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Many believe the current Canadian Dairy supply management system is outdated. Examining a recent consumer survey suggests consumers, especially among the younger generations, have mixed feelings about how the Canadian dairy industry is good for the environment or whether animals in the sector are humanely treated. The general Canadian public strong...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... fact, in 2018, there were only 10,679 dairy farms [45] while in 1971 at the outset of supply management there were 145,000 dairy farms [46]. The farms have been exponentially decreasing as represented by Figure 4. While there are fewer farms, these farms have much higher revenues than those of 50 years ago [47], as we can see from Figure 5, which shows the growth in farm cash receipts from dairying in Canada from 1971 to 2018, in millions of dollars. ...
Context 2
... is problematic as having large farms located in only one or two provinces may not be the most sustainable or beneficial solution for Canada's industry going forward. Figure 4 shows the number of dairy farms and Figure 6 shows the number of dairy cows in Canada, showing how the number of small farms in Canada has declined dramatically since the establishment of supply management. When we look at the trend line of the Number of Dairy Farms in Canada by Year, we find the best fit to be an exponential formula of the form: y = 126,283e −0. ...
Citations
... Upstream starts from producer to processor, and downstream emphasizes the retailer until the customer stage [4]. At the upstream, the source of food loss is farmers' financial stability [14]. Some researchers found that the lack of farmer access to producers and poor distribution systems influence the loss and waste [15]. ...
One of the challenges of food security programs is reducing food loss and food waste in the supply chain. Food loss and waste (FLW) are not only about quantity loss but also quality loss throughout the milk supply chain. Therefore, a mitigation program is necessary to prevent FLW. This article discusses a systematic literature review on food loss and waste mitigation in the milk supply chain. The review is based on the ROSES (Reporting Standard for Systematics Evidence Synthesis) standard. The study selects articles from two primary databases, Web of Science and Scopus, and three additional databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Dimensions. The review was divided into three themes based on the causes of food loss and waste: animal health, actor performance, and managerial approach. This paper suggests several significant contributions to the body of knowledge and practice. The findings highlight that collaboration among supply chain stakeholders is essential to mitigate FLW. This review gives new insight into FLW phenomena in the milk supply chain and it offers an alternative for the supply chain actors to identify the mitigation strategies.
... achievement and power) in Canadian dairy producers when compared to U.S. producers (Fig. 2) may be relevant to differences in the employment relationship and work culture between Canadian and U.S. dairy industries, given the similar achievement (3.62 versus 3.44) and power (2.38 versus 2.41) scores between Canadian and U.S. WVS respondents. The reason of Canadian producers being more competitive and controlling can be the supply-managed system for Canadian dairy producers (Charlebois et al., 2021), i.e., Canadian dairy producers must control the production to meet the expected consumption and maximize profitability from the limited market. In contrast to previous studies using general farmers (Dobricki, 2011;Baur et al., 2016;Graskemper et al., 2022), the higher power score in dairy producers when compared to corresponding national populations (Figs. 3 and 4) can be explained by the high proportion respondents that were farm owners (Table 2), since farm owners are often in charge of farm operation and may pursue power and dominance to better lead and manage employees. ...
Farmer decisions on management practices have a broad impact across economic, environmental, and public health issues, and have been associated with farmers' basic human values (e.g., tradition, stimulation, and security). This knowledge can be useful to inform the implementation of research programs and voluntary policies. A cross-sectional study was designed to characterize 10 Schwartz's basic human values (conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, and security) in Canadian and U.S. dairy producers using a 20-item Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) survey. Canadian dairy producers in Ontario (n = 3367) and Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; n = 557), and U.S. dairy producers (n = 1000) in five Eastern states (Florida, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin) were invited to participate. Producers were asked to rank their relatability to 20 items (each basic human value evaluated by two items) using a 6-point scale (1-6) and the score of each human value was the mean rank of the two items corresponding to the basic human value. Cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct groups of Canadian and U.S. producers that shared basic human value patterns. Country-wise and cluster-wise comparisons in basic human value scores and producers' demographics were performed. Overall, 289 surveys were returned with useable responses from Canadian producers (7.4% response rate) by July 2021 while 315 useable responses (33.1% response rate) from U.S. producers by May 2021. Canadian producers had more desire (P < 0.05) to enjoy life (hedonism), for success (achievement), and to dominance (power), whereas U.S. producers were more (P < 0.05) compliant (conformity), traditional (tradition), helpful (benevolence), egalitarian (universalism), and were more likely to appreciate social security and stability (security). In addition, U.S. producers who milked more cows daily were more open to changes (less conservative) with more desire for success and leadership than those milked less (positive correlation between the number of cows milked daily and the value scores). Compared to data from the general population based on the Wave 5 (2005-2009) and Wave 6 (2010-2014) World Value Surveys, dairy producers in Canada and the U.S. were more open to changes with more desire for power. Although a cluster of more open producers was identified in both countries (n = 71 in Canada; n = 86 in the U.S.), they could not be differentiated from other producers by demographic characteristics. Through this study, we showed differences in 10 basic human values between Canadian and U.S. dairy producers, which were distinct from the general population of the respective country. For U.S. producers, farm size was positively associated with openness and desire for more authority, qualities that may indicate more willingness to adopt new dairy farm practices or adhere to agricultural regulations. Thus, the influence of 10 basic human values by dairy producers should be considered to inform the design or implementation of best practices, future policies, and research programs.
... Second, setting a minimum and/or a maximum price may reduce area-level disparities in cigarette prices (provided the minimum/maximum prices are set high/low enough). Canada has a long history of supply management in the dairy sector which, for example, allows Québec to set fairly narrow price bands for milk (Charlebois et al., 2021;Gouvernement du Québec, 2021). Third, the price can be set per cigarette brand family as is the case, for example, in Argentina, Chile, France, and Japan (prices vary among brands, but the prices of individual brands between areas must be the same) or for alcohol as is the case in Ontario. ...
Objectives
To examine, in the context of youth smoking, whether cigarette prices near secondary schools varied by area-level socioeconomic status in Southwestern and Central Ontario, and the greater Montréal region.
Methods
We collected cigarette prices four times between 2016 and 2019 from stores near secondary schools and used mixed-effects and ordinary least squares regressions.
Results
We found consistent evidence that cigarette prices near secondary schools were lower in neighbourhoods with lower area-level household income, and that differences were large enough to be meaningful. In Ontario and Québec, our results indicate a Can0.51 [0.33, 0.69] and Can0.37 [0.22, 0.52] difference in prices for a pack of 25 cigarettes between neighbourhoods with a median household income standard deviation below/above the provincial median, respectively.
Conclusion
Policy changes that limit area-level cigarette price differences without lowering cigarette prices may reduce inequities in youth smoking.
... Critics cite niche product innovation (Mundler et al.,124 2017), competition and lack of new market entrants (Larue et al., 2017), and prices as key 125 drivers for change (Cardwell et al., 2018). However, a less obvious mechanism to the average 126 consumer is that dairy producers in the system are often compensated by the federal 127 government with tax revenue if the cost of production rises above the set price by the CMSMC 128 (Charlebois et al., 2021). Similarly, if demand for products fall below the set production limits, 129 ...
... In essence, unlike in other economies, this classifies dairy 131 production as a public good in Canada. Critics cite the lack of transparency and accountability by 132 actors within the system to taxpayers (Charlebois et al., 2021;Tamilia & Charlebois, 2007;van 133 Kooten, 2020), raising significant questions regarding policy formulation within and about the 134 system ideologies. 135 ...
Background
During the fall of 2020, consumers began to question the consistency of Canadian butter. Many consumers expressed their dissatisfaction on social media the following winter. For months, Canadian dairy industry stakeholders debated the on-farm practices and processing of dairy products on social media. International media amplified the concerns of consumers. Though a long-held practice, the use of palm oil derivatives as feed supplements for dairy herds was questioned due to its environmental track-record.
Scope and approach
We collected 84 samples of butter from across Canada to test melting points per palmitic acid and oleic acid content. The fatty acid composition of butter fats was determined using gas chromatography (GC) analysis. However, a full investigation into the quality of end products would be virtually impossible due to the nature of the dairy supply chain in Canada.
Key findings and conclusions
We found that higher palmitic acid and oleic acid content increased the melting points of butter. However, the culture and structure of the Canadian dairy industry is such that it’s impossible to compare against benchmarks due to large data deficiencies related to industry standards.
Canada's dairy supply management system provides milk year-round but unnecessarily disposes of overproduction. A lack of transparent data on discarded milk means that the scale of this issue is unknown. This hinders actions to mitigate the potentially large environmental, economic and nutritional costs of avoidable, on-farm milk waste. Here we estimate the volume of surplus milk discarded on farms using a material flow analysis approach, and assess the related environmental and nutritional costs. By our estimates, over 6.8 billion liters of raw milk vanished from Canadian dairy farms since 2012 (totaling a value of $6.7 billion CAD). We calculate this is equivalent to 8.4 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and enough milk for 4.2 million people (11 % of the Canadian population) annually. We suggest increasing transparency on the volume overproduction, reducing incentives for farmers to overproduce, and updating quotas to reflect shifting dietary needs as actions to align the Canadian dairy sector with broader food-system sustainability objectives.
Managing investments in dairy cow health at a national and global scale, requires an improved understanding of current on-farm expenses for cow health (e.g., expenditure for medicine and veterinary consultations). The aim of this study was to assess on-farm health investments for typical dairy farms in 15 case study countries, including Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, New Zealand, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, and USA. The study was conducted using a descriptive analysis of a secondary data set that was obtained from the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). The results suggest that health expenditures take up a relatively small proportion (<10%) of the annual total production costs per cow across all countries in the sample. The means of production costs (e.g., feed, machinery) can take up to 90% of the total production costs for highly intensive systems, while these costs can be as low as 9% for extensive systems. This study highlights the importance of understanding on-farm animal health investments as a contribution to improved national and global decision making about animal health in the dairy sector.
Farmer decisions on management practices have a broad impact across economic, environmental, and public health issues, and have been associated with farmers' basic human values (e.g., tradition, stimulation, and security). This knowledge can be useful to inform the implementation of research programs and voluntary policies. A cross-sectional study was designed to characterize 10 Schwartz's basic human values (conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, and security) in Canadian and U.S. dairy producers using a 20-item Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) survey. Canadian dairy producers in Ontario (n = 3367) and Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island; n = 557), and U.S. dairy producers (n = 1000) in five Eastern states (Florida, Michigan, Ohio, Vermont, and Wisconsin) were invited to participate. Producers were asked to rank their relatability to 20 items (each basic human value evaluated by two items) using a 6-point scale (1–6) and the score of each human value was the mean rank of the two items corresponding to the basic human value. Cluster analysis was performed to identify distinct groups of Canadian and U.S. producers that shared basic human value patterns. Country-wise and cluster-wise comparisons in basic human value scores and producers' demographics were performed. Overall, 289 surveys were returned with useable responses from Canadian producers (7.4% response rate) by July 2021 while 315 useable responses (33.1% response rate) from U.S. producers by May 2021. Canadian producers had more desire (P < 0.05) to enjoy life (hedonism), for success (achievement), and to dominance (power), whereas U.S. producers were more (P < 0.05) compliant (conformity), traditional (tradition), helpful (benevolence), egalitarian (universalism), and were more likely to appreciate social security and stability (security). In addition, U.S. producers who milked more cows daily were more open to changes (less conservative) with more desire for success and leadership than those milked less (positive correlation between the number of cows milked daily and the value scores). Compared to data from the general population based on the Wave 5 (2005–2009) and Wave 6 (2010–2014) World Value Surveys, dairy producers in Canada and the U.S. were more open to changes with more desire for power. Although a cluster of more open producers was identified in both countries (n = 71 in Canada; n = 86 in the U.S.), they could not be differentiated from other producers by demographic characteristics. Through this study, we showed differences in 10 basic human values between Canadian and U.S. dairy producers, which were distinct from the general population of the respective country. For U.S. producers, farm size was positively associated with openness and desire for more authority, qualities that may indicate more willingness to adopt new dairy farm practices or adhere to agricultural regulations. Thus, the influence of 10 basic human values by dairy producers should be considered to inform the design or implementation of best practices, future policies, and research programs.
The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis for both food safety and especially the economic sustainability of food production in Canada and around the globe are explored. A full analysis is made of the nature of the virus, and it is spread as they relate to the forces of globalization which have created a global food supply chain, with a focus on the weaknesses of a global supply chain that fell prey to the COVID-19 virus and its associated economic effects. Comparison was made to past outbreaks of Spanish flu and Ebola, both of which challenged public health, food safety, and food supply systems. A more focused analysis examines how public and private responses to the pandemic create opportunities and challenges for several linkages in the supply chain, including farms, food processing facilities, grocery stores and restaurants. The quarantine procedures put in place around the world to manage the COVID-19 necessitated radical shifts in food production and. Ultimately the response from any individual government is insufficient to weather these events, as the fundamentally international and cross-industry factors involved require a holistic, globally coordinated approach which was not possible with the tools available before these events began.
