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Lichens are well-known dye yielding organisms since ancient times. The present study investigates the dye yielding potential of nineteen lichen species belonging to eleven genera (Flavopunctelia, Flavoparmelia, Cladonia, Parmelia, Umbilicaria, Xanthoria, Ochrolechia, Hyperphyscia, Hypogymnia, Dermatocarpon and Parmotrema) of Himalayan region (Abbot...
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... For dying silk fabric via ammonia fermentation, dimethyl sulphoxide, and boiling water methods. Parmelia sulcata dwells in corticolous, saxicolous habitats [56][57] has been reported to impart a brownish shade to fabrics [58]. ...
The astonishing ability to adapt to most extremes of climates of earth makes saxicolous lichens an indispensable species of this planet. They can thrive on different categories of rocks viz. sandstone, granite, volcanic andesite, siliceous, ultramafic, non-ultramafic, basaltic, hornfels, coastal, calcareous cliffs, etc. These extremophiles have not only proven their endurance from Antarctica to the deserts but can also withstand the harsh conditions of outer space. Therapeutically, some species exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties due to their diverse chemical composition. They play a vital role in facilitating weathering phenomena in rocks and have a unique ability to biomineralize heavy metals from the surrounding environment, which has enormous applications in the study of rock mineral compositions. Saxicolous lichens also served as an indicator of environmental pollution and hence remarked as an important biomonitoring tool. Several crustose lichens have been used in lichenometry to date rock substrates and their applications, from therapy to terraforming, make them not only new sources of inspiration for drug development, geochronological dating, and lithology but also for transforming mars.
... [14,17] Many studies have shown that lichen has dyeing properties. [18] That is, they have a wide range of dyeing compounds. [14,19] Many lichen compounds, such as lecaronic acid, emodin, and salzanic acid, are the origins of color in lichens. ...
... Some authors have hypothesized that the compound responsible for the coloration obtained with Xanthoria parietina extract is parietin. [18,26] However, according to our knowledge, no work has been done to confirm this hypothesis. Therefore, we dissolved the parietin either in distilled water or in ammonia 10 %. ...
... [26] Parietin is an orange anthraquinone pigment and is the major secondary metabolite of Xanthoria parietina. [20,28] According to Shaheen et al., [18] parietin is the molecule responsible for fiber dyeing. A variety of colored dyes such as yellow and pink have been obtained from Xanthoria parietina. ...
The use of natural dyes in several areas is regulated by current European and non‐European legislation, due to various problems with synthetic dyes. The analysis revealed that the lichen studied: Xanthoria parietina has potential natural dye sources and provides bright colors for extraction solvents. Furthermore, dyed wool and toile fabric have good fastness properties in ammonia fermentation and boiling water, both with and without mordants. The sample dyes with Xanthoria parietina were characterized by several analytical techniques: high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) and electrospray ionization with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐Q‐ToF). As compounds from Xanthoria parietina form a complex with mordants and tissues, it is impossible to identify the molecules responsible for coloring using chromatographic techniques. However, we have evaluated the dyeing power of their major molecule, parietin. To further confirm the coloring power of the isolated parietin molecule, we performed a dye test with pure parietin. Thus, CIALAB analyses have shown parietin is the molecule responsible for the coloring obtained by Xanthoria parietina. The utilization of parietin derived from lichens facilitates the development of sustainable dyes for textile coloring, presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic dyes while simultaneously enriching lichen biodiversity.
... In addition to medical applications, lichens have historically been widely used as natural sources of dyes [8,9]. ...
... The dried samples were reduced to a very fine powder for the extraction of the dye. In the literature, the lichen dyes were extracted with ammonia fermentation (AFM), boiling water (BWM), and the Di-methyl-sulphoxide extraction method (DEM) [9,12,26,27]. ...
... In the present study, the dyes were extracted by ammonia fermentation (AFM) and boiling water (BWM) [9]. ...
Environmentally friendly natural dyes have gained popularity recently because synthetic dyes have negative health effects. Through preliminary phytochemical screening, the work examined the dyeing potential of primary and secondary metabolites of Tunisian lichens. In most of the lichen extracts examined, significant tannins, proteins, carbohydrates, and steroids were present. The dyeing potential was determined by ammonia fermentation (AFM) and boiling water (BWM) methods on wool and fabric. The dyes degraded when exposed to light and heat. Alum, copper sulfate, and iron sulfate were used for the mordanting process. The studied lichen species generated a variety of hues using both techniques, including brown, caramel, purple, olive, green, and yellow. Both approaches revealed a wide variety of colors in all species. On both fabrics, the coloring patterns were depicted. Brighter colors were created by AFM than by BWM. But using BWM, Xanthoria parietina produced stunning purple dyes for textiles. Fabrics that have been mordanted had better sunshine colorfastness. The color shading was finest with an alum mordant. Using an Android application colorimeter, the dyed materials were assessed using CIE Lab* Chroma, Hue, and standard procedures following international standards. There is an alternative to traditional instruments in the form of this smartphone app. Most dyed textiles had very good to exceptional color fastness. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis of Tunisian lichens revealed their potential as suppliers of natural colors that are friendly to the environment.
... The excessive collection of lichens, mainly to be used as perfume stabilizers and as dyes, has caused serious problems in the conservation of these organisms [26][27][28][29]. For example, Everniastrum nepalense is frequently picked up by Indian traders [26] and is on the IUCN red list because of the overexploitation of the species in Nepal [30]. ...
Lichens are composite organisms that produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites; many of the compounds have a high potential as bioactive compounds. The major limitations of using bioactive compounds from lichens is their slow growth rate and the damage to environmental populations caused by massive collection. The alternative to the massive collection of lichens in the field is their culture under laboratory conditions. We chose two related lichen species of Parmeliaceae that produce similar metabolites and isolated from spores in cultures placed under axenic conditions for over 550 days. From these cultures, we sampled 35 mg of each species from different culture media at two sampling times. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect and identify major compounds. We found no differences in the metabolites produced within the species in comparisons between different culture media. Our results show that the mycobiont cultures produced different secondary metabolites than those found in natural lichen thalli. Moreover, different secondary metabolites between species and different metabolites over time were observed. We conclude that mycobiont cultures are a promising alternative for determining bioactive compounds and enhancing the efficiency of growth and production. These could be a good option for eco-friendly metabolite production.
... The Himalayan flora is a rich source of several lichen species that provide an excellent range of dyes used for the dyeing of textiles [156]. Parmelioid lichens produce chemical substances known as depsides and depsidones that are synthesized from two or three phenolic units, derived from acetate-polymelonate pathway [157,158]. Especially lichens provided colorants for dyeing in purple and violet colors and the most famous among them are the orchil lichens [25]. Many lichens and fungal species such as Sarcodon, Phellodon, Hydnellum, and Telephora contain terphenylquinone which provides blue color, which is rare in nature, to dye wool fibers [159,160] (Table 5). ...
Microbial pigments are gaining more attention in recent times due to their versatile applications in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and textile industries. The development of microbial pigments is a challenging task due to the presence of inexpensive synthetic dyes in the market. However, the harmful side effects of most of the azo and benzidine synthetic dyes have compelled many scientists and experts to shift their attention to chemically greener routes of dye production. Micro-organisms are endowed with the potential to produce useful natural colorants such as carotenoids on an industrial scale at relatively low costs. This review aims to provide crucial information on the biodiversity, distribution, pathogenicity, ecological and industrial applications of microbial pigments, as well as challenges and future directions for food, textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical applications. It also highlights the challenges faced by the use and development of food and textile-grade pigments and proposes recommendations to deal with these challenges using advanced techniques, including metabolic engineering and gene editing technologies.
... In Table 3, the color of reference sample is yellow. According to the results, it can be concluded that Candelariella reflexa has lecanoric acid, usnic acid, and salazinic acid coloring agents (Rather et al. 2018;Shaheen, Iqbal, and Hussain 2019). ...
The current study reports on using ascorbic acid as a possible substitute for improving fastness properties of natural dyes. In the mordanting process, microwave energy, which is a part of the sustainable and ecological production approach, was used. Renewable natural dye source Candelariella reflexa, which is a genus of lichen, was obtained from the trunk of Pinus nigra. Mohair fiber was dyed with natural dye extracted from Candelariella reflexa by using a conventional method. Before dyeing, mohair fiber was subjected to the premordanted process with iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) using microwave energy. In order to determine the effect of mordanting process parameters on dyeing properties, the mordanting process was performed with different concentrations and durations. In the dyeing process, ascorbic acid was added at different concentrations in the dyeing bath to improve the light fastness of samples. After the dyeing process, spectrophotometric features, light, and rubbing and washing fastness of samples were investigated. The color strength, washing, light, and rubbing fastness of dyed mohair fiber improve slightly with the premordanting process and by adding ascorbic acid. The spectrophotometric measurement results show that color coordinates vary from the mordanting time and amount of ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the use of microwave energy in the mordanting process leads to saving of energy and time. Besides, in this study, a machine learning-based model exploiting the artificial neural network (ANN) was developed for prediction of dyeing properties of mohair fiber dyed with natural dyes obtained from Candelariella reflexa. Experimental data obtained through various tests were first used to feed the proposed ANN, and then the trained ANN was validated and tested for the aim of prediction. The study results show that the proposed model can successfully predict most of the dyeing properties of mohair fiber. Therefore, this model can be used as an effective tool to estimate dyeing characteristics of mohair fiber.
... Natural dyes are esthetically important and considered eco friendly competitors of hazardous synthetic ones Batool et al., 2019). Different plant species, algae, insects, minerals, microbes and lichen are well known sources of natural dyes (Baaka et al., 2017;Meryemoglu, 2018;Shaheen et al., 2019). ...
The cruciferous vegetables are well known for their ethnobotanic and economic importance throughout the world. Traditionally, the members of Brassicaceae are used as vegetables, food plants, ornamentals as well as source of oil and natural dyes. Though there are evidences regarding the historic use of Brassicaceae plants for coloring of various items but information for utilization of these in modern textile dyeing is negligible. Current study is concerned with the utilization of residual material of Brassica oleracea L.var. capitata (cabbage), Brassica oleraceae L. var. botrytis (cauliflower) and Brassica rapa L. var. purple top (turnip) to achieve maximum dye yielding potential as well as determine their phytochemical nature. Results revealed that colorants of varying shades could be extracted from above mentioned plant residues using different extraction media (acidic, alkaline, aqueous and organic). Variety of color shades including light brown, brown, yellowish green, yellow, dark green, creamy white, light green, olive green and dark brown could be produced from these plant residues using eco friendly bio as well as chemical mordants. The analysis of these plant residues revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, sugars and glycosides. Stability of these vegetable residues based colorants in terms of fastness properties including wet rubbing, washing, dry rubbing and light fastness proved to be good to excellent.
... contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. (Shukla and Upreti 2015;Salgado et al. 2018;Shaheen et al. 2019;Calchera et al. 2019). ...
... Although the causes of this slow growth rate are unknown, it appears that environmental factors (Gaio-Oliveira et al. 2004) and biotics, such as the hormonal system (Farkhutdinov et al. 2018) could be involved. Lichen collection in field for biomedical or industrial use, especially in its use as perfume stabilisers and as dyes (Joulain and Tabacchi 2009;Shaheen et al. 2019), has caused serious problems in the conservation of these organisms (Upreti et al. 2005;Shukla and Upreti 2015). The collection and extraction of pigments, especially in countries such as India and Pakistan, continue in the actuality (Shaheen et al. 2019;Upreti et al. 2010). ...
... Lichen collection in field for biomedical or industrial use, especially in its use as perfume stabilisers and as dyes (Joulain and Tabacchi 2009;Shaheen et al. 2019), has caused serious problems in the conservation of these organisms (Upreti et al. 2005;Shukla and Upreti 2015). The collection and extraction of pigments, especially in countries such as India and Pakistan, continue in the actuality (Shaheen et al. 2019;Upreti et al. 2010). For example, Everniastrum nepalense, frequently picked up by Indian traders (Upreti et al. 2005) and consumed by ethnic groups , is found on the IUCN red list (Devkota and Weerakoon 2017). ...
Lichens produce unique secondary metabolites with a rich potential as bioactive compounds. In many cases, the use of these molecules is limited by the low concentration of these compounds in thalli, low growth rate in culture, and changes in chemical patterns between thalli and aposymbiotic culture. In addition, the massive collection of some species of industrial interest can cause damage to lichen diversity and the associated environment. Six lichenized fungi (Arctoparmelia centrifuga, Parmelia saxatilis, Parmelina tiliacea, Platismatia glauca, Xanthoparmelia tinctina, and Usnea ghattensis) with biotechnological interest and belonging to Parmeliaceae have been cultured in order to test culture conditions and obtain enough biomass for further studies. In addition, we analyzed the compounds synthetized in axenic conditions and they were compared with chemosyndromes identified in complete thalli. Arctoparmelia centrifuga, P. saxatilis, P. tiliacea and X. tinctina were successfully cultivated while for P. glauca and U. ghattensis we only obtained sporulation and germination of the spores. The chemical pattern of the compounds secreted into the culture media varied significantly from the chemosyndrome of the whole thallus. Phenolic compounds of pharmacological and industrial interest (usnic acid, aspicilin, α-alectoronic acid, physodic acid, lobaric acid and nordivaricatic acid) and a wide variety of potentially bioactive compounds were obtained during the culture process.
Lichenized fungi, recognized as an ecologically vital and pharmaceutically promising resource, hold substantial value in both environmental conservation and medicinal applications. As the second largest subclass within the lichen-forming fungi of Lecanoromycetes, Ostropomycetidae emerged as a critical reservoir of bioactive secondary metabolites. Current research has revealed that these secondary metabolites demonstrate remarkable bioactivities, positioning them as potential sources for novel pharmaceutical compounds. Despite considerable progress in characterizing chemical constituents and evaluating bioactivities within this subclass, a systematic summary of these discoveries remains absent. This review synthesizes the lichenochemical research progress, providing critical evaluations of 202 structurally characterized compounds from Ostropomycetidae lichen species over recent decades. These Ostropomycetidae-derived compounds cover the phenols, polyketides, fatty acids, terpenoids, steroids, and non-ribosomal peptides, and exhibit diverse bioactivities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-neurodegenerative diseases, antitubercular, anti-herbivore, and antitrypanosomal, and so on. The aim of this review is to establish a robust chemodiversity framework and to offer strategic guidance for targeted exploration of lichen-derived drug candidates in the biological resources of Ostropomycetidae lichens.
Environmental awareness has become more important among individuals and societies in recent years. The increasing awareness and sensitivity to the environment have made the reintroduction of natural dyes in the textile industries even more important. To date, natural dyes have been employed in the textile industries for years, and their use is now increasing rapidly. However, there is no standard or no criteria for textiles colored with natural dyes despite the fact that individual and institutional customers, textile brands, and other bodies have been advocating for such as standards. For this reason, NODS (Natural Organic Dye Standard) is required like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard), OECO-TEX (International Association for Research and Testing in the Field of Textile and Leather Ecology), and other certificates. The NODS includes a list of natural dye resources (dye plants, dye insects, dye mollusks, dye lichens, and dye fungi), natural coloring compounds, mordant materials, auxiliary substances, and index of fastness properties of dyes used in textiles, and list of prohibited, and restricted substances. The standards also specify test and analysis methods.
