Table 3 - uploaded by Henrik Loe
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To provide a large reference material on aerobic fitness and exercise physiology data in a healthy population of Norwegian men and women aged 20-90 years.
Maximal and sub maximal levels of VO2, heart rate, oxygen pulse, and rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale: 6-20) were measured in 1929 men and 1881 women during treadmill running.
The highest...
Context in source publication
Citations
... differences in the capacity for O 2 transport between sexes. 1,7,8 For example, women tend to have smaller left ventricular mass (25%-38%) in comparison to men, which is consistent with smaller dimensions and wall thickness. 9 This difference may be due to discrepancies in body size, hormone levels, and hypertrophy of myocytes. ...
... These protocols also have different intensities, interval and recovery durations, as well as exercise volume which may make comparisons across protocols challenging. Third, men typically have a higher VO 2max than women due to a higher absolute SV and CO, 8 so different results could occur if men had a higher VO 2max than women. In addition, treadmill exercise elicits true maximal CO and VO 2 versus cycling, so our data only apply to this mode of exercise. ...
Sex differences in the cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic response to exercise exist due to differences in heart size, blood volume, and hemoglobin mass, eliciting higher maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in men versus women. Data are equivocal whether sex differences in training responsiveness occur. This study investigated potential sex differences in the hemodynamic response (stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)) to high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Habitually active men (n = 15) and women (n = 13) underwent VO2max testing, followed by three HIIE sessions consisting of the 4 × 4, 10 × 1, and reduced exertion high‐intensity training (REHIT), whose order was randomized. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) and hemodynamic responses were determined. Results showed no sex difference in peak relative VO2 (p = 0.263), CO (p = 0.277), or SV (p = 0.116), although absolute values were higher in men (p < 0.05). Peak absolute (127.3 ± 20.6 vs. 115.2 ± 16.6 mL/beat, p = 0.004, d = 0.66) and relative SV (111.0 ± 15.5 vs. 100.7 ± 11.1% max, p = 0.005, d = 0.78) were higher with REHIT versus 4 × 4. No sex differences in mean relative VO2, CO, or SV occurred (p > 0.05). Data showed lower mean VO2 during REHIT versus 4 × 4 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 65.8 ± 5.8 %VO2max, p < 0.001, d = 1.05) and 10 × 1 (59.3 ± 6.8 vs. 69.1 ± 7.4 %VO2max, p < 0.001, d = 1.4). Mean CO was lower in REHIT than 10 × 1 (79.8 ± 8.6 vs. 84.0 ± 7.4% max, p = 0.012, d = 0.53). Previously reported differences in VO2max response to HIIE may not be due to unique hemodynamic responses.
... The present study is a prospective FU study of early manifestation of cardiovascular disease in industry in which both shift workers and day workers (controls) participate. In the spring and summer 2018, we invited 172 workers, at two insulation material plants in At BL, VȮ 2max values were within what is considered normal for a comparable Norwegian healthy population [11] or even exceeding that of other Europeans [12]. In the present population, the annual reduction in VȮ 2max was 4.6%, which is not solely attributable to aging, as the general decline in VȮ 2max , suggests an annual loss of only 0.5-1% [13,14]. ...
... The group of workers in the present study may not represent the general Norwegian population. However, VȮ 2max at BL was in line with what is considered normal for a corresponding general population sample [11]. Furthermore, leisure-time MVPA was not measured objectively, which is a limitation since self-reported physical activity can introduce response bias or even misclassi cation and seems to be overestimated [28]. ...
Purpose: This study aimed to determine if maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), resting heart rate (RHR), and self-reported leisure- time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) changed over a 3-year follow-up (FU) among industrial workers during restrictions of outdoor movement and the concurrent closure of fitness centres due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: We assessed cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among workers in industry in August 2018 and in August 2021. The last 17-18 months of the 3-year FU coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from 86 participants were collected; demographics by questionnaire and cardiovascular outcomes from medical examination: V̇O2max, RHR, and fat mass (%). At both time points, workers reported on their leisure-time MVPA. To assess changes in health outcomes, we applied a linear mixed model, adjusting for baseline (BL) age, sex, pack-years, shift work, and a 5-month plant shutdown. In a second analysis, we adjusted for actual age instead of BL age.
Results: V̇O2max decreased from 39.6 ml/kg/min at BL to 34.0 at FU, a reduction of 5.6 ml/kg/min (95%CI, -7.6,-3.7). When adjusted for actual age, the corresponding figure for V̇O2max was 5.4 ml/kg/min, (95%CI, -7.4,-3.4), an annual loss of 4.6%. RHR increased from 61.3 to 64.4 beats per minute (95%CI, 0.8, 5.4). Self-reported MVPA decreased by 43.9 min/week, (95%CI, -73.5,-14.4).
Conclusion: We observed a significant decrease in V̇O2max, an increase in RHR and a decrease in self-reported MVPA over the 3-year FU among industrial workers. These changes may be attributable to physical inactivity during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ISRCTN42416837, date of registration 25.10.2018
... In Equation 3 and Figure 1, the line for women was higher than for men. This might be due to systematic differences in maximal aerobic capacity (Loe et al., 2013) and the fact that work-driven T c (those in the prescriptive zone) is better explained as a percent of maximal aerobic capacity (Saltin & Hermansen, 1966). ...
... When the maximal aerobic capacity is not known, the relationships described in this paper provide values at the ULPZ for healthy, hydrated individuals regardless of acclimatization state. Because the MRs were expressed in absolute terms, the women as a group were working at a higher percent of their maximal aerobic capacity (Loe et al., 2013) and thus had higher values of T c compared to men. ...
The expressed goal of limiting workplace heat stress exposures to a core temperature (Tc ) of 38°C traces back to a 1969 World Health Organization Technical Report (WHO Series 412). The actual goal was to limit exposures to the upper limit of the prescriptive zone (ULPZ). To explore the physiological strain at the ULPZ, progressive heat stress protocol data from Penn State University (PSU) and University of South Florida (USF) below and at the ULPZ were used to articulate the relation of Tc and heart rate (HR) to metabolic rate (MR) with consideration of acclimatization state, clothing, exposure condition (PreULPZ vs. ULPZ), and sex. Regression models demonstrated the association of MR and sex with Tc and HR. At the ULPZ, women had systematically higher values of Tc and HR than men at the same MR likely due to higher relative demands. There was no effect for acclimatization state and clothing. As expected for individuals, Tc was practically constant below the ULPZ and HR exhibited increasing values approaching the ULPZ. At 490 W, the high MR cited in the WHO document, the mean Tc for men was near the 38°C limit with systematically lower Tc at lower MRs.
... The maximal RPE values, i.e., the values of perceived exertion stated at peak performance, did neither differ between sexes nor trained and untrained groups. This observation is supported by previous findings for training status (Hill et al., 1987) or sex (Loe et al., 2013). These results come not as a surprise since each individual was at their individual peak performance. ...
Introduction: Mechanic power output (MPO) and oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) reflect endurance capacity and are often stated relative to body mass (BM) but less often per skeletal muscle mass (SMM). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) has previously shown conflicting results between sexes at submaximal intensities. Individual body composition, however, largely differs due to sex and training status. It was the aim of this study to evaluate RPE of untrained and trained individuals of both sexes considering body composition and to estimate whether RPE could be improved as a tool to determine endurance capacity.
Methods: The study included 34 untrained adults (age 26.18 ± 6.34 years, 18 women) and 29 endurance trained (age 27.86 ± 5.19, 14 women) who were measured for body composition (InBody 770, InBody Europe B.V., Germany) and tested on a treadmill (Pulsar, H/P/Cosmos, Germany) for aerobic capacity (Metalyzer 3B, Cortex Biophysik GmbH, Germany) in an all-out exercise test applying the Bruce-protocol. VO 2 , MPO, heart rate (HR), and RPE were obtained at each exercise stage. VO 2 and MPO were calculated per BM and SMM. RPE values were correlated with absolute VO 2 and MPO, as well as relative to BM, and SMM. HR values and the parameters’ standardized values served for comparison to standard procedures.
Results: VO 2 and MPO were higher in men compared to women and in trained compared to untrained participants. No differences between groups and sexes exist when VO 2 and MPO were calculated per BM. When calculated per SMM, VO 2 and MPO indicate opposite results already at low intensity stages of exercise test. RPE values had highest correlation with MPO per SMM (R ² = 0.8345) compared to absolute MPO (R ² = 0.7609), or MPO per BM (R ² = 0.8176). Agreement between RPE and MPO per SMM was greater than between RPE and HR ( p = 0.008).
Conclusion: Although RPE represents a subjective value at first glance, it was shown that RPE constitutes a valuable tool to estimate endurance capacity, which can be further enhanced if individual body composition is considered. Furthermore, MPO and VO 2 should be considered relative to SMM. These findings might help to avoid over-exertion, especially among untrained people, by adjusting the training intensity for each subject according to the individual strain evaluated in an exercise test based on individual body composition.
... As expected, maximal V_O 2 and HR were the highest in the youngest age groups in men and women and declined with increasing age. Mean values as well as the age dependent decline were comparable to maximal treadmill reference data from 3,816 healthy men and women published by Loe et al. (2013). Additionally, mean relative values at VT 1 and VT 2 for HR and VO 2 were consistent with the results of other studies (Vucetic et al., 2014;Vainshelboim et al., 2020). ...
Introduction: The heart rate performance curve (HRPC) in maximal incremental cycle ergometer exercise demonstrated three different patterns such as downward, linear or inverse versions. The downward pattern was found to be the most common and therefore termed regular. These patterns were shown to differently influence exercise prescription, but no data are available for running. This study investigated the deflection of the HRPC in maximal graded treadmill tests (GXT) of the 4HAIE study.
Methods: Additional to maximal values, the first and second ventilatory thresholds as well as the degree and the direction of the HRPC deflection (k HR ) were determined from 1,100 individuals (489 women) GXTs. HRPC deflection was categorized as downward (k HR < −0.1), linear (−0.1 ≤ k HR ≤ 0.1) or inverse (k HR > 0.1) curves. Four (even split) age- and two (median split) performance-groups were used to investigate the effects of age and performance on the distribution of regular (= downward deflection) and non-regular (= linear or inverse course) HR curves for male and female subjects.
Results: Men (age: 36.8 ± 11.9 years, BMI: 25.0 ± 3.3 kg m ⁻² , VO 2max : 46.4 ± 9.4 mL min ⁻¹ . kg ⁻¹ ) and women (age: 36.2 ± 11.9 years, BMI: 23.3 ± 3.7 kg m ⁻² , VO 2max : 37.4 ± 7.8 mL min ⁻¹ . kg ⁻¹ ) presented 556/449 (91/92%) downward deflecting, 10/8 (2/2%) linear and 45/32 (7/6%) inverse HRPC´s. Chi-squared analysis revealed a significantly higher number of non-regular HRPC´s in the low-performance group and with increasing age. Binary logistic regression revealed that the odds ratio (OR) to show a non-regular HRPC is significantly affected by maximum performance (OR = 0.840, 95% CI = 0.754–0.936, p = 0.002) and age (OR = 1.042, 95% CI = 1.020–1.064, p < 0.001) but not sex.
Discussion: As in cycle ergometer exercise, three different patterns for the HRPC were identified from the maximal graded treadmill exercise with the highest frequency of regular downward deflecting curves. Older subjects and subjects with a lower performance level had a higher probability to show a non-regular linear or inverted curve which needs to be considered for exercise prescription.
... The assumption of normally distributed variables was checked by visual inspection of histogram, boxplot, and Q-Q-plots of standardised residuals. As physical fitness differs between women and men 35,36 , we performed separate analyses by sex. Differences in physical fitness between groups were adjusted for height as a potential mediating factor in a univariate general linear model, since height has been consistently correlated with both being born SGA 4,12,37 and physical fitness in previous literature 22 . ...
There is lack of research on body composition and physical fitness in individuals born small for gestational age (SGA) at term entering mid-adulthood. We aimed to investigate these outcomes in adults born SGA at term. This population-based cohort study included 46 adults born SGA with birth weight < 10th percentile at term (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks) (22 women, 24 men) and 61 adults born at term with birth weight ≥ 10th percentile (35 women, 26 men) at 32 years. Body composition was examined anthropometrically and by 8-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis (Seca® mBCA 515). Fitness was measured by maximal isometric grip strength by a Jamar hand dynamometer, 40-s modified push-up test and 4-min submaximal step test. Participants born SGA were shorter than controls, but other anthropometric measures did not differ between the groups. Men born SGA had 4.8 kg lower grip strength in both dominant (95% CI 0.6 to 9.0) and non-dominant (95% CI 0.4 to 9.2) hand compared with controls. Grip strength differences were partly mediated by height. In conclusion, body composition and physical fitness were similar in adults born SGA and non-SGA at term. Our finding of reduced grip strength in men born SGA may warrant further investigation.
... Due to cross-over in V O 2peak values between groups, this approach was taken to create two distinct groups within the study. Age predicted V O 2peak levels for each participant were calculated based on a large database of aerobic capacity reference data of healthy individuals aged 20 -90 years (Loe et al. 2013), and a similar approach to create distinct study groups has been used previously in a cohort of middle-aged and older females (Brown et al. 2010). An 80% threshold was chosen as healthy exercise trained and untrained older adults within a recent study investigating CCA PCS and PSR exhibited V O 2peak levels below and above 80% of their age predicted V O 2peak , respectively (Talbot et al. 2020). ...
... Coefficient of variation for the determination of V O 2peak in our laboratory is < 3.0%. Subsequently measured V O 2peak was assessed as a proportion of age predicted V O 2peak (Loe et al. 2013). ...
Purpose
Aging females are at risk of declining vascular and cognitive function. Exercise can augment both factors independently; however, the influence of exercise on their interdependence is less clearly understood. Ultrasound speckle tracking is a sensitive novel measure of arterial aging but has not previously been used in middle-aged females. We aimed to elucidate the potential interactions between vascular and cognitive variables in active aging females.
Methods
Twelve active (56 ± 5 years; $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_{2\mathrm{peak}}$$ V ˙ O 2 peak : 34.5 ± 6.1 ml.kg.min ⁻¹ ) and 13 inactive (57 ± 4 years; 22.8 ± 2.6 ml.kg.min ⁻¹ ) healthy middle-aged females were included. Ultrasound speckle tracking assessed short-axis common carotid artery (CCA) compliance via peak circumferential strain (PCS) and strain rate (PSR) at rest, during, and after 3-min isometric handgrip exercise. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was assessed using ultrasound. Cognitive function was measured using Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, Stroop, and Digit Span tests.
Results
PCS ( P = 0.003) and PSR ( P = 0.004), were higher in the active cohort. FMD was similar between groups ( P > 0.05). Minimal differences in cognitive function existed between groups, although the inactive group performed better in one test of animal Verbal Fluency ( P < 0.01). No associations were observed between PCS, PSR, or FMD with cognitive function (all P > 0.05).
Conclusion
This is the first study to assess PCS and PSR in middle-aged females and demonstrates that active middle-aged females exhibit a superior carotid artery profile compared to their inactive counterparts. However, PCS and PSR of the carotid artery may not be linked with cognitive function in middle-aged females.
... 17 Similarly, the VO 2 max among people in another study above 60 years was 39.2 mL/kg/minute in man and 31.1 mL/kg/minute in women. 18 The results of VO 2 max in this study were higher than other studies. Since they are members of the elderly gymnastics club of Haji General Hospital of Surabaya, who routinely do gymnastics three times a week, leading to a higher VO 2 max compared to other populations of the same age. ...
Background: Indonesia is the fourth most populated country, of whom 10.8% are elderly people. The quality of life (QOL), which includes physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and the environment, is crucial as physical fitness may reflect the ability to perform daily activities without significant fatigue. The objective of this study was to explore the correlation of physical fitness with the QOL among the elderly.
Methods: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional approach, including members of the elderly gymnastics club of the Haji General Hospital Surabaya. The physical fitness value was measured based on VO2max using a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). The VO2max (0.03 x mileage(m) + 3.98 cc/kilogram body weight/minute) was categorized into poor, moderate, and good. The QOL was assessed with WHOQOL-100 and grouped into poor, moderate, and good QOL. Data were analyzed by the Spearman correlation test.
Results: In total, 33 elderly were recruited, with an average age was 67.85±6.11 years (range 60–78), mean height was 1.49±0.09 m, mean weight was 57.65±10.53 kg, and mean BMI was 24.92±3.69. The mean VO2max was 16.96±2.37, and the QOL was 64.61±6.82 mL/kg/minute. The 6MWT resulted in the physical fitness of poor (15%; n=5), moderate (36%; n12), and good (48%; n16). The WHOQOL assessment showed moderate (30%; n=10) and good (61%; n=23) QOL. Spearman correlation test results showed a correlation between physical fitness and the QOL (coefficient 0.356 and p= 0.042).
Conclusions: There is a correlation between physical fitness and QOL among the elderly, suggesting that increasing physical fitness among the elderly, adjusted to their physical health condition, is important to get a good quality of life.
... Data Collection. The all-time top 10 performances for men and women in three outdoor track events (800 m, 1500 m, and 5000 m) across 6 age groups (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 yr) were analyzed from two public databases (https://www.worldathletics.org and https://www.mastersrankings. ...
... The magnitude of the reduction in _ VO 2max observed in the Master's runners of 15-19% is remarkably close to the reduction in CS we observed in the 50%-to 59-yr-old male cohort of~16%. In addition, cross-sectional decade-by-decade data in healthy individuals suggest a 3.5-mL·kg −1 ·min −1 decline iṅ VO 2max per decade (24). Other factors that impactVO 2max (and are associated with critical power (25)), such as mitochondrial enzyme activity and capillary density, are reduced with age, at least in the non-endurance-trained population (26). ...
... Curvature constant, aging, and sex differences. Our analysis revealed novel findings wherein D′ was similar between men and women in the three youngest age groups (i.e., [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49], and 50-59), but was less in females than males in the three oldest age groups (Fig. 3). Although the nonparametric statistical tests used in our analysis do not allow for the true testing of an age by sex interaction, we believe these results indirectly demonstrate an age by sex interaction effect. ...
Purpose:
To determine if the speed-duration relationship is altered with age and sex of elite Master's runners.
Methods:
The world's top 10 performances for males and females in 3 events (800 m, 1500 m, and 5000 m) across 6 age groups (18-34, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 years) were analyzed from public data to establish theoretical models of the speed-duration relationship. Critical speed (CS) and the curvature constant (D') were estimated by fitting the average speeds and performance times with a two-parameter hyperbolic model.
Results:
CS expressed relative to the 18-34 year-olds, declined with age [92.2% (40-49) to 55.2% (80-89), P < 0.001], and absolute CS was higher in males than females within each age group [P < 0.001]. The percent difference in CS between the males and females progressively increased across age groups [10.8% (18-34) to 15.5% (80-89)]. D' was lower in females than males in the 60-69, 70-79, and 80-89 year-old age groups (P < 0.001), but did not differ in the 18-34, 40-49, or 50-59 year-old age groups.
Conclusions:
Critical speed progressively decreased with age, likely due to age-related decrements in several physiological systems that cause reduced aerobic capacity. The mechanism for the larger sex difference in CS in the older age-groups is unknown but may indicate physiological differences that occur with aging and/or historical sociological factors that have reduced participation opportunities of older female runners resulting in a more limited talent pool.
... In the present study, higher values of maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 max) was found in males than females which were similar to the findings of a study conducted by Loe H. et al [18]. Muscle is the main consumer of oxygen during physical activity. ...
Relevance. Сardiovascular status could be assessed by maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) through direct analysis of the gases involved in pulmonary ventilation and monitoring fluctuations in intervals between beats over time as heart rate variability. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between VO2max and heart rate variability in young adults. Materials and Methods. A total of 100 young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 were included in observational study, who did not engage in any strenuous physical activity, 50 of whom were male and 50 of whom were female.There were measured Heart rate variability in the frequency domain; LF, HF, LF/HF, and time domain; SDNN, RMSSD, pNN 50, and VO2max were assessed using a treadmill test according to Graded Exercise Protocol. Results and Discussion. There was weak positive correlation of VO2max with LF ( r = 0.177) and weak negative correlation with HF ( r = -0.141). Male participants had a weak negative relationship between VO2 max and LF ( r = -0.075), whereas female respondents had a weak positive relationship(r = 0.286). There was weak negative correlation of VO2max with LF/HF ratio for male subjects but weak positive correlation ( r = -0.101) for female subjects. For male and female participants, there was a weak negative association of VO2max with SDNN ( r = -0.170) and ( r = -0.301), respectively. Male and female participants had a weak negative association of VO2max with RMSSD, with ( r = -0.154) and ( r = -0.284) respectively. Male and female participants had a slight negative association of VO2max with pNN 50, with ( r = -0.062) and ( r = -0.441) respectively. Conclusion. Significant variations were found in the time domain and frequency domain indices including HF and LF/HF ratio which represents the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
