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A First Pompeii: the Early Bronze Age village of Nola–Croce del Papa (Palma Campania phase) - Volume 76 Issue 294 - Claude Albore Livadie
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Context 1
... adultes, 3 ovicaprinés, 6 porcs (adultes et fétaux), un cerf et un chien. De la pièce absidiale proviennent des portions de boeuf, de porc et d'ovicaprin entières et désarticulées (Albore Livadie, Vecchio, Delle Donne, Pizzano 2011). La petite maison 2 qui a restitué une tiare en canines de jeunes porcs, exemplaire unique dans tout le village ( fig. 6), possède un bon assortiment des viandes, les mêmes que dans la maison 3 qui la jouxte, mais en proportion bien moindre, et avec des volatiles en plus. À la différence des deux autres maisons où sont conservés des quartiers de grandes tailles, elle ne restitue que des restes de repas. Les espèces les plus représentées sont le mouton et ...
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This chapter deals with the pottery finds from Mentesh Tepe (Azerbaijan). Three main periods are concerned: the Neolithic (first half of the 6th millennium), the Chalcolithic (two phases in the 5th millennium), and the Early Bronze Age (two phases in the 3rd millennium).
Citations
... In the Bronze Age, a third Plinian eruption, the Avellino eruption (3945 ± 10 cal. y BP; Sevink et al., 2011), produced destruction and induced abandonment of Bronze Age prehistoric villages even 14 km far from the vent (e.g., Albore Livadie, 2002). The Avellino sequence is formed by five eruptive units with a main magmatic Plinian phase that emplaced 1.5 km 3 of white to grey pumice deposit NE of the source (Sulpizio et al., 2010). ...
A mineralogical, major, LA-ICP-MS trace element mineral chemistry and bulk-rock geochemical study of juvenile samples of the Mercato, Avellino, Pompeii and Pollena eruptions, collected in stratigraphically and volcanologically well-characterized sections of the Somma-Vesuvius stratovolcano (Roman Magmatic Province), along with reference data on the 1944 CE and the Pomici di Base eruptions, highlights the compositional variability of bulk-rock and glass from leucite phonotephrite to garnet-bearing phonolite. The latter products have extreme fractionation of trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 126, Zr/Y = 89, Zr/Hf =78, Nb/Ta = 40; Th/U = 2.3), very low Sc, V, Y, HREE and very high As, Tl, Cs, Pb, Th and U. The Pomici di Base products, older than the eruptions described above, range from leucite-bearing shoshonites to trachytes, are devoid of garnet and belong to an independent liquid-line-of-descent, having also different fractionation between trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 15; Zr/Y = 12.4, Zr/Hf = 50, Nb/Ta = 15.6; Th/U = 3 in the Pomici di Base trachytes). A marked chemical variability of the observed phases is found. The geochemistry of garnet, amphibole, clinopyroxene and other phases shows wide variations of concentrations and elemental ratios (e.g., La/Ybn up to 520 in the sadanagaite coexisting with garnet). The magmatic evolution is dominated by low-pressure, oxidized, nearly closed-system fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, leucite, ±magnetite, ±biotite, ±olivine and apatite in the transition tephrite-phonotephrite, and of potassic sanidine (±hyalophane), Fe-clinopyroxene, melanite garnet±Fe-amphibole in the transition tephriphonolite-phonolite. Mineralogic and geochemical evidence and modelling points out the existence of independent, zoned magma batches throughout the activity of the stratovolcano, possibly crystallized at similar depths. The Somma-Vesuvius magmas thus evolved in shallow independent reservoirs with respect to those of the neighbouring volcanic complexes (Campi Flegrei, Ischia) as shown, for instance, by the contrasting compositional trends of clinopyroxene and amphibole, and have very limited evidence of both crustal contamination (and/or carbonate assimilation).
... The floor plan of the house featuring an apsis corresponds to the common design of the time (e.g. Nola-Croce del Papa/Italy: Albore Livadie, 2007) and the region (e.g. Sitagroi/Greece: Renfrew et al., 1986;Elster, 1997; Agios Athanasios/Greece: Mavroidi et al., 2008; Arhontiko/Greece: Pilali and Papanthimou, 2002; Greek mainland: Wiersma, 2014). ...
The archaeological site of Sovjan is situated on the edge of the Korçë Basin, southeastern Albania. Its remarkably long and well investigated stratigraphic sequence, spanning from the Neolithic till the Iron Age, makes it an important type- and reference-site for the whole region. At different periods of prehistory it was located on the shores of the former Lake Maliq that once filled the Korçë Basin, but was definitely drained in the 1940's. These permanent wetland conditions on the site allowed for a high degree of preservation of organic material, especially wood. Based on the current knowledge, level 8 of Sovjan contains the best-preserved wooden material of all the Early Bronze Age sites in the Balkans. Through the combination of dendrochronology and Bayesian modelling, i.e. wiggle-matching, a floating 269-years long tree-ring chronology was constructed, with an absolute end-date range falling between 2158 and 2142 cal BC (2σ). It was possible to establish that the dwellings and the trackway associated with the last occupation phase of level 8 are contemporaneous. Additionally, with the help of the new dendrochronological data and based on previously published charcoal dates, the absolute chronology of the subsequent level 7 is being narrowed-down to a range from the mid-22nd to mid-20th c. cal BC (2σ). The Early Bronze Age layers of the archaeological site of Sovjan, which are particularly pertinent for the 3rd millennium chronology of the southwestern Balkans, can now be dated with high precision for the first time and hence offer a major chronological reference point in the region.
... Probably the most astonishing discovery was the village of Nola, wholly preserved from the eruption, just like a prehistoric Pompeii (Albore Livadie 2002; ...
The article is a tribute to the pioneering role of Klavs Randsborg in the early Nineties in search for a new comprehensive chronology for Italian and European prehistory based on a combination of dendrodates with C14 dates. The debate of the last 25 years on this matter is presented, demonstrating a scholarly split, in particular in Italy. At the same time, an Italian peculiarity, the presence of layers of volcanic eruptions mixed with archaeological deposits is proposed as a sort of meeting ground for opponents and proponents of absolute chronology and a way to pair it with known cultural phenomena.
... 1800 BCE, Vesuvius covered a village, has revealed humans living in close proximity to their farm animals, and in conditions that were highly unsanitary according to modern standards (see Turfa 2012, 156-158 with references. Prehistoric Nola-Croce del Papa: Mastrolorenzo et al. 2006;Albore Livadie and Vecchio 2005;Albore Livadie 2002). The problem with equating the "Caeretan plague" with any of the significant zoonoses lies in the neurological symptoms in which victims "would suffer strokes and become twisted and crippled" (Purvis 2009, 92). ...
An unusual “plague” that occurred in late 6th-century BCE Italy, at Caere – modern day Cerveteri, located approximately 50-60 kilometres north-northwest of Rome, may have been a rare instance of airborne botulism following an atrocity on the Etruscan seashore, to judge from highly specific details furnished in the surviving account by the historian Herodotus. We have revisited the information available and compared the documented symptoms with likely causes. The hypothetical diagnosis we suggest is that of airborne botulism. In conclusion, an examination of the symptoms and possible modes of transmission in this unique event merits further consideration in the light of modern discoveries of terrorist activities and possible consequences of large-scale human disasters.
... Many authors have focussed their attention on the Pompeii eruption (Balcone-Boissard et al., 2008 Carey and Sigurdsson, 1987; Cioni, 2000; Cioni et al., 1992 Cioni et al., , 1995 Cioni et al., , 1999b Civetta et al., 1991; Gurioli et al., 2005; Iacono Marziano et al., 2007; Mues-Schumacher, 1994; Sigurdsson et al., 1982 Sigurdsson et al., , 1985 Sigurdsson et al., , 1990). The Bronze Age Avellino Pumice eruption is the latest Plinian event of SV before Pompeii eruption (Cioni et al., 2000aCioni et al., , 2000b Lirer et al., 1973; Sulpizio et al., 2010a Sulpizio et al., , 2010b), and only recently, catastrophic effects on the humans living in the plain surrounding the volcano and on the Apennines mountains to the East have been clearly documented (Albore Livadie, 2002; Di Vito et al., 2009). The entire pyroclastic sequence has been reconstructed in great detail (Sulpizio et al., 2010aSulpizio et al., , 2010b) and, especially the portion relative to the Plinian phase, is easily accessible for systematic sampling. ...
... Since the pioneer work of Johnston Lavis (1884), numerous studies have been carried out on the Avellino eruption, its magmatic feeding system, and its impact (Albore Livadie, 2002; Cioni et al., 1999b Cioni et al., , 2000a Cioni et al., , 2000b Civetta and Santacroce, 1992; Civetta et al., 1991; Di Vito et al., 2009; Joron et al., 1987; Lirer et al., 1973; Mastrolorenzo et al., 2006; Pescatore et al., 1987; Santacroce, 1987; Scaillet et al., 2008; Sulpizio et al., 2008 ). The results of the most recent stratigraphical, sedimentological and volcanological data have been presented in two companion papers (Sulpizio et al., 2010aSulpizio et al., , 2010b). ...
The eruptive history of Mt. Somma–Vesuvius is characterised by large explosive events: Pomici di Base eruption (22,030 ± 175 yr cal BP), Mercato (8890 ± 90 yr cal BP), Avellino (3945 ± 10 yr cal BP) and Pompeii (79 AD). Pre-eruptive conditions and sin-eruptive degassing processes of the Avellino eruption, the highest-magnitude Plinian event, have been investigated, using volatile contents (F, Cl, H2O) in melt inclusions and residual glass, and textural characteristics of pumice clasts of the 9 fallout layers sampled in detail in a representative sequence. The sequence displays an up-section sharp colour change from white to grey, corresponding to variations in both magma composition and textural characteristics. The pre-eruptive conditions have been constrained by systematic measurements of Cl content in both melt inclusions and matrix glass of pumice clasts. The pumice glass composition varies from Na-rich phonolite (white pumice) to K-rich phonolite (grey pumice). The measured Cl values constantly cluster at 5200 ± 400 ppm (buffer value), whatever the composition of the melt, suggesting that the entire magma body was saturated with sub-critical fluids. This Cl saturation constrains the pre-eruptive pressures and maximum H2O contents at 200 ± 10 MPa and 6.3 ± 0.2 wt.% H2O for the white pumice melt and 195 ± 15 MPa and 5.2 ± 0.2 wt.% H2O for the grey pumice melt. The fluid phase, mainly composed of a H2O-rich vapour phase and brine, probably accumulated at the top of the reservoir and generated an overpressure able to trigger the onset of the eruption. Magma degassing was rather homogeneous for the white and grey eruptive units, mostly occurring through closed-system processes, leading to a typical Plinian eruptive style. A steady-state withdrawal of an H2O-saturated magma may explain the establishment of a sustained Plinian column. Variation from white to grey pumice is accompanied by decrease of mean vesicularity and increase of mean microcrystallinity and permeability related to significant vesicle coalescence. Despite this, the ascending magma column still evolves under closed-system degassing, without significant gas loss through conduit walls. The Avellino eruption shows numerous similarities with the 79 AD Pompeii eruption in pre-eruptive conditions, degassing processes and eruptive style which are discussed here.
... To investigate T dep of EU5a 1 deposits, 98 pottery fragments were collected in five huts at Afragola. For comparison, 20 pottery fragments and lithic clasts were also collected from the site (Fig. 1) of another important EBA village at Nola (Albore Livadie, 2002). A total of 98 lava clasts were also sampled in order to obtain information on the temperature variations within the deposition sequence. ...
Public works in progress in the Campanian plain north of Somma-Vesuvius recently encountered the remains of a prehistoric settlement close to the town of Afragola. Rescue excavations brought to light a Bronze Age village partially destroyed and buried by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the Vesuvian Pomici di Avellino eruption (3.8 14C ka BP) and subsequently sealed by alluvial deposits. Volcanological and rock-magnetic investigations supplemented the excavations.Careful comparison between volcanological and archaeological stratigraphies led to an understanding of the timing of the damage the buildings suffered when they were struck by a series of PDCs. The first engulfed the village, located some 14 km to the north of the inferred vent, and penetrated into the dwellings without causing major damage. The buildings were able to withstand the weak dynamic pressure of the currents and deviate their path, as shown by the magnetic fabric analyses. Some later collapsed under the load of the deposits piled up by successive currents. Stepwise demagnetization of the thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) carried by potsherds embedded in the deposits yields deposition temperatures in the order of 260–320 °C, fully consistent with those derived from pottery and lithic fragments from other distal and proximal sites. The fairly uniform temperature of the deposits is here ascribed to the lack of pervasive air entrainment into the currents. This, in turn, resulted from the lack of major topographical obstacles along the flat plain.The coupling of structural damage and sedimentological analyses indicates that the currents were not destructive in the Afragola area, but TRM data indicate they were still hot enough to cause death or severe injury to humans and animals. The successful escape of the entire population is apparent from the lack of human remains and from thousands of human footprints on the surface of the deposits left by the first PDCs. People were thus able to walk barefoot across the already emplaced deposits and escape the subsequent PDCs. The rapid cooling of the deposits was probably due to both their thinness and heat dissipation due to condensation of water vapour released in the mixture by magma–water interaction.
... To investigate T dep of EU5a 1 deposits, 98 pottery fragments were collected in five huts at Afragola. For comparison, 20 pottery fragments and lithic clasts were also collected from the site (Fig. 1) of another important EBA village at Nola (Albore Livadie, 2002). A total of 98 lava clasts were also sampled in order to obtain information on the temperature variations within the deposition sequence. ...
Public works in progress in the Campanian plain north of Somma- ^ Vesuvius recently encountered the remains 15 of a prehistoric settlement close to the town of Afragola. Rescue excavations brought to light a Bronze Age 16 village partially destroyed and buried by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the Vesuvian Pomici di 17 Avellino eruption (3. ^ 8 14C ka BP) and subsequently sealed by alluvial deposits. Volcanological and rock- 18 ^ magnetic investigations supplemented the excavations. 19 Careful comparison between volcanological and archaeological stratigraphies led to an understanding of the 20 timing of the damage the buildings suffered when they were struck by a series of PDCs. The first engulfed the 21 village, located some 15 km to the north of the inferred vent, and penetrated into the dwellings without 22 causing major damage. The buildings were able to withstand the weak dynamic pressure of the currents and 23 deviate their path, as shown by the magnetic fabric analyses. Some later collapsed under the load of the 24 deposits piled up by successive currents. Stepwise demagnetization of the thermal remanent magnetization 25 (TRM) carried by potsherds embedded in the deposits yields deposition temperatures in the order of 260– 26 ^ 320 °C, fully consistent with those derived from pottery and lithic fragments from other distal and proximal 27 sites. The fairly uniform temperature of the deposits is here ascribed to the lack of pervasive air entrainment 28 into the currents. This, in turn, resulted from the lack of major topographical obstacles along the flat plain. 29 The coupling of structural damage and sedimentological analyses indicates that the currents were not 30 destructive in the Afragola area, but TRM data indicate they were still hot enough to cause death or severe 31 injury to humans and animals. The successful escape of the entire population is apparent from the lack of 32 human remains and from thousands of human footprints on the surface of the deposits left by the first PDCs. 33 People were thus able to walk barefoot across the already emplaced deposits and escape the subsequent 34 PDCs. The rapid cooling of the deposits was probably due to both their thinness and heat dissipation due to 35 condensation of water vapour released in the mixture by magma–water interaction In press 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo JCR Journal
While preparing the final publication of the excavations carried out on the prehistoric lakeside settlement of Sovjan (1993–2006), during the last years, we have undertaken (1) the complete re-examination of the stratigraphic data, (2) the detailed study of the pottery of the Bronze and Iron Age levels, and (3) the realisation of new absolute dates, by radiocarbon and even more so by dendrochronology. The latter is based on the analysis of a series of wood samples taken during the partial reopening of the excavation trench in 2018. From all these data, the relative and absolute chronological sequence of Sovjan could be completed, corrected, and updated, and the successive phases of human occupation synchronised with environmental change. As the most significant updates concern the Bronze Age, the present paper focuses on the definitive chronological sequence of this period and summarises the main related data.
In the Footsteps of the Etruscans describes the archaeology of the countryside within a ten km radius of the small town of Tuscania near Rome, throwing light on the unrecorded lives of the generations of farmers and shepherds who have lived there. What was the character of prehistoric settlement prior to Etruscan urbanization? How did urbanization shape the lives of the 'ordinary Etruscans' working the land, hardly ever addressed in Etruscan archaeology? What was the impact on these people of being absorbed into the expanding Roman empire and its globalised economic structures? How did the empire's collapse and the subsequent emergence of the nucleated medieval village affect Tuscania's rural population? The project's 7500-year 'archaeological history', from the first farmers to those grappling with globalisation today, contributes eloquently to our understanding of how Mediterranean peoples have constantly shaped their landscape, and been shaped by it.
Architecture in Ancient Central Italy takes studies of individual elements and sites as a starting point to reconstruct a much larger picture of architecture in western central Italy as an industry, and to position the result in space (in the Mediterranean world and beyond) and time (from the second millennium BC to Late Antiquity). This volume demonstrates that buildings in pre-Roman Italy have close connections with Bronze Age and Roman architecture, with practices in local and distant societies, and with the natural world and the cosmos. It also argues that buildings serve as windows into the minds and lives of those who made and used them, revealing the concerns and character of communities in early Etruria, Rome, and Latium. Architecture consequently emerges as a valuable historical source, and moreover a part of life that shaped society as much as reflected it.
