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Nectar concentration (mean and standard deviation) in covered ramson flowers at site 3, on five consecutive days of full bloom in April 2007.

Nectar concentration (mean and standard deviation) in covered ramson flowers at site 3, on five consecutive days of full bloom in April 2007.

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Floral nectar volume and concentration of ramson (Allium ursinum L. ssp. ucrainicum) were investigated in three different habitats, including two types of sessile oak-hornbeam association on brown forest soil with clay illuviation and a silver lime-flowering ash rock forest association on rendzina. Daily nectar production ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 μL...

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... The other revealed that there was great variability in nectar production, and it is evident that higher nectar production occurred at high humidity and low temperature [17]. Differences in microclimate can also lead to variation observed between populations at different habitats [18]. The accumulation of sugar in and near the flower under the influence of low temperatures and increasing permeability of the plasma membrane under the influence of high temperature [19]. ...
... Nectar is more diluted when humidity is high, and honey that is stored at such times is likely to be high in water content [19]. The drier microclimate at the border of the sessile oakhornbeam and sessile oak-Turkey oak woods in site 3 may stand in the background of large amounts of concentrated nectar even in isolated flowers [18]. ...
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Nectar concentration is highly influenced by environmental factors and the objective of the study was also to evaluate influences of some environmental factors on nectar volume and concentrations of Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, daylight time, layers of trees, plants age and soil moisture on nectar volume and concentration of youngest, medium, and oldest age of croton was measured. The result indicated that nectar concentration and volume of youngest age was not more affected by temperature and relative humidity like that of medium and oldest ages. Temperature and age have a significant effect on volume (p = 0.0001) and their interactions are also significant (p = 0.01145). Temperature has significant effects on nectar concentration (p = 0.000). Interaction of relative humidity, time and layers has significant effects on nectar concentration (p = 0.0024012). Oldest plants had highest concentration of 10.1 w/w morning and afternoon 36.5 w/w at 4:00 PM for whereas medium plants had nectar concentration of 5.7 w/w morning and afternoon 16.7 w/w and the smaller or younger plants had nectar concentration of 2.7 w/w morning and afternoon 9.1 w/w and this shows age has a significant effect on nectar concentration and volume. Conclude that future temperature rise could have negative effect on the nectar production since for croton also no nectar could be collected at peak temperature of 30°C and no nectar recreation after this peak temperature that indicates climate change can increase temperature which will have negative influences for honey production in the future unless we combat against climate change which will affects honey production and productivity for the country and we will lose honey and its medicinal values of honey also.
... The other revealed that there was great variability in nectar production, and it is evident that higher nectar production occurred at high humidity and low temperature [17]. Differences in microclimate can also lead to variation observed between populations at different habitats [18]. The accumulation of sugar in and near the flower under the influence of low temperatures and increasing permeability of the plasma membrane under the influence of high temperature [19]. ...
... Nectar is more diluted when humidity is high, and honey that is stored at such times is likely to be high in water content [19]. The drier microclimate at the border of the sessile oakhornbeam and sessile oak-Turkey oak woods in site 3 may stand in the background of large amounts of concentrated nectar even in isolated flowers [18]. ...
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... However, most of the models of floral nectar secretion, for example the so-called apoplastic, merocrine and eccrine models, focus mainly on the alternative processes of secretion of the nectar sugar component(Roy et al. 2017 and references therein), while the specific mechanisms ruling transport and secretion of other metabolites are still largely unknown.Beyond this aspect of the knowledge gap, it is now well established that the chemical composition of floral nectar may not only be shaped by phylogenetic constraints but also by ecological drivers (e.g.Nepi et al. 2010, Bogo et al. 2021. Among these it is worth mentioning, for example, interactions with specific guilds of pollinators that may drive selection towards convergent nectar chemistry in unrelated taxa (e.g.Pozo et al. 2015), or interactions with different habitat types (at least in species with wide ecological ranges) (e.g.Farkas et al. 2012) and the influence of human-driven landscape changes such as urbanization, habitat fragmentation and land use (e.g.Tew et al. 2021, Biella et al. 2022). As habitat type and landscape can impart specific local microclimatic characteristics and influence animal communities, both can extensively affect nectar availability and chemistry, not only at the secretion stage, but also through post-secretion modifications, presumably influenced by meteorological conditions (e.g.Corbet et al. 1979, Plowright 1981, Chalcoff et al. 2017, Parachnowitsch et al. 2019) and interaction with floral visitors (e.g. ...
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... ursinum are rough with numerous papillae, while Allium ursinum ssp. ucrainicum Kleopow et Oxner has smooth pedicels without papillae (FarKas, 2012). There is also a significant difference in the distribution area of these two subspecies. ...
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... Differences in floral reward quality and quantity can vary widely. For example, nectar volume in individual flowers can differ across and within species (Cruden et al., 1983;Potts et al., 2004;Farkas et al., 2012). For most angiosperms, sucrose, fructose, and glucose are the predominant sugars in nectar. ...
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Sandalwood (Santalum album L.), a root hemiparasite, endemic to Southern India, is a tree of great commercial value globally. Considering the growing demand and the diminishing supply of sandalwood from its naturalhabitat, there is a great potential for cultivating sandal trees in agricultural land, home gardens and other agro forestry systems. The cultivation of sandalwood is challenging because of the poor understanding of host parasite relationship as sandalwood is a root parasite. In this context a study was carried out to understand the relationship of sandalwood with its two primary hosts, Cajanus (legume) and Alternanthera (nonlegume).The results showed that sandalwood grown with Cajanus (T3) have greater plant height (176.57 cm), stem girth (12.01 cm) chlorophyll content (3.29 mg/g FW of leaves) in contrast to sandalwood grown with Alternanthera (T2) and control (T1) without a host. The variations in activity of SOD, Peroxidase (POX) and accumulation of phenols, flavonoids, proline in sandalwood indicates differences in sandalwood response at molecular level towards the two hosts. There was a clear shift in SOD isozyme bands in sandalwood when it interacted with Cajanus as compared to Alternanthera (T2 ) and control (T1). The increase in peroxidases observed in T3 (11.30g/mg protein) was significantly higher compared to the T2 and T1 . The same trend was observed for the phenols, flavonoids and prolines. The greater reduction in defense response in the host plant Cajanus in comparison to Alternanthera when planted with sandalwood signifies the deliberate vulnerability of Cajanus towards sandalwood parasitism, making it a superior host. Indeed, a polybag experiment to evaluate the direction of root growth shows a clear preference of sandalwood root to Cajanus, as compared to Alternanthera. Overall from the phenotypic observations and also from the biochemical estimations, the leguminous host Cajanus was found to be a better primary host than Alternanthera in the field condition. The insights gained from the present investigation can be used for sandalwood cultivation in large scale in the natural habitat as well as in other agroforestrty region.