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The objective of the study was to identify the challenges to camel production in Kenya’s Samburu
district. The data was collected through administration of structured and semi-structured questionnaire to a representative sample of the pastoralist household heads. The major causes of camel loss in the district were identified as predation (50.9%), d...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... major causes of camel loss in the district were identified to be predation (50.9%), drought (28.7%) and diseases (20.4%). The lion killed most of the camels (74.7%) while the elephant killed fewer camels (1.2%) (Table 1). However, analysis based on the number of camels killed per herd showed that the hyena had a higher average kill of camels per herd (11), followed by leopard (8), lion (6) and elephant (4). ...
Context 2
... of the camels killed by the hyena were young, but the lion and the leopard killed both adults and the young. The young camels were probably more affected by the drought and therefore could not escape when the herd was attacked by predators, as is shown by the percentage of young camels that were attached by the hyena (Table 1). The camels that were killed by the elephants were probably coincidental, and could have occurred when the herders encroached into the wildlife protected areas. ...
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This study was designed to study some normal hematological values of Arabian camels reared in western desert of Al-Najaf governorate/ Iraq. Blood samples was collected with anticoagulant tube from 78 free breeding Arabian camels in western desert of Al-Najaf governorate/ Iraq at January 2015. Complete blood count CBC were done for each sample and d...
Citations
... Other effects included human deaths as well as livestock migrations. These impacts are felt across the whole rangelands in most ASALs (Ayanda 2013;Bailey 2012;Catley, Bishop, and Leyland 2005;Egeru 2016;Onono et al. 2010). As a coping strategy, pastoralists resorted to migration, resource-use planning, exploitation of natural resources, reduction in herd size, and livelihood diversification. ...
... They play an important role in support of livelihood and culture of pastoral communities in the country [1]. Despite the benefits associated with camels, the animals face challenges in their natural habitat which include diseases, drought, inadequate veterinary services, and little attention by government agencies [2][3][4]. Respiratory infection is considered to be one of the emerging diseases causing considerable loss of camel productivity and death [5]. ...
This study was designed to determine antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from the nasal cavity of healthy camels. A total of 255 nasal samples (swabs) were collected in Isiolo, Samburu, and Nakuru counties, Kenya, from which 404 bacterial isolates belonging to various genera and species were recovered. The bacterial isolates included Bacillus (39.60%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29.95%), Streptococcus species other than Streptococcus agalactiae (25.74%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (3.96%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (0.74%). Isolates were most susceptible to Gentamicin (95.8%), followed by Tetracycline (90.5%), Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol (each at 85.3%), Sulphamethoxazole (84.2%), Co-trimoxazole (82.1%), Ampicillin (78.9%), and finally Streptomycin (76.8%). This translated to low resistance levels. Multidrug resistance was also reported in 30.5% of the isolates tested. Even though the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in this study is low, the observation is significant, since the few resistant normal flora could be harboring resistance genes which can be transferred to pathogenic bacteria within the animal, to other animals’ bacteria and, most seriously, to human pathogens.
... Kenyan camels produce from 1,300 to 2,500 liters of milk over a lactation period of 9 to 18 months (Khan and Iqbal, 2001). This is a good supply of nutritious milk to the household, and in some pastoral communities camel milk contributes up to 30% of their annual caloric intake (Onono et al., 2010). Nevertheless, because camel milk seldom enters into a formal marketing system, its contribution to the national economy is often underestimated and camel keeping has been given little attention in national development planning (Farah et al., 2004). ...
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... Kenyan camels produce from 1,300 to 2,500 liters of milk over a lactation period of 9 to 18 months (Khan and Iqbal, 2001). This is a good supply of nutritious milk to the household, and in some pastoral communities camel milk contributes up to 30% of their annual caloric intake (Onono et al., 2010). Nevertheless, because camel milk seldom enters into a formal marketing system, its contribution to the national economy is often underestimated and camel keeping has been given little attention in national development planning (Farah et al., 2004). ...
The study aimed at determining the presence of the disease in camel slaughterhouses in Garissa County, through serological testing and pathological lesions that encountered at post mortem inspection of camel meat. Three sub-counties; Garissa Township, Dadaab and Balambale were purposefully recruited based on presence of camel slaughterhouses and accessibility. A hundred and sixty (160) camels were selected from 238 presented during the visits based on clinical manifestations suggestive of Brucellosis obtained upon ante-mortem examination and clinical history from owners. Sero-prevallance determination that involved the blood collection from the jugular and screening serum for attendance of Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), serum agglutination test, competitive-enzyme linked immune sorbent assay and double agar gel immunodiffusion test. The selected camels were followed into the slaughterhouse and pathological changes were identified grossly and microscopically based on alteration in organ and/tissue structure. The three main clinical signs that suggested brucellosis were lameness, swollen lymph nodes and abortion. Out of 160 samples tested, 15 (9.37%) were positive for Brucella antibodies and evenly distributed between counties; 8% (4/50) for Garissa Township; 10% (5/50) in Dadaab and 10% (6/60) in Balambale. Using chi-square (χ2), there was no statistically alteration in sensitivity among the four serological tests (p=0.999). Seventy-eight (48.7%) camels had one or more organs with lesions leading to condemnation at meat inspection. The common gross lesions encountered were fibrin depositions 3 (1.8%), enlargement of lung 2 (1.2%), pericarditis 38 (23.7%), and hepatomegaly with nodular liver lesions 79 (49.3%), enteritis 5 (3.1%), haemorrhages and congestion of visceral organs (lung and kidney) 6 (3.7%). Histopathology of sero-reactors revealed; cellular infiltration in lymph node 9 (5.6%), hypoplasia of lymphocytes 6 (3.7%), collapse of alveoli 5 (3.1%), oedema, congestion 4 (2.5%), fatty degeneration in liver 3 (1.8%) and haemorrhages in kidney1 (0.6%). In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in camel in Garissa County. Further extensive research should be done in the whole country. With respect to picking positive cases, RBPT is recommended as a screening test, since it is cheap, quick, and easy to carry-out. The other three can be used to establish respective antibody titres. The organs condemned at inspections are due to inflammatory processes that can be associated with brucellosis or other zoonotic diseases. Standard biosecurity measures at slaughterhouses and farms be enhanced the control and prevention of Brucella infection to animals and human.
Spotted hyenas and humans often come into conflict where they coexist in the landscape. Usually the conflicts involve hyena predation on livestock and retaliatory killings by humans; however, direct attacks on humans by rabid or otherwise healthy hyenas do occur. These in turn compound
the problems associated with reconciling protection of hyenas with the needs and safety of humans. This paper was motivated by a series of attacks which occurred in the town of Kombolcha in the Hararge Region of eastern Ethiopia. The attacks and the responses of the local people were an extension
of a wider conflict across the region where children are occasionally attacked and hyenas killed. Yet hyenas persist in the region. I suggest here that an understanding of the mechanisms which permit hyenas to coexist with humans in the Hararge region extend beyond food availability and access
to breeding sites for hyenas. There is an added dimension which stems from the remnants of a traditional belief system that the local people held prior to conversion to Islam. This entails that hyenas are conceived of as beneficial to the human population due to their propensity to kill and
consume unseen spirits, and their capacity to act in accordance with human societal values. As long as the human population does not transgress any boundaries, the hyenas will not have cause to attack them. Meanwhile the hyenas need to restrict their activity times, rely entirely on anthropogenic
foods, and refrain from preying on people and livestock. These kinds of detailed explorations of ethno-historical and socio-ecological aspects of human–animal relations can better inform efforts at mitigating human–wildlife conflict in Hararge region and beyond.
