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Ocimum gratissimum, common name tulsi, is considered as a sacred plant and worshiped in India. It
belongs to family Lamiaceae. It is a valuable medicinal plant which has numbers of pharmacological
properties. Antitumor and anti-cancer effects have been reported in in vitro experiments. It is also
recommended for treatment of diseases like bronch...
Citations
... The different values observed for the composition and physical-chemical properties of the purple basil leaves when compared with the leaves of other plant species in the same genus and with plant species of other genera can be attributed to the place of cultivation, the soil and climate conditions, and the species or genus [32,33] Figure 1 shows the drying curves of the basil leaves at temperatures of 40 • C, 50 • C, 60 • C, and 70 • C. In the initial stage of drying, a linear behavior was observed between moisture ratio (MR) and time, indicating that the process occurred at a constant drying rate, which increased with increasing temperature (increase in the straight slope) and it was much lower for drying at 40 • C, when compared with drying at temperatures from 50 • C to 70 • C. In the next drying stage, an exponential behavior of MR occurred with time, indicating that the process occurred with decreasing drying rates, for all conditions studied. Figure 1 shows the drying curves of the basil leaves at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. In the initial stage of drying, a linear behavior was observed between moisture ratio (MR) and time, indicating that the process occurred at a constant drying rate, which increased with increasing temperature (increase in the straight slope) and it was much lower for drying at 40 °C, when compared with drying at temperatures from 50 °C to 70 °C. ...
This study evaluated the effect of convective drying on the degradation of color and phenolic compounds of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves, and the hygroscopic behavior of dried leaves. The fresh leaves underwent drying at 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C. Degradation of chlorophyll, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds were evaluated during drying and the hygroscopicity was evaluated through the moisture sorption isotherms. The drying mathematical modeling and the moisture sorption data were performed. The effective diffusivity for the drying increased from 4.93 × 10−10 m2/s at 40 °C to 18.96 × 10−10 m2/s at 70 °C, and the activation energy value (39.30 kJ/mol) showed that the leaves present temperature sensibility. The leaves dried at 40 °C had less degradation of phenolic compounds and color variation, but the drying process was too slow for practical purposes. Modified Page, Diffusion Approximation, and Verna models had excellent accuracy in drying kinetics. The isotherms showed that, in environments with relative humidity above 50%, the purple basil leaves are more susceptible to water gain, and at 8.83 g H2O/100 g db moisture, it guarantees the microbiological stability of the dried leaves. The Oswin model was the most suitable for estimating the moisture sorption isotherms of the dried leaves.
... O. gratissimum, with the common name of clove basil, is a species of family Labiate which grows in tropical region, namely India and West Africa [71,72]. It is 1-3 m tall and has leaves that are 3-4 cm × 1-2 cm [73]. The flowers have several colors, such as yellowish white, greenish purple, hairy, calyx greenish purple, brown seeds, and not slimy [74]. ...
Infection by bacteria is one of the main problems in health. The use of commercial antibiotics is still one of the treatments to overcome these problems. However, high levels of consumption lead to antibiotic resistance. Several types of antibiotics have been reported to experience resistance. One solution that can be given is the use of natural antibacterial products. There have been many studies reporting the potential antibacterial activity of the Ocimum plant. Ocimum is known to be one of the medicinal plants that have been used traditionally by local people. This plant contains components of secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Therefore, in this paper, we will discuss five types of Ocimum species, namely O. americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. campechianum, and O. sanctum. The five species are known to contain many chemical constituents and have good antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
... Several bioactive compounds such as: Eugenol, Thymol, β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, γ-terpinene, α-bisabolene, β-selinene, 1.8-cineole, geraniol, and pcymene have been identified from this plant [16]. In search for phytocompounds with inhibitory potential against the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, 103 bioactive compounds (previously reported as active constituent of O. gratissimum) were compiled from reports where the chemical constituents were identified and/ or isolated [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] and review articles on the chemical composition [25,26]) were screened in silico for interaction with five anti-apoptotic targets in cancer. This computer-based screening approach is exceptionally valuable for resource optimization and search space minimization. ...
The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family is intrinsically involved in regulating apoptosis. Over expression of these proteins is associated with cancer. Thus, inhibitors of these proteins will enhance the development of anti-apoptotic drugs. Herein, previously reported 103 Ocimum gratissimum derived phytochemicals were screened against five anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (BCL-2, MCL-1, BCL-B BCL-XL and BFL-1) to identify potential inhibitors of multiple anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, using static and dynamic docking simulations, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, clustering and Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion-Toxicity (ADMET) filtering analysis. Based on the minimal binding energy and a comparative reference inhibitors binding mode analysis, five lead phytochemicals (FLP) (ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, luteolin, basilimoside and apigenin 7,4’,dimethyl ether) were identified. Ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and luteolin exhibited higher binding tendencies to the BH3 binding groove of multiple targets. Ursolic acid-Bcl-2 and luteolin-BCL-XL, complexes demonstrated structural stability in the simulated MD environment. Also, the FLP demonstrated favorable ADMET properties. Evidences from previously reported antiproliferative activities of ursolic acid, β-sitosterol and luteolin and results from this study suggest that the anti-proliferative activity of O. gratissimum may be as a result of the synergistic activities of, at least, the FLP. They are recommended for further study as natural-inhibitors against cancers defined by over expression of Bcl-2 family protein
... It is a high commercial demand regarding medicinal plants. Plant tissue culture technique prevents the inconvenience of susceptibility to infestation with bacteria, fungi, and insects, which can influence the properties of the preparations by growing them to a large extent in controlled conditions in a limited time (Monga et al., 2017). Also, natural extinction due to the different natural and anthropogenic factors can be avoided by tissue culture of special genotypes and chemotypes. ...
C. jejuni and C. coli have the greatest zoonotic potential. In humans, they cause campylobacteriosis with symptoms of food poisoning. Epidemics are mostly related to the consumption of non-chlorinated water and contaminated chicken food and in the spring-summer season. Since 2005, according to the European Food Safety Agency and the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, campylobacteriosis has been considered the leading alimentary intoxication. A review of the literature was published in Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, electronically available scientific journals, books, textbooks, proceedings books and reports EFSA/ ECDC, FAO/ WHO. Only literature in English, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian is included. As a measure to prevent campylobacteriosis, sanitation is recommended in the primary production of chicken meat, and the use of probiotics in meat as biological preservatives is being investigated.
... It is a high commercial demand regarding medicinal plants. Plant tissue culture technique prevents the inconvenience of susceptibility to infestation with bacteria, fungi, and insects, which can influence the properties of the preparations by growing them to a large extent in controlled conditions in a limited time (Monga et al., 2017). Also, natural extinction due to the different natural and anthropogenic factors can be avoided by tissue culture of special genotypes and chemotypes. ...
... It is a high commercial demand regarding medicinal plants. Plant tissue culture technique prevents the inconvenience of susceptibility to infestation with bacteria, fungi, and insects, which can influence the properties of the preparations by growing them to a large extent in controlled conditions in a limited time (Monga et al., 2017). Also, natural extinction due to the different natural and anthropogenic factors can be avoided by tissue culture of special genotypes and chemotypes. ...
In this preliminary screening, we assessed the antibacterial activity of in vitro obtained plant material, namely shoots of Artemisia eriantha (Asteraceae) and callus of Ocimum basilicum L. var. ʻSpicy globeʼ, against two bacteria strains, the Gram-positive ones including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Gram-negative, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 by the plate-counting method. Artemisia sprouted on the Murashige-Skoog medium added with 1.5 mg/L benzylaminopurine and ʻSpicy globeʼ basil developed callus on Murashige - Skook basal medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/L naphtylacetic acid (NAA). The method of using small pieces of vegetal material inoculated in Erlenmeyer flasks on liquid Luria-Bertani medium added with standardized microbial cell suspension was not effective against the pathogenic bacteria in the case of the Artemisia species, but the same method was efficient for basil cultivar ʻSpicy globeʼ.
... Significant amounts of Thymol and flavonoids, in the form of orintin and vicenin, are also present. Terpenes, xanthenes, and lactone are also present in the Tu extract [36]. Further, the natural composition consists of ursolic acid (C 30 H 48 O 3 ), alkaloids (organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom), carvacrol (C 10 H 14 O), linalool (C 10 H 18 O), glycosides, tannins, rosmarinic acid (C 18 H 16 O 8 ), aromatic composite, etc [37,38]. ...
Organic dyes in non-aqueous solvents are used for generating tunable LASER, Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) is one such fluorescent cationic LASER dye. Due to the quenching effect and molecular aggregation, the lasing ability of this dye reduces. Considering the urgent treatment of the organic Rh6G dye prior to disposal, the current work focuses on industrial level photocatalysis employing a simple light-matter (metal-semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs)) interaction. Bulk pH mediated one-step biogenic synthesis of non-toxic zinc oxide (ZO) NPs and silver-ZnO (AZO) nanocomposites (NCs) with Tulsi (Tu) leaf extract for the photocatalysis of real-time industrial Rh6G. A combination of characterization results provided in detail gives an insight into the formation of ZO-Tu and AZO-Tu. For the first time, a high concentration Rh6G LASER dye (120 µM) was photo catalytically degraded using AZO-Tu NCs with an efficiency of 97% which may be a holistic approach to academia-industry relations. The high efficiency of AZO-Tu NCs aims for the generation of the plasmonic electron at Ag NPs deposited metal-oxide nanoparticle interface onto the ZO-Tu NPs surface. The work addresses the effect of pH, photocatalyst loading, organic solvent, and metal effect on the photocatalytic degradation of industrial LASER dye. Five times recyclability of AZO-Tu photo catalyst was obtained for the same high concentrated Rh6G solution. The toxicity assessment reveals that toxic organic dye is converted into inorganic carbon.
... Ocimum gratissimum L. or tree basil or clove basil has been used as an active ingredient in many Arurvedic and other traditional medicine preparations. The leaves of O. gratissimum L. was chewed after meals to help food digestion [1]. It was also acted as carminative, flavoring agent, stomachic, and tonic agents [2]. ...
... The oil was kept at 4 °C until use. The yield (%) of O. gratissimum oil received from the distillation was calculated as equation (1). % yield = Volume of essential oil (mL) ×100 ...
Ocimum gratissimum L. leaf oil exhibited many pharmacological properties. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical and chemical stability of O. gratissimum leaf oil nanoemulsion. O. gratissimum leaf oil was extracted by hydrodistillation. The major component of the essential oil eugenol, was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Nanoemulsions of O. gratissimum leaf oil were formulated using polysorbate 80, hyaluronic acid, poloxamer 188, and deionized water by phase inversion composition method. The hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential value of O. gratissimum leaf oil nanoemulsion was evaluated by a dynamic light scattering technique. The %remaining of eugenol in the nanoemulsion was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The essential oil extracted from of O. gratissimum leaf oil was a clear, pale yellow color. The %yield of the essential oil was 0.15 ± 0.03% v/w. The size of the nanoemulsion was less than 106 nm. The polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion was ranging from 0.303 - 0.586 and the zeta potential value of the nanoemulsion was closely to zero, depending on the formulation component. O. gratissimum leaf oil at concentrations ranging from 0.002 - 0.012% v/v contained 35 - 41% of eugenol. The size of nanoemulsion was significantly decreased after storage at 4 °C, while significantly increased upon storage at 45 °C. The size of nanoemulsion stored at 30 °C did not significantly change. The %remaining of eugenol in the nanoemulsion was more than 90% after storage at 4 °C and 30 °C for 28 days. The percentage of eugenol remaining in the nanoemulsion stored at 45 °C was more than 85 - 90%, suggesting that the temperature affected the stability of eugenol in the nanoemulsion.
... The plant comprises Vitamins (A and C) and certain other minerals like calcium, iron and many phytochemicals. The chemical structure of Tulsi is very complex that comprises of many nutrients and some other biological complexes (Monga et al., 2017). ...
Tulsi is an important ornamental plant and also used for different medicinal purposes. Cultivation of Tulsi is not much common in Pakistan although it has many health benefits and source of valuable products. A pot experiment was conducted at University of Agriculture Faisalabad to identify the nitrogen (N) requirement of Tulsi for enhanced growth and oil contents. Data for different parameters was taken with equal days interval and analysis of that recorded data was done by using HSD test at 5% probability level. Data analysis showed that higher N application produced maximum leaves plant-1 (10.667), root length (10.933 cm), shoot length (11.067 cm), plant height (22.000 cm) plant fresh weight (1.386), plant dry weight (0.9000), chlorophyll contents (16.800), leaf area (9.966), leaf area index (4.9800) and oil contents (0.7567). In conclusion, all the levels of N spray produced significant results when compared to controlled pot. It is clear from the data that Tulsi plant needs higher amount of N to produce more growth and oil contents.
... It is a valuable medicinal plant which has numbers of pharmacological properties. Antitumor and anti-cancer effects have been reported in in vitro experiments (Sheelu et al, 2017). It is also recommended for treatment of diseases like bronchitis, bronchial asthma, diarrhea, dysentery chronic fever etc. Tulsi contains eugenol (1-hydroxy-2-methoxy-4-allylbenzene) which can be used for therapeutic purposes. ...
Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is an omnipresent, multipurpose plant and regarded as holy plant in Hindu religion finds place in front of every Hindu household throughout their presence. Basil is the English name for Tulsi. The common name of this plant is ‘Tulsi’ (or ‘Tulasi’ or ‘Thulasi’) and is considered sacred by Hindus. This herb is a member of Lamiaceae family, well known for its spiritual, religious and medicinal importance in India. Tulsi is a Sanskrit word that means “matchless one” is commonly known as Holy Basil. O. sanctum (Tulsi in Hindi) has a significant place in Hindu culture, being used in an array of traditional medicaments and as a condiment. Scientific investigations of traditional belief of medicinal properties of Tulsi have got impetus mostly in the later part of the 20th century. Characteristically, the plant imparts a pungent, bitter, hot, light and dry effect indicating the presence of curative value. It is extensively famous and has been used since centuries in Ayurvedic and Greek medicines owing to its beneficially diverse properties. Presence of this herb in the household ascertains more than religious values in terms of protection from several common ailments leading to a peaceful and healthy living. The scientific fact behind these benefits owe to the presence of phytochemicals in leaves like flavonoids, phenol, terpenoids, alkaloids, eugenol and others which impart ability to overcome the infection by the target cells. The ability can be antimicrobial, pharmacological, any therapeutic, nutritional value or even leveraging of certain levels of phytochemicals thus bringing about the cellular protection. This review is an attempt to present brief information available on the religious values, studies on physiological aspects, antimicrobial properties, pharmacological application, therapeutic uses, phytochemical analysis, animal nutrition supplement and biotechnological studies comprising molecular marker usage, genome sequencing, bioinformatics and nanotechnological studies in Tulsi.
