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-Neighbor-joining tree using p-distances (scale at bottom) and 379 base pairs of the cytochrome-b gene from Microtus pennsylvanicus chihuahuensis, M. p. modestus, M. p. pennsylvanicus, M. montanus, M. canicaudus, and M. townsendii. Numbers after taxa are GenBank accession numbers.
Source publication
Microtus pennsylvanicus is represented in Mexico only by the Chihuahuan meadow vole (M. p. chihuahuensis), known from only 1 disjunct population in a small and isolated marsh in the arid lands of northern Chihuahua. Livetrapping conducted between 2000 and 2004 provided no specimens of M. p. chihuahuensis, nor was any sign of this vole observed. By...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... all museum specimens 379 bp were sequenced. All 4 museum skins yielded the same haplotype (GenBank acces- sion number GU177626). A comparison with the sequence for M. p. modestus shows only 3 substitutions along this length (p 5 0.00782), all of which are 3rd-position and synonymous. The genetic distances between M. p. modestus or M. p. chihuahuensis to M. p. pennsylvanicus are about 3.5 times as great (range of pairwise p 5 0.026-0.029), but the substitutions are still all synonymous. The distances from M. p. chihuahuensis to M. montanus, M. canicaudus, and M. townsendii are about 10 times as great (range of pairwise p 5 0.071-0.090). A neighbor-joining tree using only these taxa further illustrates these relationships (Fig. 4). Again, identical topologies for these 6 taxa were obtained using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean, minimum-evolution, and maximum-parsimony methods. Also, we note that there were 1 or 2 nonsynonymous substitutions between M. p. chihuahuensis and M. montanus and M. townsendii, although none were found between M. p. chihuahuensis and M. ...
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Citations
... In addition to affecting the distribution of species (Thomas, 2010), climate change can alter species survival through the increasing frequency and severity of disturbance such as hurricanes, droughts, floods and fires (Dale et al., 2001;Michener et al., 1997;Stott, 2016;Sun et al., 2014). Though these disturbances have shaped biodiversity for millennia (Brawn et al., 2001;Thom & Seidl, 2016), larger and more severe disturbances could have catastrophic effects for species with ranges that have already been drastically reduced from habitat loss and other anthropogenic sources (List et al., 2010;Oli et al., 2001;Ross et al., 2009). ...
... Alternatively, their isolation could render them more vulnerable to the increasing frequency and magnitude of climate-mediated disturbances (e.g. large fires, severe storms, extreme heat and rising sea level; List et al., 2010). Without favourable conditions connecting relict populations to the larger population, they may be more prone to the impacts of these acute disturbances. ...
Aim
Over the gradually warming Holocene, many species’ range limits shifted poleward. However, some populations persisted in climate refugia, such as mountain tops. These climate relict populations are critical components of regional biodiversity, but their isolation renders them vulnerable to other threats, including changes in environmental conditions indirectly related to a warming global climate. We aimed to quantify the role of these indirect climate effects on Florida saltmarsh vole (Microtus pennsylvannicus dukecampbelli; hereafter: “vole”), a poorly understood, endangered climate relict.
Location
The Gulf of Mexico between Sopchoppy and Pine Island, Florida, USA.
Methods
We surveyed for voles broadly across their potential range using camera traps and modelled the relationships between vole occurrence and two climate-driven threats: hurricane storm surge and shifting vegetation communities. We quantified these threats using both field-collected and remotely sensed data at fine (3-m) and coarse (150-m) spatial scales.
Results
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Main conclusions
The complex and varied ways in which climate change alters the physical environment can expose small-ranging species to multiple threats. Even climate relicts, which have endured historical changes in the global climate, may fail to cope with the rapid pace of anthropogenic climate change.
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Genetic depletion is one of the main problems associated with biodiversity loss affecting the adaptation and survival of populations and species to rapidly changing conditions. In this contribution, we approximate expected loss of genetic variation in black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies from the Janos Biosphere Reserve (northern Chihuahua, Mexico) after a bottleneck experienced by this population in 2013. For this purpose, we used 10 nuclear microsatellite loci to estimate the effective population size (Ne) and modelled the expected effects of a severe bottleneck on genetic diversity (expected heterozygosity, HE). Also, we attempted to prioritize their conservation value by using genetic (mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region plus nuclear microsatellite loci) and ecological data (colony area and relative density). Our analyses indicate that additional data should be gathered for a more precise estimation of prioritization and extinction indexes. In addition, continuous monitoring should be implemented for early detection of population declines and prevention of further losses of genetic diversity. We indicated the colonies that are more likely to lose genetic diversity and should be targets for restoration and management efforts.
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En este capítulo se identifican las áreas de información en los diferentes niveles de organización de la biodiversidad (de genes a ecosistemas) y ámbitos espaciales (local a global), que es fundamental fortalecer para tomar mejores decisiones respecto a la conservación y manejo sustentable del capital natural. Para ello, se analizaron los vacíos en el conocimiento que se destacan en los tres primeros volúmenes de esta obra y se comparan con aquellos detectados en el primer volumen de la Evaluación de los Ecosistemas del Milenio. Las prioridades de investigación son similares en los ámbitos nacional e internacional, pues ambos estudios concluyen que se deberán aumentar de manera significativa los esfuerzos (financiamiento, fortalecimiento de instituciones y creación de capacidades humanas) para incrementar el conocimiento de la biota, en particular de taxones hiperdiversos poco estudiados y los organismos de importancia económica, ecológica y para la salud humana (p.ej. vectores de enfermedades, plagas); asimismo, las investigaciones se deben centrar de manera importante en mejorar nuestro entendimiento sobre los cambios en los procesos ecosistémicos por factores antropogénicos a diversas escalas y su conexión con la biodiversidad y el bienestar humano, así como en mejorar nuestra comprensión de lo que significan las transacciones en el manejo de los ecosistemas que permita el desarrollo y evaluación de prácticas productivas sustentables para detener el deterioro del capital natural. Se tendrá mayor posibilidad de éxito en lograr la sustentabilidad ambiental del país si podemos generar estrategias sólidas, fundamentadas en un mejor conocimiento de los factores humanos que inciden en la degradación del ambiente y que representan la raíz de los problemas ambientales. Para ello, es fundamental impulsar el desarrollo científico-tecnológico orientado a la solución de problemas ambientales, que involucre el trabajo interdisciplinario, así como fortalecer la colaboración entre los diferentes sectores de la sociedad. El conocimiento actual y el que se genere, deben ser accesibles y útiles para facilitar soluciones a los tomadores de decisiones para revertir las tendencias de pérdida de biodiversidad. Asimismo, se destaca la necesidad de evaluar los efectos de las políticas públicas en el estado de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad; se presentan ejemplos que destacan la importancia de contar con conocimiento científico para hacer más eficiente y eficaz la conservación y manejo sustentable del capital natural.
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El presente trabajo se enfoca en el análisis de la estructura interna del área de distribución geográfica de Dinomys branickii, evaluando los factores ambientales a los que la presencia y abundancia de la especie están asociadas. En la investigación se abordaron cuatro cuestionamientos: ¿qué factores ambientales físicos se asocian con la presencia de Dinomys a lo largo de su distribución geográfica?, ¿dónde está Dinomys en los Andes de Colombia?, ¿los microhábitats de Dinomys difieren de los de otros roedores caviomorfos comparables: caso guagua de montaña (Cuniculus taczanowskii)? y ¿cuál es el impacto de las tasas extracción de individuos sobre las poblaciones de Dinomys en los Andes de Colombia?
... These standard errors did not significantly differ between captive and wild studies (performing simple Mann-Whitney U-test or PGLS analysis, data not shown). To account for the non-independence between species that results from the phylogeny, we initially established the phylogenetic tree of our rodent species ( Fig. 1) by building a consensus tree based on eight partial phylogenies ( Herron, Castoe & Parkinson 2004;Jansa & Weksler 2004;Steppan, Adkins & Anderson 2004;Blanga-Kanfi et al. 2009;List et al. 2010;Geffen, Rowe & Yom-Tov 2011;P erez & Pol 2012;Voss, Hubbard & Jansa 2013). We then compared different models of character evolution and identified the one that best accounts for the potential phylogenetic inertia in our analyses. ...
Comparative studies of captive primates and carnivores have shown a positive correlation between total white blood cell ( WBC ) counts and the level of inferred mating promiscuity (e.g. using testes mass). This correlation has been interpreted to support the ‘sexually transmitted diseases ( STD s)’ hypothesis, which states that differential spread of STD s is caused by variation in mating behaviour which shapes baseline aspects of the immune system in mammals.
In the present study, we tested the STD s hypothesis in rodents using 28 species from free‐ranging and 9 species from captive populations. We compiled data set for the 9 studies of captive rodent populations from the International Species Information System ( ISIS ) and gathered 136 studies of wild populations from the literature.
Using phylogenetic generalized least‐squares statistical models considering non‐independence resulting from shared ancestry, we confirmed that species with greater adult body mass averaged across sexes had elevated total WBC and differential WBC (neutrophils and lymphocytes) counts and that captive animals presented higher lymphocyte counts than free‐ranging ones.
However, we found that the total and differential WBC counts did not covary with the residual testes mass – a correlate of mating promiscuity. The results suggest that selection pressures caused by STD s may strongly vary among taxonomic groups. In order to determine the drivers of immunological variation among mammals, further comparative immunological studies including a wide range of taxonomic groups and socio‐ecological variables should be performed and we recommend doing so by primarily focusing on free‐ranging animals.
