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Sauropus androgynus (SA) is a medicinal plant with high antioxidant potential. The leaves of this plant have been traditionally used to treat certain diseases, for weight loss, and as vegetable dishes. SA leaves contain an adequate amount of macronutrients and having most of the micronutrients. The micronutrients are phenolic compounds, carotenoids...
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... of the leaf compliment with other food for an individual to obtain enough macronutrients for survival. The proximate compositions or macronutrient contents of SA leaves are depicted in Table 1. SA leaves have moisture content ranging between 69.9% and 89.9%, and the protein contents of both dry and fresh samples of SA are in the range between 4.2% and 29.15%. ...
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... Merr. is a significant perennial shrub with considerable nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential (Swain et al. 2024). This leafy vegetable contains nutrient-rich and antioxidant compounds (Khoo et al. 2015;Anju et al. 2022). Its leaves contain protein (22.0 g/100g), fiber (34-36%), calcium, iron (3.89-4.50 ...
Fachruddin, Suprayogi A, Hanif N. 2025. Short Communication: Phytochemistry and chemical fingerprint of katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves extract from four varieties. Biodiversitas 26: 824-830. Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) is a medicinal plant known to consist of four varieties based on the presence and distribution of white spots on the leaf surface. These characteristic differences affect the content of active compounds and their biological activities. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical content of crude ethanol extracts and to analyze the chemical fingerprints of the n-hexane fractions from the leaves of four S. androgynus varieties. The extraction process was conducted using ethanol to obtain the crude extract, followed by partitioning with n-hexane to separate the non-polar fractions. Qualitative phytochemical tests were performed on the crude ethanol extract, while chemical fingerprint analysis was carried out on the n-hexane fraction using LC-MS instruments. The results showed that the crude ethanol extract contained flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. LC-MS analysis revealed that all S. androgynus varieties shared similarities in their chemical fingerprint patterns, particularly the Zanzibar-Bastar varieties (six peaks on the chromatogram had the same retention times). The major compound groups found in the n-hexane fractions included triterpenoid glycosides (Zanzibar), diterpenoids (Bastar and Paris), and steroids (Kebo). These similar fingerprints and slight variations in chemical composition provide insights that are likely to produce subtly different pharmacological effects, thereby sparking further intrigue and eagerness for future research in the field of medicinal plant studies.
... Moreover, Zhang et al. (2020) stated that the chikurmanis plant has phytochemical, ethnopharmacological, and pharmacological activities. Khoo et al. (2015) previously stated that the chikurmanis plant has great potential as a medicinal plant. The chikurmanis plant is traditionally used as a medicinal plant in South Asia and Southeast Asia. ...
Chikurmanis or katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) is a traditional leafy vegetable that is consumed widely in Indonesia. The leaf is rich in vitamins, minerals, nutrients, and dietary fiber. The study aimed to investigate the leaf growth pattern and morphological characteristics of the chikurmanis cultivated in the tropical lowland ecosystem. The research was conducted on local farmland in Marga Sakti Sebelat, Bengkulu, Indonesia on December 2023 by survey method. The results showed that the leaf of chikurmanis grew in the daytime and continued to grow at nighttime as indicated in midrib length, leaf width, and foliole number. It is likely that nighttime growth become predominant in chikurmanis. The plant was a type of shrub with complete organs of stem, branch, root, flower, and leaf. The leaf was arranged as a compound leaf with many folioles in opposite positions. Midrib length (M) x leaf width (W) with a zero intercept of linear regression was the most reliable predictor of leaf area with the formula Y = 0.4964MxW (R2 = 0.9677). Keywords: chikurmanis plant; katuk; leaf area estimation; morphological trait; traditional leafy vegetable
... Traditionally, in Indonesia, S. androgynous leaves have been used to increase the milk supply for nursing mothers (Asokawati et al., 2021). S. androgynous leaves extract contains a high amount of vitamin A and vitamin C, carotenoids, and flavonoids that have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potentials (Khoo et al., 2015). ...
... The skin epithelium in all treatment groups in 14 days had completely closed. A study showed that S. androgynous leaves extract contains flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins which have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects (Khoo et al., 2015). This study explained that S. androgynous leaves extract may have the potential to accelerate burn wound healing. ...
... This study explained that S. androgynous leaves extract may have the potential to accelerate burn wound healing. S. androgynous leaves also contain a high amount of vitamin A and vitamin C (Khoo et al., 2015). Vitamin A and vitamin C play a key role in increasing fibroblast and collagen synthesis, which can promote wound healing (Arnold and Barbul, 2006). ...
Burns not only damage skin locally but generally affect the body system and have been related as the secondary cause of death. Burns can be effectively treated with a topical drug to prevent chronic inflammation. Burn wound healing is really important for ensuring overall health and well-being. This study aimed to determine the effect of Sauropus androgynous leaves extract gel on the number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density on burn wound healing in albino rats. A total of 50 male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups i.e. (C-) was normal skin, (C+) was skin burn treated with placebo, (T1) was skin burn treated with 2.5% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel, (T2) was skin burn treated with 5% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel, and (T3) was skin burn treated with 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract the gel. The amount of 25 albino rats’ skin samples were collected on the 8th day, and the remaining samples were collected on the 15th day. The results showed that 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel improved faster, as indicated by the increased number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density. This study can be concluded that 10% of S. androgynous leaves extract gel was the effective dosage to increase the number of fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and collagen density in burn wound healing.
... Some of these plants, e.g. star gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus), ceylon spinach (Basella alba), and cowslip creeper (Telosma minor ), are types of tropical herb which have also been used extensively as ingredients for cooking and alternative treatments of various diseases, such as genitourinary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers (Adhikari et al., 2012;Khoo et al., 2015). These herbal plants are generally grown by smallscale production units and with home-grown vegetables around the region. ...
The research aimed to study the effect of drying processes (spray and freeze drying), and feed concentrations (80%, 65% and 50% of plant in water, w/w) on physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of star gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus), ceylon spinach (Basella alba), and cowslip creeper (Telosma minor). After drying, the powder recovery of herbal plant powders was up to 77.47%. The aw and moisture content of spray-dried powder (SDP) were lower than that of freeze-dried powder (FDP). The drying method did not significantly affect nutritional values of both powders, whereas the feed concentrations markedly affected the nutritional values of the powders. The fibre and fat contents of powder prepared from 80% feed concentration had the highest values (p<0.05). The dried star gooseberry powder was rich in protein (13.01-16.81%) and fibre (5.03-5.52%). The colour of FDP represented a smaller change than that of SDP. The dried powders prepared by 80% showed the highest solubility, up to 85.44%. The microbial counts of SDP were lower than that of FDP. The colour might well have been preserved by freeze drying, whereas a low moisture and microbial count were likely due to the spray drying.
... Based on genus and chemotaxonomic approaches, it is thought that the leaves of S. androgynus also have the content of compounds as antimalarials against P. falciparum. S. androgynus belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae known as star gooseberry which is a tropical shrub plant as a leafy vegetable and is a medicinal plant that has high antioxidant potential, can lose weight, and launch breastfeeding [8]. In addition, it can also be used for the treatment of several diseases such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, antiallergic, antioxidant, antitumor, anticancer, antiulcer, immunostimulant, and lipoxygenase inhibitor [9]. ...
... S. androgynus contains macronutrient and micronutrient components. It also contains polyphenols, vitamins, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, and essential minerals including sodium (Na), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) [8]. Scientific information on biological activity, especially in relation to malaria, of S. androgynus leaves is still scarce. ...
... e results of in vitro research revealed that S. androgynus leaf extract has antimalarial activity against chloroquine-sensitive strain (3D7) of P. falciparum with an IC 50 value of 96% ethanol extract of 1.88 µg/mL which is classified as very active [10]. erefore, fractionation was performed on 96% (6,7,8,9) 0.72 575175.293 FIV (10,11,12,13) 1.08 1908.618 ...
Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr., in the Indonesian local name known as “Katuk,” is a tropical shrub plant of the family Euphorbiaceae. Based on genus and chemotaxonomic approaches, as well as in vitro testing of Plasmodium falciparum, leaves of S. androgynus are presumed to have an active compound content as an antimalarial. The current study aims to investigate the antimalarial activity of 96% ethanol extract and fractions of S. androgynus leaves. The ethanolic extract was fractionated using the vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) method with three solvents of different polarities (n-hexane, chloroform, and 96% ethanol). The fraction obtained was then evaluated for antimalarial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 strain. The ethanolic extract was evaluated for antimalarial suppressive and prophylactic activity against P. berghei-infected mice, as well as inhibitory activity against the heme detoxification process in vitro. Fractionation of ethanolic extract resulted in seven combined fractions, with the most active fraction being FV (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.042 µg/mL). The ethanolic extract showed good parasitic suppressive (therapeutic) activity with a median effective dose (ED50) value of 15.35 mg/kg body weight. In a prophylactic test, ethanolic extract showed parasite growth inhibitory activity of 67.74 ± 9.21% after the administration of 400 mg/kg body weight for 4 days before infection, and 65.30 ± 10.44% after the administration of 200 mg/kg body weight for 8 consecutive days (4 days before and after infection). The ethanolic extract also showed an effect in inhibiting the formation of β-hematin of about 26.87–79.36% at a concentration of 0.1–4 mg/mL and an IC50 value of 0.479 mg/mL. The S. androgynus leaves were shown to have antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo, where ethanolic extract were more active compared with the fraction obtained. The antimalarial properties of the extract showed a higher suppressive activity than prophylactic activity.
... The obtained results show that the nutritional compositions of the leaves are approximately the same as those obtained in the study, with moisture values ranging from 69.9 to 89.9%, protein from 3.4 to 29.2%, fat from 1.1 to 4.6%, fibre from 1.2 to 8.2%, and ash from 1.4 to 12.1%. 5,16 Differences in nutrient amounts in the same food ingredients from different sources may be due to harvesting time, geographical location, or soil type. 17 ...
Sauropus androgynous is a green leafy vegetable in Vietnam. The proximate main compositions (protein, lipid, ash, and fiber) in leaves were 24.05±0.87, 4.20±0.02, 8.74±0.24, 7.21±1.19% dry weight (DW). This study aimed to determine the change of water-soluble vitamins and minerals of this vegetable plant when stored in polythene bags at a temperature of 6.2±2.89 C and moisture 49±13.23% and thermal processing. Throughout the storage period, the sample assessment results by High-Performance Liquid Chromography (HPLC) method revealed that, except for vitamin B3, almost water-soluble vitamins of S. androgynous tend to lose around 50% of their weight after 8-days in the refrigerator. After two days of storage, vitamin B3 increased substantially (123.39±19.45 mg/100g DW versus 203.75±3.94 mg/100g DW), then decreased slightly after every two days. The modification of minerals determined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry IPC-MS method in S. androgynous plant leaves occurred similarly over 8 days of storage. All the plant leaves were boiled in water for 15 min at 90-100 C with two-way pretreatments: rub and non-rub the leaves. All analyzed vitamins and minerals have decreased, but no significant differences between samples were treated in two different ways before thermal processing concerning several vitamins and minerals.
... A traditional Indonesian preparation "Jamu" restores uterus & abdomen to original size post giving birth also relieves fatigue. S. androgynus leaves are also used to reduce body weight, improve vision & treat skin problems (Khoo et al., 2015). ...
... Leaves & roots are dried, pounded, mixed with water and this juice is drank as abortifacient (Lim, 2014). This eatable garden plant is traditionally used for antimicrobial, anti-anaphylactic, antiinflammatory, anti-dermatitic, anti-tumor and anthelmintic properties (Haider & Ullah, 2019 (Khoo et al., 2015). I. walleriana edible flowers have 4.60 g/kg crude protein content apart from minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum (Boligon et al., 2014). ...
... Both these plants contain flavonoids & phenolics. Antioxidant activity of leaves of S. androgynus & leaves, flowers of I. walleriana has been reported (Lim, 2014;Khoo et al., 2015;Haider & Ullah, 2019). ...
“Oxidative stress” underlies a number of ailments & lipid peroxidation (LPO) also has economic implications/safety concerns as it contributes to spoilage of food products/cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Antioxidants seem to hold solutions for such problems. Culinary herbs based antioxidants are in demand be it food, cosmetic or pharma industry. In pursuit of finding such safe antioxidants present evaluation employing a combined hydroalcoholic extract of two nutritious plants namely Sauropus androgynus & Impatiens walleriana is carried out using three in-vitro assays. FRAP assay results seem promising with the extract under investigation showing ferric reducing ability between 73-88% compared to standard showing 59-84%. Antioxidant effect in nitric oxide scavenging assay is averaged at 20% in comparison to the standard for which it is 70%. Results of hydroxyl radical scavenging assay range between 31-72% compared to standard wherein effect is between 79-88%. Ascorbic acid has been used as standard in the assays. Findings from all the three invitro assays reveal antioxidant potential of the combined extract. Further additional studies to determine mechanisms underlying antioxidant activity along with finding active principles contributing to the same are recommended.
... Several studies also claimed that consuming these leaves can help in reducing weight as it contains adequate amounts of macroland micronutrients. The micronutrients include phenolics, carotenoids, antioxidant, vitamins, and minerals, while the antioxidant content showed extensive health benefits for humans (Khoo et al., 2015). ...
The inhibition of pancreatic lipase and the associated reduction of lipid absorption has become the most appropriate approach for treating obesity. Meanwhile, katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves are rich in polyphenols that act as natural bioactive compounds and are also responsible for the potential effect on metabolic diseases, including inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. Naturally occurring polyphenols can inhibit pancreatic lipase and consequently affect fat digestion as well as energy intake. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase, which plays an essential role in lipid absorption. In fermented katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves were brewed following RSM using a Box Behnken design. Data analysis was used to optimize the formulation with a response surface model consisting of three factors namely sucrose concentration ranging from 10-20% b/v, culture 10-20 b/v, as well as fermentation time of 1-5 days. The parameters tested were the percentage inhibition of pancreatic lipase, antioxidant activity, polyphenol, and total acid. Based on the RSM optimization results obtained from the three influencing factors, the optimum conditions were established namely 10.43% w/v sucrose, 10% v/v kombucha culture, and fermentation for 5 days. These conditions yielded the most optimal responses, with the percentage inhibition of pancreatic lipase, antioxidant activity, polyphenol, and total acid being 86.13%, 96.27%, 0.97 mg GAE/mL, and 1.11%, respectively. In general, the results demons-trated that the RSM method of the Box Behnken design and the parameter prediction values obtained using the model equation are in good agreement with the experimental values with at least R2 ≥ 0.8.
... Daun katuk terbukti aman, dimana uji toksisitas akut dan terpatogenik pada mencit menunjukkan bahwa daun katuk tidak toksik dan tidak menimbulkan kecacatan pada janin (Wuryaningsih, 1997). Uji toksisitas pada hewan coba tikus betina galur wistar menggunakan sediaan suspensi daun katuk dengan empat macam dosis yang berbeda, yaitu 500, 1000, 3000, dan 5000 mg/Kg BB tikus menghasilkan Letal Doses (LD50)di atas 5000 mg/Kg BB sehingga dapat dikatakan daun katuk bersifat tidak toksik (Eng Khoo, 2015). ...
Background: Poor nutritional status is the cause of pneumonia and diarrhea in infants and toddlers. This incidence can be reduced through exclusive breastfeeding. The achievement of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is still far from the national target, one of which is caused by the lack of breast milk production. In Indonesia, there are many plants that can promote breast milk, including katuk leaves, moringa leaves, young papaya fruit, wake-up, and fenugreek. The use of local plants as a breast milk facilitator must be supported by comprehensive information regarding the dosage form, dosage and duration of use, empirical benefits, and possible side effects.Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the use of local plants as breast milk carriers (galactogogue). Method: The method in this research is quantitative. This research was conducted in Terong Tawah Village, Labuapi District, West Lombok Regency in April 2021. The sample in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 0-2 years, as many as 123 people. The instrument in this study used a questionnaire made on google form. The research was conducted by sending a questionnaire via WhatsApp message. The data obtained were analyzed by univariate. Results: The results showed that the plants used to facilitate breastfeeding by the community were katuk leaves, moringa leaves, turi leaves, and spinach. These plants are processed by clear vegetable.Conclusion: Plants used by the community are scientifically proven to increase breast milk production. Further research needs to be done, one of which is about processing clear vegetables.Suggestion there is a need for further research on how to process clear vegetables so that they have the maximum effect. Keywords: Breast milk, Galaktogogue, Clear Vegetable, Plants. ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Status gizi kurang merupakan penyebab kejadian pneumonia dan diare pada bayi dan Balita. Kejadian ini dapat diturunkan melalui pemberian ASI eksklusif. Capaian ASI eksklusif di Indonesia masih jauh dari target nasional, salah satunya disebabkan oleh produksi ASI kurang. Di Indonesia terdapat banyak tanaman yang dapat melancarkan ASI, diantaranya daun katuk, daun kelor, buah papaya muda, bangun-bangun, dan klabet. Penggunaan tanaman lokal sebagai pelancar ASI harus didukung informasi yang komprehensif terkait bentuk sediaan, dosis, lama penggunaan, manfaat empiris, dan kemungkinan efek samping.Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pemanfaatan tanaman lokal sebagai pelancar ASI (galaktogogue).Metode: Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Terong Tawah, Kecamatan Labuapi, Kabupaten Lombok Barat pada bulan April 2021. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang memiliki bayi usia 0-2 tahun, yaitu sebanyak 123 orang. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner yang dibuat pada google form. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengirimkan kuesioner melalui pesan whatsApp. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara univariat .Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanaman yang dimanfaatkan untuk memperlancar ASI oleh masyarakat adalah daun katuk, daun kelor, daun turi,dan bayam. Tanaman tersebut diolah dengan cara disayur bening.Kesimpulan: Tanaman yang digunakan masyarakat terbukti dapat memperlancar ASI.Saran perlu adanya penelitian lanjutan, salah satunya tentang cara pengolahan sayur bening sehingga menimbulkan efek maksimal. Kata Kunci: ASI, Galaktogogue, Sayur Bening,Tanaman.
... 11,12 The beneficial effects of antioxidative components of SA leaves have been proven in vitro and in vivo studies, although there is also reported some adverse health effects of intake the fresh SA leaves like bronchiolitis obliterans. [13][14][15][16] A study by Sai and Srividya (2002) 17 showed the hypoglycemic activity of aqueous SA leaf digest in human. Our previous study reported that antioxidant activity of chlorophyll extract from katuk leaves (CSA) showed the potential effect to cure sodium nitrate-induced anemia in female mice 18 and female Wistar rats 19 . ...
Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives:This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocin-induced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity. © 2021 Phcogj.Com. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
