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Number of cases of Zika virus infection by place of residence (NUTS2) and established presence of Aedes albopictus as at 14 March 2017, 21 EU/EEA countriesa, week 26/2015-week 5/2017 (n = 1,881)
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Surveillance of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) was implemented in 2016 in response to the large outbreak reported in the Americas in 2015 associated with an increased number of infants born with microcephaly. Between June 2015 and January 2017, 21 EU/EEA countries reported 2,133 confirmed cases of...
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Introduction
Since the identification of ZIKV in Brazil in May 2015, the virus has spread extensively throughout the Americas. Cases of ZIKV infection have been reported in Suriname since October 2, 2015.
Methods
A laboratory-based surveillance system was quickly implemented according to previous experience with the emergence of chikungunya. Gener...
Citations
... In November 2017, 305 cases were reported in the United Kingdom, all of them were associated with travelling [43]. However, between June 2015 and January 2017, 21 countries in the European Union reported 2133 confirmed cases of infection in which 106 cases were of pregnant women [44]. WHO has warned the risk of Zika virus transmission in Europe is low to moderate, although three areas are at high risk: the island of Madeira in Portugal, Georgia, and the southern part of the Russian Federation [45]. ...
Zika virus is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) which belongs to the family Flaviviridae that was first isolated in 1947 from blood of a febrile rhesus macaque monkey during a yellow fever study in the Zika forest of Uganda and later identified in Aedes africanus mosquito from the same forest. But in 2007, the first major outbreak of Zika virus infection occurred in Yap Island (Federated States of Micronesia), where, it was noticed that an outbreak of illness characterized by rashes, conjunctivitis, subjective fever, arthralgia, and arthritis. Approximately 73% of the population were infected and out of which 18% developed symptomatic disease. In 2015, an estimated 1.5 million cases were reported in Brazil. In 2017, 305 cases were reported from US kingdom and in 2018, 109 cases from India (Rajasthan, Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh). The best method to diagnose the disease is by RT-PCR and till date there is no vaccine or specific treatment available. The most acceptable method for prevention is to reduce egg laying sites of the adult mosquito. Continued researches of vaccine development, treatment, medication and prevention strategies are in progress to eradicate the disease.
... Between the end of 2015 and throughout 2016, similarly to CHIKV, ZIKV spread in less than one year to every Caribbean country ( Table 1). The establishment of autochthonous infections in the Caribbean fueled further exportation of the virus to Europe [82] and the US [83]. ...
During the past ten years, an increasing number of arbovirus outbreaks have affected tropical islands worldwide. We examined the available literature in peer-reviewed journals, from the second half of the 20th century until 2018, with the aim of gathering an overall picture of the emergence of arboviruses in these islands. In addition, we included information on environmental and social drivers specific to island setting that can facilitate the emergence of outbreaks. Within the context of the One Health approach, our review highlights how the emergence of arboviruses in tropical islands is linked to the complex interplay between their unique ecological settings and to the recent changes in local and global sociodemographic patterns. We also advocate for greater coordination between stakeholders in developing novel prevention and mitigation approaches for an intractable problem.
... Además, respecto al SGB, un estudio llevado a cabo en Colombia ha reafirmado el papel del virus en su desarrollo, presentando una mediana de aparición de 7 días desde el inicio de los síntomas de enfermedad por VZ hasta el desarrollo del síndrome (50) . mayor número fue el de 25 a 34 años (52) . Se han notificado 138 casos de infección por VZ en embarazadas (5,9%), siendo los países que más casos detectaron España (37%), Francia (25%) y Países Bajos (18%) (53) . ...
By mid-2015, an increase in the number of cases of microcephaly among newborns and neurologic disorders was detected in the Northwest of Brazil, which was possibly associated with Zika virus infection. Later on, this phenomenon was also observed in several Latin-American countries. In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) on this basis, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. From that moment on, several measures were adopted to achieve the epidemic control at both international and national levels. The WHO launched a strategic response plan based on case detection, infection control and treatment, as well as, the research and development of new vector control tools, diagnostic tests and vaccines. In Europe both surveillance and vector control systems were reinforced. The countries reporting most cases were France, Spain and the United Kingdom. In Spain, due to the high probability of case importation based on the close relationships with Latin-America, numerous measures were adopted to achieve a rapid response and an optimal control. Those included: the implementation of an active surveillance in collaboration with several experts, institutions and scientific societies; entomologic surveillance enhancement; the development of communication activities and recommendations for both healthcare workers and general population.
... Además, respecto al SGB, un estudio llevado a cabo en Colombia ha reafirmado el papel del virus en su desarrollo, presentando una mediana de aparición de 7 días desde el inicio de los síntomas de enfermedad por VZ hasta el desarrollo del síndrome (50) . mayor número fue el de 25 a 34 años (52) . Se han notificado 138 casos de infección por VZ en embarazadas (5,9%), siendo los países que más casos detectaron España (37%), Francia (25%) y Países Bajos (18%) (53) . ...
By mid-2015, an increase in the number of cases of microcephaly among newborns and neurologic disorders was detected in the Northwest of Brazil, which was possibly associated with Zika virus infection. Later on, this phenomenon was also observed in several Latin-American countries. In February 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) on this basis, declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. From that moment on, several measures were adopted to achieve the epidemic control at both international and national levels. The WHO launched a strategic response plan based on case detection, infection control and treatment, as well as, the research and development of new vector control tools, diagnostic tests and vaccines. In Europe both surveillance and vector control systems were reinforced. The countries reporting most cases were France, Spain and the United Kingdom. In Spain, due to the high probability of case importation based on the close relationships with Latin-America, numerous measures were adopted to achieve a rapid response and an optimal control. Those included: the implementation of an active surveillance in collaboration with several experts, institutions and scientific societies; entomologic surveillance enhancement; the development of communication activities and recommendations for both healthcare workers and general population.
... Different from WNV which is transmitted by the Culex mosquito, ZIKV main vector is Aedes aegypti, not highly established in Europe as the main mosquito of this genus present in Europe is Aedes albopictus, which is known to have a competition advantage over Aedes aegypti[78]. This may explain why although there were over 2000 cases reported in 21 European Union countries between June 2015 and January 2017, almost all cases were travel cases where individuals got infected while traveling outside Europe, and a few cases were sexually transmitted[79].Similarly to ZIKV, CHIKV presents two major clades, although it possesses a complete different spread pattern. In the case of ZIKV, the spread to America seems clearnow, but the question on how it spread in Asia still open. ...
Arboviruses are a grade of viruses carried by arthropods, which have been in the
headlines due to recent epidemics. Members of this grade are the families Flaviviridae
which includes Zika (ZIKV), Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), among other
viruses and Togaviridae, which includes Chikungunya (CHIKV).
Research on some arboviruses has been strong over the past couple of decades.
Other arboviruses have not garnered much attention until lately. For example, ZIKV
has been understudied until 2015. Since the 1950s ZIKV was considered to cause
only a benign infection in humans. ZIKV became well studied only after the recent
outbreaks of the virus in the Pacific, Americas, and South-East Asia, was found to
be related to severe neuropathology, which includes the development of neurological
defects such as microcephaly on the fetus and Guillain-Barré Syndrome in adults.
CHIKV is another arbovirus that although been circulating for a long time in Africa
and Asia, has been recently introduced into the Americas in 2013, causing recurring
outbreaks in South and Central American naïve populations.
YFV, which been known to be endemic and thought to be controlled in South
America, has re-emerged in Brazil beginning in December 2016. This outbreak, although
restricted to transmission by the sylvatic mosquito Haemagogus leococelaenus,
raised questions among researchers regarding the potential for spread to the United
States due to the presence of the urban vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus
and a naïve, largely unvaccinated population. Another question that still remains is
whether YFV will ever reach the Asian continent?
Today, the time it takes for awareness of the health organizations, to convince
the funding agencies, and to work on vaccine development is much more than the
iv
time needed for the disease to change from a local outbreak to a global epidemic.
The overall objective of this work is to provide the grounds for a viral surveillance
system based on evolution, utilizing the current ZIKV and CHIKV outbreaks and
other arboviruses as case studies.
Utilizing phylogenetic and molecular sequence alignment tools I developed a pipeline
to evaluate the genomic changes of viruses on CHIKV and ZIKV. I also created a
pipeline to generate pathogen transmission networks and compare different disease
networks utilizing different network centrality metrics. CHIKV, DENV, YFV and
ZIKV were utilized as case studies. The strategies utilized in this work will enable
better abatement and management strategies of viral outbreaks.
My findings indicate that changes in the coding sequence does not seem to be the
main reason why ZIKV has changed its behavior in terms of pathogenicity. In CHIKV
there is an insertion on the UTR region of a group of sequences and change of virulence
has been associated with UTR sizes in different CHIKV strains. Upon analyzing
viral 3’ and 5’ UTRs, a trinuncleotide motif, known as Musashi Binding Element
was identified in both CHIKV and ZIKV, its presence and availability on ZIKV may
explain a preference to human cells, in CHIKV the motif is present but not available.
Although both CHIKV and ZIKV coexist and have spread in the same regions in a
short period of time, their spread seems to be from independent events. When looking
at transmission networks, there is a high correlation between the different centrality
metrics utilized to measure all four DENV serotypes transmission networks, CHIKV,
YFV and ZIKV have lower correlation, thus, distinct patterns.
Zika virus (ZIKV) shows an enigmatic epidemiological profile in Africa. Despite its frequent detection in mosquitoes, few human cases have been reported. This could be due to the low infectious potential or low virulence of African ZIKV lineages. This study sought to assess the susceptibility of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus to ZIKV strains from Senegal, Brazil, and New Caledonia. Vertical transmission was also investigated. Whole bodies, legs/wings and saliva samples were tested for ZIKV by real-time PCR to estimate infection, dissemination and transmission rates as well as the infection rate in the progeny of infected female A. aegypti. For A. aegypti, the Senegalese strain showed at 15 days post-exposure (dpe) a significantly higher infection rate (52.43%) than the Brazilian (10%) and New Caledonian (0%) strains. The Brazilian and Senegalese strains were disseminated but not detected in saliva. No A. aegypti offspring from females infected with Senegalese and Brazilian ZIKV strains tested positive. No infection was recorded for C. quinquefasciatus. We observed the incompetence of Senegalese A. aegypti to transmit ZIKV and the C. quinquefasciatus were completely refractory. The effect of freezing ZIKV had no significant impact on the vector competence of Aedes aegypti from Senegal, and vertical transmission was not reported in this study.
A l’échelle mondiale, l’émergence de maladies virales transmises par les tiques est en nette augmentation depuis le début du XXIe siècle. En Europe, la tique est le premier arthropode capable de transmettre la plus large variété de pathogènes à l’homme et à l’animal. Ixodes ricinus, espèce de tique majoritairement représentée en Europe, transmet notamment les virus de l’encéphalite à tique (TBEV) et louping ill (LIV), responsables de méningo-encéphalites respectivement chez l’homme et les moutons. Bien que la transmission de ces virus par la tique soit connue depuis près d’une centaine d’années, les mécanismes permettant à la tique de répliquer et transmettre les virus à un hôte sont encore méconnus. Aussi, une meilleure compréhension du dialogue moléculaire entre le virus et son vecteur est un prérequis majeur dans la lutte contre les maladies vectorielles.Le premier objectif de ce projet de thèse a été d’identifier les interactions protéiques établies par TBEV et LIV avec leur vecteur I. ricinus. En ce sens, une cartographie des interactions entre les protéines de TBEV, de LIV et celles d’I. ricinus a été établie et a révélé que les protéines de TBEV et LIV interagissaient avec différents modules protéiques des cellules de tique tels que des voies de signalisation contrôlant la transduction de signaux, la transcription, la dégradation protéique et des fonctions du cytosquelette.La tique, quant à elle, met en place des moyens de lutte afin de limiter l’impact du virus sur ses traits de vie. Cette lutte se traduit notamment par l’initiation et le maintien d’une réponse immunitaire. Le second objectif était ainsi d’explorer la réponse ARN interférence (voie antivirale décrite comme majeure des arthropodes) d’I. ricinus lors de l’infection à TBEV et à LIV. Le séquençage des petits ARNs issus de cellules de tique infectées par TBEV et LIV et de tiques vivantes infectées par TBEV a montré qu’I. ricinus produisaient des petits ARNs de 22 nucléotides à partir des ARNs viraux.Le rôle des protéines de tiques interagissant avec TBEV et LIV, ainsi que celui d’acteurs de l’immunité antivirale, dans le cycle viral sera appréhendé par l’inactivation de leur expression.Ce sujet de thèse initie un programme de recherche qui vise à élucider les mécanismes moléculaires de la compétence vectorielle d’I. ricinus pour les virus qu’elle transmet, dans le but de prédire la transmission d’autres arbovirus par cette même tique afin d’anticiper leurs émergences en Europe.
Over the last two decades there has been an increase in outbreaks of arboviral diseases, being Spain at high risk for disease emergence. This paper reviews the current evidence regarding the transmissibility, disease epidemiology, control strategies and mosquito-borne disease drivers and maintaining factors in Spain. There is risk of autochthonous cases and outbreaks in Spain due to recent transmission occurrence. Recently, there has been an expansion of Aedes Albopticus, a vector for Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya; and Cullex spp., vector for West Nile Virus, already endemic in Spain. Their establishment has been facilitated by climate and environmental drivers. If climate change projections are to be met, an increase in disease transmission is to be expected, as well as the re-establishment of other vectors such as Aedes Aegypti. Our review supports the need to understand the threat of these emerging diseases and implement preventive strategies in order to minimise their impact.
Over the last two decades there has been an increase in outbreaks of arboviral diseases, being Spain at high risk for disease emergence. This paper reviews the current evidence regarding the transmissibility, disease epidemiology, control strategies and mosquito-borne disease drivers and maintaining factors in Spain. There is risk of autochthonous cases and outbreaks in Spain due to recent transmission occurrence. Recently, there has been an expansion of Aedes Albopticus, a vector for Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya; and Cullex spp., vector for West Nile Virus, already endemic in Spain. Their establishment has been facilitated by climate and environmental drivers. If climate change projections are to be met, an increase in disease transmission is to be expected, as well as the re-establishment of other vectors such as Aedes Aegypti. Our review supports the need to understand the threat of these emerging diseases and implement preventive strategies in order to minimise their impact.
Introduction . Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.
Aim . To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.
Conclusion . Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
