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A cephalopod culture system is simplified in order to reduce the cost of production. An open water supply system is considered to be less laborious. The size, shape and colour of concrete tanks in the hatchery are designed from experience to suit cephalopod habits as well as other purposes. The culture protocol consists of four phases, egg and spaw...
Citations
... Vì vậy, tập chuyển đổi để mực lá có thể sử dụng những loại thức ăn phổ biến, đơn giản, dễ tìm là một quá trình quan trọng, quyết định khả năng thành công và hiệu quả kinh tế của việc phát triển nghề nuôi đối tượng này. Theo Nabhitabhata và ctv (2005), mực lá 20 ngày sau khi nở có thể tập cho ăn thịt cá cắt nhỏ, kích thước mồi tương ứng với kích thước của mực, độ dài mồi có thể gấp một đến hai lần độ dài màng áo [6]. ...
... Khác với những công bố trước đây, 20 ngày tuổi mới có thể tập chuyển đối thức ăn cho mực lá, kết quả thí nghiệm cho thấy, ở giai đoạn 10 ngày sau nở có thể dần chuyển đổi cho mực lá sử dụng thức ăn tươi hoặc cá bảy màu nhằm giảm chi phí và tăng khả thi khi ứng dụng vào sản xuất, tuy nhiên kết quả còn tương đối thấp (đặc biệt là tỷ lệ sống) [6]. Nguyên nhân có thể do thời gian bắt đầu tập chuyển đổi và dinh dưỡng trong thức ăn thay thế chưa thực sự phù hợp, do vậy cần tiếp tục nghiên cứu để xác định chính xác thời điểm chuyển đổi, cải thiện chất lượng, tìm kiếm loại thức ăn phù hợp... để nâng cao hiệu quả hoạt động ương giống mực lá. ...
Nghiên cứu nhằm xác định ảnh hưởng của các loại thức ăn và mật độ ương lên tỷ lệ sống và sinh trưởng của giống mực lá trong 02 giai đoạn. Giai đoạn 01 từ mực mới nở đến 10 ngày tuổi gồm 02 thí nghiệm. Thí nghiệm 1 gồm 04 nghiệm thức, đánh giá sự ảnh hưởng của 04 loại thức ăn gồm: ấu trùng cá bớp (Rachycentron canadum), mysidae, hậu ấu trùng tôm thẻ chân trắng (Litopenaeus vannamei) và artemia trưởng thành lên sự phát triển của mực giống. Thí nghiệm 2 sử dụng ấu trùng cá bớp làm thức ăn ương nuôi mực lá ở 03 mức mật độ: 01, 03 và 05 con/L. Giai đoạn 02 từ 10 ngày tới 30 ngày tuổi gồm 02 thí nghiệm. Thí nghiệm 3 gồm 03 nghiệm thức, tương ứng 03 loại thức ăn: tôm thẻ chân trắng sống cỡ nhỏ, cá bảy màu (Poecilia reticulata) và thức ăn tươi; Thí nghiệm 4 sử dụng tôm thẻ chân trắng sống cỡ nhỏ để ương giống mực lá ở 03 mật độ: 200, 400 và 600 con/m3. Mỗi nghiệm thức lặp lại 03 lần. Kết quả của thí nghiệm 1 và 2 cho thấy sử dụng ấu trùng cá bớp, mật độ ương 01 con/L cho tỷ lệ sống, tỷ lệ tăng trưởng cao nhất khi ương giống mực lá giai đoạn mới nở tới 10 ngày tuổi. Thí nghiệm 3 và 4 cho thấy khi ương giống mực lá ở giai đoạn 10 tới 30 ngày tuổi, mực cho ăn tôm thẻ chân trắng sống và ương ở mật độ 200 và 400 con/m3 có tỷ lệ sống và tỷ lệ tăng trưởng cao nhất. Những kết quả này là căn cứ quan trọng để xây dựng quy trình kỹ thuật sản xuất giống mực lá. Từ khóa: mực lá, con giống mực lá, sản xuất giống nhân tạo mực lá, ương giống mực lá.
... The minimum age of maturity for males and females from the GOM was lower than that reported by Sajikumar (2021), where the youngest mature female was 113 d and the youngest mature male was 102 d of age from the Arabian Sea, Southwest coast of India. Similarly, the age at maturity appears to be variable under captivity, where Nabhitabhata et al. (2005) reported 60 d as age at maturity for S. lessoniana with a maximum life of 176 d in Thailand waters; Ohshima and Choe (1961) observed 90 d as age at first maturity for this species. In general, cephalopods reach maturity earlier in captive conditions than in the wild (Mangold, 1987) as the constant, relatively high temperature in captivity may accelerate maturation. ...
... For S. lessoniana, the incubation days varied between 14 and 55 d in different waters (Ohshima and Choe, 1961;SEAFDEC, 1975;Tsuchiya, 1982;Segawa, 1987). The average embryonic period is 20 d (a range of 17-23 d) at about 28°C (Nabhitabhata, 1978(Nabhitabhata, , 1996Nabhitabhata and Kbinrum, 1981;Nabhitabhata et al., 2005). The duration of the incubation period depends upon the water temperature and is longer at lower temperatures (Table 4). ...
Statolith growth increments were analysed in the bigfin reef squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana lineage B, for estimating the age and growth in the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GOM), southeast coast of India. The identification of S. lessoniana lineage B was determined by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene sequence. The statolith increment age analysis indicated that the wild-captured squid population of S. lessoniana in the study area undergoes rapid growth. The age of S. lessoniana in males ranged from 61 (95 mm dorsal mantle length (DML)) to 220 d (390 mm DML), while it was 64 (98 mm DML) to 199 d (340 mm DML) in females. The average daily growth rate in males and females was 1.63 and 1.55 mm DML d ⁻¹ , respectively. The instantaneous growth rate varied from 0.85 (210 d) to 4.1% (110 d) for males and 0.65 (190 d) to 3.7% (110 d) for females. The age at first maturity was 114 and 120 d for males and females, respectively. Back-calculated hatching dates and the attainment of maturity in females suggested that the reproduction of S. lessoniana is year-round, with two distinct spawning peaks during July–August and February months; accordingly, the hatching dates were spread throughout the year, with the presence of two cohorts. Based on the statolith data, it can be concluded that S. lessoniana lineage B in the GOM has a potential lifespan of up to 7 months. This finding contradicts the previous growth estimates based on length-frequency data, which underestimated the true growth potential of this species.
... In stage 19, it appears transparent, then transitions to faintly orange, orange, and dark orange or red in the hatching stage. Finally, in adults, it takes on a dark brown color [5,[34][35][36]. In response to sudden adjustments in salinity or stressful conditions, the gland releases a coffee-brown colored fluid [37,38]. ...
... Previous studies on squid and cuttlefish's growth and maturity stages vary depending on different geographic regions. [5,19,[50][51][52][53]. To gain a comprehensive understanding of cephalopod distribution patterns and ecological dynamics scale, it is imperative to gather genetic material data and detect morphological differences [54]. ...
The external morphology and morphological variations of Sepiella inermis vary across regions, necessitating investigation. However, the histological information on the subcutaneous gland has been insufficient to describe it. In this study, specimens were systematically collected and characterized from the Gulf of Thailand. Regarding external morphology, female cuttlebones exhibit greater width and more pronounced curves compared to males, while males feature 17–19 white dots along the fin margins. The presence of the subcutaneous gland was discerned during the embryonic stage at stage 19. A histological study of the subcutaneous gland illustrated the structure and development of the gland in both embryonic and adult stages, with four layers of membranes covering the gland. In the adult stage, trabeculae are dispersed throughout the gland, whereas in the embryonic stage, they form four distinct lines. The morphometric analysis revealed significant differences between males and females (p < 0.05) and morphological variations among the seven locality groups within the sexes were observed (p < 0.05) in Chonburi Province. According to the discriminant analysis results, there were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the groups in Surat Thani Province. Examining the length–weight relationship between dorsal mantle length and body weight showed significant differences between the sexes, indicating an allometric growth.
... Therefore, studying the exterior morphological features is intriguing and crucial. Various studies have focused on the biology, ecology, and aquaculture techniques of this species (Ghofar 1998;Nabhitabhata et al. 2005; Nabhitabhata and Kbinrum 1984;Sivalingm 1999). However, information on the proportions and relationships between different body parts remains limited. ...
... Firstly, the external structure exhibited lobes and deep grooves visible through SEM analysis. In S. inermis, this gland appears common, displaying a dark brown color in adults and an orange-red spot during the larvae stage (Sundaram and Chavan 2005; Nabhitabhata et al. 2005). As for the internal structure, the gland assumed a semicircular shape and consisted of four distinct layers. ...
The external morphological characteristics and proportion variability of spineless cuttlefish, Sepiella inermis , were investigated at seven locations along the coastal waters of Thailand for one year. A total of 396 specimens were collected from Trat (30), Chonburi (61), Samut Songkhram (80), Phetchaburi (75), Surat Thani (30), Songkhla Province (45) and Ranong Province (75). The results showed that the dorsal mantle length (DML) measurement ranged from 32–92 mm (59.07 ± 10.51), and the body weight ranged from 8.74–133 grams (39.37 ± 18.40). The sexuality has a significant impact on morphological indices, with statistically significant differences at (p < 0.05). The dorsal mantle length can be used to identify sexuality at (p < 0.05), with a range of 40–49 (45.21 ± 2.41) mm for females and 30–39 mm (37 ± 2.82) for males. The morphometric characters at all stations were found to be correlated; Chonburi station stood out significantly from the other stations. Additionally, the description structure of the subcutaneous gland exterior, which had four lobes and was deeply grooved, were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in the larvae stage. Internally, the wall of the gland consists of four layers: 1) the outer wall is the epidermis, 2) connective tissue, 3) muscle fibers, and 4) the inner wall is mucosa lines and cuboidal in shape. The basal portion of the gland produced an ink source and had four trabeculae branches retaining melanin granule cells. This study of external morphology offers numerous advantages and represents the first reported description of the subcutaneous gland in Sepiella .
... Alagarswami (1966) D. opalescens 30-35 13.6 McGowan, 1954 Loligo vulgaris 45-70 12-14 Mangold-Wirz, 1963 L. vulgaris 51 12.2 Villanueva, 2000b L. reynaudii 16-18 18.0 Blackburn et al., 1998 L. bleekerii 64-67 11.7 Hun-Baeg et al., 1992 L. forbesii 68-75 12.5 Segawa et al., 1988 L. gahii 30-35 12.9-13.5 Guerra et al., 2001 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 21 28-32 Nabhitabhata et al., 2005 Uroteuthis duvaucelii 7-10 28-32 Nabhitabhata et al., 2005 Statolith ageing techniques have helped in understanding the biology of loliginid squid (Jackson, 1998). Culturing of squids from hatching permits us to obtain animals of known age so as to enable calibration of ring formation periodicity (Yang et al., 1986). ...
... Alagarswami (1966) D. opalescens 30-35 13.6 McGowan, 1954 Loligo vulgaris 45-70 12-14 Mangold-Wirz, 1963 L. vulgaris 51 12.2 Villanueva, 2000b L. reynaudii 16-18 18.0 Blackburn et al., 1998 L. bleekerii 64-67 11.7 Hun-Baeg et al., 1992 L. forbesii 68-75 12.5 Segawa et al., 1988 L. gahii 30-35 12.9-13.5 Guerra et al., 2001 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 21 28-32 Nabhitabhata et al., 2005 Uroteuthis duvaucelii 7-10 28-32 Nabhitabhata et al., 2005 Statolith ageing techniques have helped in understanding the biology of loliginid squid (Jackson, 1998). Culturing of squids from hatching permits us to obtain animals of known age so as to enable calibration of ring formation periodicity (Yang et al., 1986). ...
Squids support an important fishery component in the Arabian Sea. Because of this, efforts have been made during the last few decades to study the population characters of squids for an understanding of their population dynamics. Recent ageing studies interpret the growth rings in hard parts of cephalopods and it is now recognized worldwide as an accurate method. Therefore, this thesis aimed to study the age and growth of squids by using the hard part, “Statolith” of the different squid species from the Arabian Sea.
A total of 15 squid species, including five species of Myopsida squids and ten species of Oegopsida squids, were successfully aged by counting the ring formed on statoliths. Validation studies on Sepioteuthis lessoniana confirmed the “one-increment = one-day” hypothesis in squids of the tropical Indian seas. The size of the adult statoliths ranged from 606 µm in the loliginid squid Loliolus hardwickei to 1926 µm in the mesopelagic squid Octopoteuthis sp. In all the species statolith increments were visible and they were laid outside the nucleus.
Neritic myopsid squids have relatively faster growth rates when compared to oceanic oegopsid squids, except for pelagic Thysanoteuthis rhombus which had the fastest growth rate among the 15 squids studied. The statolith based age studies revealed that the lifespan of squids of the tropical Arabian Sea is short (less than 200 days) compared to temperate squids and fishes. This result proves that the currently adopted age estimation method (Length-frequency analysis) were not suitable for squids. Cohort-wise growth analysis proved that increased water temperature leads to faster growth and short lifespans. All pelagic squids have a faster growth rate and short lifespan than mesopelagic squids.
Statolith ageing techniques are confirmed as an exceptionally useful life history tool for age and growth estimation of squids from the tropical Indian Ocean. In the light of the very fast growth rate and short lifespan, squid assessment models have to be fine-tuned to account for this unique life history. Fishery researchers and managers have to take into account the very short-lived nature of squid populations and consider in-season assessment and real-time management.
... When fertilized eggs are incubated within the optimum salinity range, the hatching rate can be increased, and the incubation time can be reduced (Cinti et al. 2004). The entire process of embryonic development, which involves a series of steps of cell differentiation and morphogenesis, is affected internally by gene expression and externally by environmental factors (Boletzky 2003;Cinti et al. 2004;Nabhitabhata et al. 2005). Salinity can influence the osmotic balance of embryos, and osmoregulation is mainly performed by the thin outer layer of protoplasm around the yolk (D'Aniello et al. 1989). ...
... Water salinity influences the hatching rate and hatching time in cephalopods (Boletzky 1983;Cinti et al. 2004;Nabhitabhata et al. 2005). The weight and condition of hatchlings are also important reference indices in the study of the influence of salinity on the development of embryos. ...
The aim of this study was to provide a reference value for the safe regulation and control of ammonia nitrogen in the aquaculture of Sepia pharaonis. The effects of acute and chronic toxicity of ammonia on the cuttlefish, S. pharaonis, were tested experimentally using juvenile S. pharaonis. The results showed that the half-lethal concentration (LC50 ) values of ammonia nitrogen in juvenile S. pharaonis with a body weight of 6.52 ± 0. 23 g at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were 31.72, 25.77, 23.33, and 18.33 mg/L, respectively, and the corresponding un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (UIA-N) concentrations were 1.66, 1.35, 1.22, and 0.96 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the control, the survival rate, specific growth rate, and feed intake of juvenile S. pharaonis declined significantly, and the feed conversion ratio and hepatosomatic index increased significantly at 56 d after exposure to >1 mg/L ammonia nitrogen. Juvenile S. pharaonis should be maintained at a concentration of ammonia nitrogen of no more than 1 mg/L (UIA-N is 0.056 mg/L) in culture, and removing harmful nitrogenous wastes from the seawater is critical in maintaining cuttlefish culture.
... The family Loliginidae comprises 10 genera and 47 species (Jereb, Vecchione & Roper, 2010), all of which inhabit coastal areas and continental shelves. Loliginid hatchlings are planktonic and range in size from 1.1 to 10 mm dorsal mantle length (DML) (Segawa, 1990;Nabhitabhata et al., 2005), with a mean of 3.0 mm (standard deviation (SD) = 1.7 mm) DML for 16 studied species . In loliginid squid, the appearance of schooling behaviour is considered the end of the planktonic phase. ...
We describe the morphology of egg masses and hatchlings of the squid, Lolliguncula diomedeae (Hoyle, 1904) based on individuals hatched in the laboratory from two egg masses collected in the Gulf of California near Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and identified with molecular techniques. The characteristics of the egg mass are described and compared with other related species. Gross morphology, chromatophore pattern and the arrangement of arm and tentacle suckers of hatchlings are described. Among squids in the family Loliginidae, hatchlings of this species represent the second smallest described to date. The morphology of egg masses and paralarvae of related and sympatric species are compared, providing a tool for identification that may foster the understanding of the population dynamics and life history of this species.
... When fertilized eggs are incubated within the optimum salinity range, the hatching rate can be increased, and the incubation time can be reduced (Cinti et al. 2004). The entire process of embryonic development, which involves a series of steps of cell differentiation and morphogenesis, is affected internally by gene expression and externally by environmental factors (Boletzky 2003;Cinti et al. 2004;Nabhitabhata et al. 2005). Salinity can influence the osmotic balance of embryos, and osmoregulation is mainly performed by the thin outer layer of protoplasm around the yolk (D'Aniello et al. 1989). ...
... Water salinity influences the hatching rate and hatching time in cephalopods (Boletzky 1983;Cinti et al. 2004;Nabhitabhata et al. 2005). The weight and condition of hatchlings are also important reference indices in the study of the influence of salinity on the development of embryos. ...
The effect of salinity on the embryonic development of Sepia pharaonis eggs was tested experimentally using S. pharaonis embryos at various developmental stages. The hatching rate, incubation period, hatching period, wet weight of hatchling cuttlefish, and yolk utilization efficiency ratio were quantified at salinities of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, and 36. These variables were significantly affected by salinity. The weight of the eggs first decreased and then increased during embryonic development. The range of suitable salinities for hatching of S. pharaonis eggs was 27-33, and the optimal salinity was 30.
... Therefore, for the majority of species, the potential for freshwater influx (e.g. from nearby rivers or subsurface seeps or in regions subject to heavy rain) needs to be considered when planning an open culture or maintenance system (Vaz-Pires et al., 2004). In culture, research indicates a working salinity range of 27-35 psu for O. maya, O. vulgaris, S. officinalis and S. lessoniana (Boletzky, 1983;Boletzky and Hanlon, 1983;Farías et al., 2009;Nabhitabhata et al., 2005b). Maintaining the salinity above 30 psu is recommended (Berger, 2010;Chapela et al., 2006), along with the slow addition of deionized (DI) or reverse osmosis (RO) water if salinity rises above 35 psu . ...
... The whole planktonic phase has been covered for 21 cephalopod species, but only at the experimental level. Eight sepiid cephalopods with a relatively brief planktonic phase have been reared: Sepiella inermis (Choe, 1966a;Nabhitabhata, 1997), S. japonica (Zheng et al., 2010), Euprymna berryi (Choe, 1966a), E. hyllebergi (Nabhitabhata et al., 2005a), E. scolopes , E. tasmanica (Moltschaniwskyj and Johnston, 2006), Idiosepius paradoxus (Natsukari, 1970) and I. pygmaeus (Nabhitabhata et al., 2005b). These sepioid species are relatively large at hatching and their planktonic phases range from a few hours to 1 month. ...
A recent revival in using cephalopods as experimental animals has rekindled interest in their biology and life cycles, information with direct applications also in the rapidly growing ornamental aquarium species trade and in commercial aquaculture production for human consumption. Cephalopods have high rates of growth and food conversion, which for aquaculture translates into short culture cycles, high ratios of production to biomass and high cost-effectiveness. However, at present, only small-scale culture is possible and only for a few species: the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, the loliginid squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopuses Octopus maya and O. vulgaris. These four species are the focus of this chapter, the aims of which are as follows: (1) to provide an overview of the culture requirements of cephalopods, (2) to highlight the physical and nutritional requirements at each phase of the life cycle regarded as essential for successful full-scale culture and (3) to identify current limitations and the topics on which further research is required. Knowledge of cephalopod culture methods is advanced, but commercialization is still constrained by the highly selective feeding habits of cephalopods and their requirement for large quantities of high-quality (preferably live) feed, particularly in the early stages of development. Future research should focus on problems related to the consistent production of viable numbers of juveniles, the resolution of which requires a better understanding of nutrition at all phases of the life cycle and better broodstock management, particularly regarding developments in genetic selection, control of reproduction and quality of eggs and offspring.
... Zootechniques are in constant improvement and should be adapted to each species and areas. For example, in developing countries located in tropical zones with relatively high temperatures (associated with fast growth in some cephalopod species), the open seawater system, as the floating net cages or earthen ponds used for S� lessoniana and S� inermis (Nabhitabhata et al. 2005, Chaps. 13 and 17), seems more appropriate because of the low cost for construction and maintenance. ...
This chapter presents an overall perspective on the current status of
cephalopod culture, its bottlenecks and future challenges. It focuses on the species
that have received more research effort and consequently accumulated more scientific
literature during the present century, namely Sepia officinalis, Sepioteuthis
lessoniana, Octopus maya and Octopus vulgaris. Knowledge regarding physiology,
metabolism and nutrition of different species is still lacking. Two main challenges
are identified: the development of a sustainable artificial diet and the control of
reproduction. Understanding cephalopod physiology and nutrition will probably be
the biggest challenge in developing the large-scale culture of this group of molluscs
