challenges remain, including skepticism from some members of the public and the emergence of new virus variants. The early data is encouraging, showing a significant reduction in COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in vaccinated populations. The article emphasizes the critical role of vaccines in controlling the spread of the virus, alongside other public health measures, to overcome this devastating pandemic. The findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination has had a significant positive impact on public health in both countries, with a decrease in COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, challenges remain, including vaccine hesitancy and the emergence of new variants. The article concludes with recommendations for public health policy, including increasing vaccine access and education, monitoring new variants, and continuing to follow public health guidelines.
... Противопрививочное поведение возникает с большей вероятностью при низкой коллективной ответственности, а также высокой затратности и рискованности профилактических прививок. В сравнении с трехфакторной моделью модель «5C`s» показывает более высокую инкрементную валидность, в том числе при объяснении и предсказании вакцинального поведения людей в условиях пандемии COVID-19 (в особенности за счет фактора коллективной ответственности) [419]. ...
... Научная новизна проведенных (пилотажного и основного) исследований заключается в том, что 7C`s модель аттитюдинальной регуляции прививочного поведения была впервые валидизирована: во-первых, для изучения вакцинальных аттитюдов с негативной модальностью (в оригинале модель ориентирована в основном на вакцинальные аттитюды с позитивной валентностью); во-вторых, в социокультурном контексте Республики Беларусь на белорусской (русскоговорящей) выборке; в-третьих, в преломлении на вакцинацию против COVID-19, а не на иммунопрофилактику как таковую (до сих пор установочная регуляция прививочного поведения в контексте превенции COVID-19 рассматривалась только в русле модели 5C`s [419]). В данных условиях модель продемонстрировала достаточный объяснительный и прогностический потенциал, а также высокую экологическую валидность. ...
В книге изложены результаты теоретических, психометрических и эмпирических исследований, посвящённых психической регуляции вакцинального поведения людей в условиях пандемии COVID-19 и государственной кампании по антиковидной вакцинации населения. Представлены оригинальные теоретические идеи в области психологии вакцинации и психологии пандемии, а также новые методики психологической диагностики личностных смыслов и социальных установок, выражающих устойчивое отношение человека к здравоохранению и вакцинопрофилактике. Адресуется профессиональным исследователям в области психологических, социологических и биомедицинских наук, студентам, магистрантам, аспирантам и докторантам соответствующих научных специальностей, а также практическим работникам системы здравоохранения.
... There is a need to facilitate strategic efforts to address the concerns and competing priorities that have created barriers for vaccination among PWID. To be effective, these strategies should reflect the sentiments shared in this study to foster safety and trust for PWID, and leverage the relationships of trusted community health organizations to facilitate consistent access to vaccination resources and evidence-based information Wang et al., 2022;Wismans et al., 2021). A public health approach to vaccination requires an understanding of the structural factors that may be targeted to improve health outcomes, particularly for underserved community members such as PWID. ...
The objectives of this study were to 1) identify vaccination rates among PWID in Oregon at a time when vaccines were easily accessible, 2) quantitatively identify convergence with demographic correlates of vaccination willingness and uptake to promote generalizability, and 3) explore the factors PWID were considering when deciding whether or not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. We conducted a mixed-methods study design including 260 quantitative surveys and 41 in-depth qualitative interviews with PWID, conducted July - September 2021 at syringe services programs in Lane County, Oregon. Among the 260 survey respondents, 37.3% indicated that they had received a COVID-19 vaccine by October 1, 2021. In the same period, an estimated 70.1% of the total Lane County population had completed their COVID-19 vaccinations (not including booster rounds). We explored alignment with the WHO's 3C model of vaccine hesitancy and identified, instead, five common factors as key motivators for vaccine decisions: confidence, convenience, concern, communication, and community implications among PWID. Interviews with PWID describe systemic barriers which prevented them from accessing healthcare resources. We highlight that our proposed 5C model may more accurately depict how PWID navigate vaccine decisions by incorporating the ways that social inequities, infrastructural barriers, and community values influence an individual's vaccine deliberation.
... Differences in age, gender, educational level, ethnic identity, and even political affiliations have been found regarding vaccination intention (Kwok et al. 2021;Soares et al. 2021;Wong et al. 2021). In addition, concerning psychological variables, vaccination intention has been linked to beliefs and attitudes apropos perceived efficacy, confidence, the severity of COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, and information related to these topics (Biswas et al. 2021;Huynh et al. 2021;Sherman et al. 2021;Wismans et al. 2021). ...
... Consistent with other studies' measurements with one item (Wismans et al. 2021;Wong et al. 2021;Lai et al. 2021;Babicki and Mastalerz-Migas 2022), we included the question, "Would you be willing to take a booster dose of COVID-19?", with a fivepoint Likert answer ranging from 1 = definitely not, to 5 = definitely yes. Later we dichotomised the responses as 0 = no intention (from 1 to 3 points) and 1 = intention to get a booster dose (4 points = yes and 5 points = definitely yes). ...
... Our findings are consistent with previous studies concerning the influence of perceived confidence in COVID-19 vaccines on vaccination intention (Wismans et al. 2021;Sherman et al. 2021). Additionally, to have the intention to get a booster dose, it is also essential to perceive confidence and efficacy in previously received doses (Rzymski et al. 2021b;Tung et al. 2022). ...
Aim To identify psychosocial predictors of the intention to get a booster COVID-19 vaccine in a low-income country, given that increasing booster vaccination rates against COVID-19 remains a global challenge, especially among low-and middle-income countries (LMIC). Subject and methods We used an online survey to collect responses from a non-probabilistic sample of 720 Bolivians regarding vaccine uptake, motives, perceived confidence, information sources, attitudes favouring COVID-19 vaccines, biosafety behaviour, and sociodemographic characteristics. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant associations and predictors. Results We found that having already received the third dose, obtaining recommendations from family or friends, recommendation from the government, perceived confidence in the previously received dose, and higher attitudes in favour of COVID-19 vaccines significantly predicted the intention to get a booster dose. The associations were significant even when adjusting the model for sociodemographic variables. Conclusion Including certain psychosocial factors could enhance the promotion of voluntary booster doses among residents of low-and middle-income countries such as Bolivia, where cultural, social, political, and contextual variables may influence health behaviour and increase health-associated risk factors.
... For example, complacent individuals who think they do not need a vaccine because they are young and healthy neglect to consider the delayed benefits of getting the vaccine. This result is also consistent with Wismans et al. (2021), who showed Complacency was the only 5C theme that mediated the relationship between delay discounting and vaccine intention in an European sample over a 6month period when COVID vaccines were not yet authorized. Together, these two themes potentially reflect an individual's perceived value of the personal and collective long-term benefits of getting the vaccine and suggest that interventions to promote CNDS regulation may decrease vaccine hesitancy. ...
... In addition to the above, we found that misinformation related to Collective Responsibility ( Fig. 3; 1st path 2nd portion) and Complacency ( Fig. 3; 3rd path 2nd portion) drove higher vaccine hesitancy scores. Consistently, other studies (Tavolacci et al., 2021;Wismans et al., 2021) found that collective responsibility was associated with higher vaccine hesitancy among young adults. Only Wismans et al reported a relationship between complacency and vaccine hesitancy. ...
Despite being a major threat to health, vaccine hesitancy (i.e., refusal or reluctance to vaccinate despite vaccine availability) is on the rise. Using a longitudinal cohort of young adults (N = 1260) from Los Angeles County, California we investigated the neurobehavioral mechanisms underlying COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Data were collected at two time points: during adolescence (12th grade; fall 2016; average age = 16.96 (±0.42)) and during young adulthood (spring 2021; average age = 21.33 (±0.49)). Main outcomes and measures were delay discounting (DD; fall 2016) and tendency to act rashly when experiencing positive and negative emotions (UPPS-P; fall 2016); self-reported vaccine hesitancy and vaccine beliefs/knowledge (spring 2021). A principal components analysis determined four COVID-19 vaccine beliefs/knowledge themes: Collective Responsibility, Confidence and Risk Calculation, Complacency, and Convenience. Significant relationships were found between themes, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, and DD. Collective Responsibility (β = -1.158[-1.213,-1.102]) and Convenience (β = -0.132[-0.185,-0.078]) scores were negatively associated, while Confidence and Risk Calculation (β = 0.283[0.230,0.337]) and Complacency (β = 0.412[0.358,0.466]) scores were positively associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, Collective Responsibility (β = -0.060[-0.101,-0.018]) was negatively associated, and Complacency (β = -0.063[0.021,0.105]) was positively associated with DD from fall 2016. Mediation analysis revealed immediacy bias during adolescence, measured by DD, predicted vaccine hesitancy 4 years later while being mediated by two types of vaccine beliefs/knowledge: Collective Responsibility (β = 0.069[0.022,0.116]) and Complacency (β = 0.026[0.008,0.044]). These findings provide a further understanding of individual vaccine-related decision-making among young adults and inform public health messaging to increase vaccination acceptance.
... Differences in age, gender, educational level, ethnic identity, and even political affiliations have been found regarding vaccination intention (Kwok et al. 2021;Soares et al. 2021;Wong et al. 2021). In addition, concerning psychological variables, vaccination intention has been linked to beliefs and attitudes apropos perceived efficacy, confidence, the severity of COVID-19, COVID-19 vaccines, and information related to these topics (Biswas et al. 2021;Huynh et al. 2021;Sherman et al. 2021;Wismans et al. 2021). ...
... Consistent with other studies' measurements with one item (Wismans et al. 2021;Wong et al. 2021;Lai et al. 2021;Babicki and Mastalerz-Migas 2022), we included the question, "Would you be willing to take a booster dose of COVID-19?", with a fivepoint Likert answer ranging from 1 = definitely not, to 5 = definitely yes. Later we dichotomised the responses as 0 = no intention (from 1 to 3 points) and 1 = intention to get a booster dose (4 points = yes and 5 points = definitely yes). ...
... It was found that (1) having already received the third dose, (2) receiving recommendations by family, friends, and the government to receive vaccination, (3) perceived confidence in the previously received dose, and (4) showing attitudes in favour of attention might be given in particular contexts, including most of those from LMICs, where sociocultural and psychological variables may influence health behaviour and increase health-associated risk factors (Anand et al. 2020). Our findings are consistent with previous studies concerning the influence of perceived confidence in COVID-19 vaccines on vaccination intention (Wismans et al. 2021;Sherman et al. 2021). Additionally, to have the intention to get a booster dose, it is also essential to perceive confidence and efficacy in previously received doses (Rzymski et al. 2021b;Tung et al. 2022). ...
Aim
To identify psychosocial predictors of the intention to get a booster COVID-19 vaccine in a low-income country, given that increasing booster vaccination rates against COVID-19 remains a global challenge, especially among low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
Subject and methods
We used an online survey to collect responses from a non-probabilistic sample of 720 Bolivians regarding vaccine uptake, motives, perceived confidence, information sources, attitudes favouring COVID-19 vaccines, biosafety behaviour, and sociodemographic characteristics. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to identify significant associations and predictors.
Results
We found that having already received the third dose, obtaining recommendations from family or friends, recommendation from the government, perceived confidence in the previously received dose, and higher attitudes in favour of COVID-19 vaccines significantly predicted the intention to get a booster dose. The associations were significant even when adjusting the model for sociodemographic variables.
Conclusion
Including certain psychosocial factors could enhance the promotion of voluntary booster doses among residents of low- and middle-income countries such as Bolivia, where cultural, social, political, and contextual variables may influence health behaviour and increase health–associated risk factors.
... This study's results align with previous studies, which demonstrate that confidence and collective responsibility are essential for COVID-19 vaccination. 48,49 Confidence is defined as trust in the effectiveness and safety of vaccines and the system that delivers them. 8 Individuals who lack confidence retain more negative viewpoints on vaccination and are often swayed by misinformation, conspiratorial beliefs and inflated perceptions of vaccine-related risks. ...
... 54 We suggest that this discrepancy is caused by the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines, such as the speed of development, the innovativeness of the technology used, uncertainty regarding their effectiveness and potential side effects. 48 Kwok et al. asserted that because people cannot obtain sufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines or evaluate the possible barriers to the new vaccine in the early phase of the epidemic, calculation and constraints are not significant predictors of vaccination intention. 6 The future validation work of vaccine hesitancy models on COVID-19 is necessary since the 5C model's validity would increase as more information regarding the COVID-19 vaccines is obtained. ...
Background:
Vaccine hesitancy can prevent full immunization against coronavirus infectious disease-19 (COVID-19). We hypothesized that multiple factors, including an individual's personality and psychological factors, are associated with vaccine hesitancy.
Methods:
A total of 275 non-vaccinated individuals were recruited for this study. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire including sociodemographic factors, health status, COVID-19 literacy and psychological factors (depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, somatization, illness anxiety, temperament and character). In a hierarchical logistic regression analysis, a discrete set of hierarchical variables with vaccine acceptance or hesitancy as the dependent variable was added to the demographic factors for Model 1; Model 1 + health status for Model 2; Model 2 + COVID-19 literacy for Model 3 and Model 3 + psychological factors for Model 4.
Results:
Models 3 and 4 could predict vaccine hesitancy. High scores on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the Illness Attitude Scale, low confidence, low collective responsibility and low reward dependence were risk factors for vaccine hesitancy.
Conclusions:
The present study demonstrates that psychological factors play critical roles in vaccine hesitancy. In addition to conventional policies that emphasize COVID-19 vaccines' safety and efficacy and the collective benefits of vaccination, a more individualized approach that considers an individual's emotions and personality is necessary.
... Vaccine hesitancy has been prevalent in the United States for years, an issue that gained media attention during the 2009 influenza H1N1 outbreaks (6). Vaccine hesitancy has been such a pervasive issue that the WHO EURO Vaccine Communications Working Group developed the "5 Cs" model in 2021 to better understand the problem (7,8). This model identifies five categories of vaccine hesitancy: confidence, complacency, convenience, communication, and context. ...
Background:
Mass vaccination serves as an effective strategy to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine hesitancy is a recognized impediment to achieving a vaccination rate necessary to protect communities. However, solutions and interventions to address this issue are limited by a lack of prior research.
Methods:
Over 200 patients from 18 Michigan counties participated in this study. Each participant received an initial survey, including demographical questions and knowledge and opinion questions regarding COVID-19 and vaccines. Participants were randomly assigned an educational intervention in either video or infographic format. Patients received a post-survey to assess changes in knowledge and attitudes. Paired sample t-tests and ANOVA were used to measure the effectiveness of the educational interventions. Participants also elected to complete a 3-month follow-up survey.
Results:
Patients showed increased knowledge after the educational intervention in six out of seven COVID-19 topics (p < 0.005). There was increased vaccine acceptance after the intervention but no difference in the effectiveness between the two intervention modalities. Post-intervention, more patients believed in CDC recommendations (p = 0.005), trusted the vaccine (p = 0.001), believed the vaccines had adequate testing (p = 0.019), recognized prior mistreatment in the medical care system (p = 0.005), agreed that a source they trust told them to receive a vaccine (p = 0.015), and were worried about taking time off of work to get a vaccine (p = 0.023). Additionally, post-intervention, patients were less concerned about mild reactions of the virus (p = 0.005), the rapid development of the vaccines (p < 0.001), and vaccine side effects (p = 0.031). Data demonstrated that attitude and knowledge improved when comparing pre-educational intervention to follow-up but decreased from post-intervention to follow-up.
Conclusion:
The findings illustrate that educational interventions improved COVID-19 and vaccine knowledge among patients and that the knowledge was retained. Educational interventions serve as powerful tools to increase knowledge within communities and address negative views on vaccination. Interventions should be continually utilized to reinforce information within communities to improve vaccination rates.
... The WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) working group identified three concepts influencing vaccine hesitancy and uptake, known as the 3Cs: convenience (accessibility), confidence (trust, safety, and effectiveness), and complacency (value of and need for vaccination) [10] (See Figure 1). In this study, we used the 3C model as opposed to the 5C model, which includes confidence, complacency, constraints, calculations, and collective responsibility [11]. We did not use the more recent 7C model, which includes confidence, complacency, constraints, calculation, collective responsibility, compliance, and conspiracy [12]. ...
... Bell-Mandla, Razia Vallie, Ashleigh Levendall, Sebastian J Gelderbloom and Hassan Mahomed at the Western Cape Department of Health. We would like to extend our gratitude to the healthcare providers and community members Vaccines 2023, 11, 729 ...
Citation: Myburgh, N.; Mulaudzi, M.; Tshabalala, G.; Beta, N.; Gutu, K.; Vermaak, S.; Lau, C.; Hill, C.; Stanberry, L.; James, W.; et al. A Qualitative Study Exploring Motivators and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Adults in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Vaccines 2023, 11, 729. https://doi. Abstract: While vaccines are a well-established method of controlling the spread of infectious diseases, vaccine hesitancy jeopardizes curbing the spread of COVID-19. Through the Vaccine Information Network (VIN), this study explored barriers and motivators to COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We conducted 18 focus group discussions with male and female community members, stratified by country, age group, and-for Zimbabwe only-by HIV status. Participants' median age across both countries was 40 years (interquartile range of 22-40), and most (65.9%) were female. We conceptualized the key themes within the World Health Organization's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) 3C (convenience, confidence, complacency) vaccine hesitancy model. Barriers to vaccine uptake-lack of convenience, low confidence, and high complacency-included inaccessibility of vaccines and vaccination sites, vaccine safety and development concerns, and disbelief in COVID-19's existence. Motivators to vaccine uptake-convenience, confidence, and low complacency-included accessibility of vaccination sites, user-friendly registration processes, trust in governments and vaccines, fear of dying from COVID-19, and knowing someone who had died from or become infected with COVID-19. Overall, vaccine hesitancy in South Africa and Zimbabwe was influenced by inconvenience, a lack of confidence, and high complacency around COVID-19 vaccines.
... Some users say, "The media and experts do not talk much about the side effects of vaccines, but many people around me have experienced dizziness and diarrhea after receiving vaccines." Vaccine hesitancy resulting from the calculation is often difficult to change because it is a decision to be made by the vaccinator after careful consideration [38]. ...
This study aims to investigate the causes of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the Chinese population. The LDA model and content analysis were used to analyze the content of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy expressed by the Chinese on Weibo from 2020 to 2022, the leading causes of vaccine hesitancy, and the changes in the reasons for vaccine hesitancy over time. The study found that when the Chinese expressed vaccine hesitancy, it usually involved themes such as information access (18.59%), vaccination services (13.91%), and physical illness (13.24%), and topics such as vaccination process (6.83%), allergic diseases (6.59%), and international news (6.43%). Constraints (35.48%), confidence (17.94%), and calculation (15.99%) are the leading causes of vaccine hesitancy on Weibo. These findings provide a comprehensive picture of how the Chinese express vaccine hesitancy in social media and the reasons and changes for vaccine hesitancy, which can help inspire public health experts, health organizations, or governments in various countries to improve the phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy.
