TABLE 7 - uploaded by Sara Seifert
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To review the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults.
We searched PubMed and Google using "energy drink," "sports drink," "guarana," "caffeine," "taurine," "ADHD," "diabetes," "children," "adolescents," "insulin," "eating disorders," and "poison control center" to identify...
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Context 1
... may also be restricted to those that have already been approved by the FDA. 109 In 2008, Kentucky, Maine, and Michigan introduced legislation that would ban the sale of highly caffeinated drinks to children 18 y old, but the bills were defeated 30 ; California is considering a bill to require special labels on alcoholic beverages to avoid confusion with nonalcoholic beverages 43 Regulatory controversies also extend internationally (Table 7). When France banned Red Bull, the manufacturers challenged the ban through the Euro- pean Commission, which determined that the caffeine and taurine concen- trations in energy drinks had not been proven to be health risks and ordered France to lift the ban; the European Food Safety Authority has encouraged international data-pooling to better as- sess risks in children, adolescents, and young adults. ...
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Background:
Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages.
Purpose:
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The basic components of energy drinks include caffeine, guarana, taurine, ginseng, and sugar. The excessive consumption of energy drinks has been associated with cardiovascular events such as tachycardia and myocardial infarction in the literature. We herein describe a 24-year-old man admitted to the emergency department. The patient’s medical hist...
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Energy drinks (EDs) with substances in them (caffeine, taurine, guarana and L-carnitine) can induce the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias, such as the supraventricular and ventricular ectopy, ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The aim of this research was to present an 18-year-old patient with supraventricular tachyarrhy...
Citations
... Energy drinks (EDs) are defined as non-alcoholic beverages that contain caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, guarana, ginseng, vitamins, Ginkgo biloba and a combination of other ingredients which enable the consumer to reduce tiredness and improve performance and concentration [1][2][3]. Their presence in the market has grown exponentially since their introduction in 1987, and it is estimated that hundreds of new brands are launched on the market every year, impacting on a greater ED demand [4,5]. ...
... For children and adolescents, safe levels of caffeine consumption have not been established [11], although studies indicate not exceeding 2.5 mg/kg body weight per day was recommended [2,9,10]. Excessive caffeine use leads to serious health problems, including cardiovascular (e.g. ...
Background and aims. The increasing market for energy drinks (EDs) in recent years, as well as the health risks caused by their consumption, prompt calls to estimate the prevalence of ED use among different countries. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of ED use in different continents and age groups.
Method. We searched two databases (i.e. PubMed and PsycInfo) on 31 March 2023 to identify studies reporting the prevalence of ED use. A total of 192 studies (196 distinct samples; n = 1 120 613; 53.37% males) from the United States, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa were included in the analysis. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence at several time-periods. Subgroup analyses were performed to provide prevalence based on continent and age group. The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg's Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Measurements included prevalence of ED use (i.e. life-time, past 12 months, past 30 days, past 7 days and daily use), continent and age group (i.e. children, adolescents, young adults and adults).
Results. The life-time ED use world-wide-pooled prevalence was estimated to be 54.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 48.8–60.6; I2 = 99.80], 43.4% (95% CI = 36.1–50.6; I2 = 99.92) in the past 12 months, 32.3% (95% CI = 28.8–35.8; I2 = 99.82) in the past 30 days, 21.6% (95% CI = 18.7–24.5; I2 = 99.95) in the past 7 days and 8.82% (95% CI = 6.3–11.4; I2 = 99.95) daily ED use. Subgroups analyses showed significant differences in ED life-time use within age groups (P = 0.002) and continents (P = 0.035).
Conclusions. The world-wide prevalence of energy drink use appears to be high, particularly among adolescents and young adults.
... Taurine has received interest in infant formula, dietary supplements and energy drinks due to its possible medicinal applications 7 . Clinical investigations demonstrate that taurine is a necessary ingredient in several species, such as cats and foxes 8 . ...
Taurine, a sulfur-containing non-protein amino acid is one of the most prevalent amino acids in all mammalian plasma and tissues. The objective is to identify the therapeutic role of taurine in animal models and human systemic physiology. Various electronic databases, including author, year of publication, country, purpose, data collection, significant findings and research focus/domain were used in search of published material referencing assessment of the physio-pharmacological potentials of taurine. Taurine protects against a wide range of pathophysiological conditions, including neurological abnormalities, mitochondrial malfunction, metabolic disease, reproductive failure and poor fetal development. Taurine was also reviewed to possess antioxidant, reno-protective, hemo-protective, hepato-protective and anti-inflammatory potentials as well as cardio-protective and anti-aging effects. Taurine, found in excitable tissues, protects systemic physiology against maladaptive responses. Further research is needed to determine if taurine insufficiency can monitor maladaptive responses. Although, clinical trials are also needed to determine optimal therapeutic doses.
... Por otro lado, el consumo frecuente de este tipo de bebidas energizantes se encuentra asociado con efectos perjudiciales al organismo, principalmente en jóvenes y adultos jóvenes, presentando efectos nocivos en su estado de salud. Los efectos varían entre individuos, la frecuencia de consumo, el estado de salud de cada persona, la alimentación, el estilo de vida, el consumo de fármacos, el tipo de compuestos y otras variables asociadas (Seifert et al., 2011). ...
Introduction: Energy drinks are products that are made up of various compounds that could cause adverse effects on human metabolism and affect their health. In recent years, the consumption of these products has increased considerably, mainly in the population of young university students who seek to improve their academic performance, sports performance or for recreational purposes. Objective: In the present study we sought to know the frequency and the main reasons for the consumption of energy drinks and the associated effects in a population of young university students. Methodology. The study was conducted in a population of students from the ETAC Coacalco campus. The work was prepared under a quantitative approach, descriptive, observational and cross-sectional, through the application of surveys, with a confidence level of 95%. Results: Information was obtained from 212 students enrolled in nursing, nutrition, psychology and optometry degrees, who were surveyed through a simple random sampling of which 39.15% mentioned that they consume energy drinks at least once a week. The main brands with the highest preference were: Coffee, Gatorade, Coca-Cola and Pepsi, and less frequently: Powerade, Vive100, Red Bull, among others, the main reason being to improve academic performance. Conclusions: The consumption of energy drinks is high in a population of university students. It is necessary to carry out studies on the effects of these drinks in the long term and finally it is necessary to guide the student population and the general population about the effects that these drinks can have on the health of consumers.
... These legal stimulants can increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as increasing blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. These products are marketed as enhancers of mental acuity and physical performance [1,2]. Prominent examples of energy drinks include Red Bull, Monster, NOS, Rockstar, Lucozade, Eastroc Super Drink, Bang Energy, and 5 Hour Energy [3,4], as described in Table 1. ...
In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.
... Energy drinks refer to a category of drinks that include variable amounts of caffeine, the most common ingredient, as well as various other ingredients that may include taurine, guarana, ginkgo biloba, carnitine, panax ginseng, green tea, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, vitamins and minerals [1][2][3]. There is a growing problem regarding energy drink consumption, and serious adverse effects and toxicity have been documented, together with increasing numbers of emergency department visits and hospitalizations [3][4][5][6][7]. Several adverse cardiovascular events after consuming energy drinks have been reported in the literature due to arrhythmic events or myocardial infarction [8], but none describing direct myocyte toxicity. ...
... Energy drinks are widely disseminated, with higher consumption being reported in adolescents and young adults [1,3,6,7,10]. Their main component is caffeine and some reports advocate that it is, together with carbohydrates, the main responsible for the side effects of energy drinks [3,5,6]. The relative importance of the various ingredients is not fully understood, being di cult to access cause and effect and assign it to one speci c ingredient. ...
... The use of energy drinks is associated to several cardiac and non-cardiac side effects, with palpitations being the most common cardiovascular symptom, with up to 21% of patients referring it [3,5,7,8,10,11]. ...
There is a growing problem regarding energy drink consumption and several adverse cardiovascular events after consuming energy drinks have been reported in the literature, due to arrhythmic events or myocardial infarction, but none describing direct myocyte toxicity. We perform a brief review of energy drink associated cardiovascular effects already described in the literature and present the first ever described case associating energy drink consumption to myocarditis.
... Wśród dorosłych (18-65 lat) rozpowszechnienie spożycia wyniosło 30% (do 53% wśród "młodych dorosłych" (18-29 lat)), a 18% wśród dzieci (3-10 lat), głównie w podgrupie 6-10 lat (19%) [5] . Podobnie przedstawia się sytuacja w innych krajach [4], [6] W USA przeprowadzono ankietę, w której wzięło udział 496 studentów w wieku 21,5 ± 3,7 lat -51% zgłosiło spożycie co najmniej jednego napoju energetycznego w ciągu ostatniego miesiąca [7] , a badanie wśród niemieckich nastolatków pokazało, że 53% próbowało napojów energetycznych, a 26% spożywało je regularnie [8]. Zauważono też, że spożywanie napojów energetycznych często wiąże się ze spożyciem alkoholu [4], [6] . ...
Energy drinks (NE) are popular stimulants among adolescents and adults. They are commercial, advertised, widely available products that contain increased amounts of caffeine, and are designed to reduce feelings of fatigue in favor of increased mental and physical performance. In addition to caffeine, various ingredients such as vitamins, dyes or substances that impart a certain flavor are added to NEs. Many cases have been described of the harmful effects of NE used alone and in combination with alcohol on the human body: including on the digestive system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system or kidneys. We decided to analyze and compare with each other the composition of NEs from the most popular manufacturers available in most Polish grocery stores. We then briefly described the most important substances available in NE and reviewed the literature on their potential toxicity. It is reasonable for physicians and teachers to educate young people and their parents about the harmfulness of NE, especially when children are suspected of taking large amounts. Further observations and studies monitoring the harmfulness of NEs are needed, and the drinks themselves should be subject to special surveillance.
... Energy drinks refer to drinks which promote physical and mental performance and prevent feeling of fatigue, Over the last two decades energy drinks became a popular drink especially after the debut of red bull drink in 1997, it targeted young people mainly as two-third of the consumers raged from 13-35 year. And university students usage of energy drinks is of particular concern as there is many tempting reasons for students to use them, 104 its popular among students that such kind of beverages able to boost their physical and mental performance, increase alertness, wakefulness and memory which most pupils seek, 105 and for other reasons such as to enjoy fun time and other related causes as revealed by a study done on medical students in Jeddah Saudi Arabia. 106 In a study done on undergraduate universities students 40% of them in Saudi Arabia 107 , 32.6% in turkey, 108 49% in Poland drink energy drinks and quantity increase during examination times. ...
Background:
The study of lifestyle among University students is important for many reasons. Students as educated professionals are role models for their peers in the community. Students are young and their behaviors can reflect the health status of the society they are going to live in in the coming years. University students have unique needs and problems. They have particular physical, social and emotional characteristics.
Objectives:
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at faculty of medicine, Misurata University during April and May of 2019.
The aim was to explore the attitudes and practices among the students towards health related lifestyles and risky behaviors. The specific objectives were to identify health related lifestyles among students in terms of dietary habits, physical exercise and sleep behavior, and to determine the prevalence of different types of risky behaviors such as: the use of tobacco, alcohol, addictive drugs.
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Method:
A sample of 150 students (75 females and 75 males) were selected from first-year to fifth year. A systematic random sampling techniques was used. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire about various lifestyles and risky behaviors related variables.
Results:
The result showed that (60%) of the students believe that they are in good nutritional status, and that (50.67%) of the students consume fast food. High percentages of drinking tea (84%), coffee (83.3%) and milk (82%) were identified among the students, while (65.33%) of the students were physically active. There were statistically significant differences between male and female students with regard to physical activity. (61.33%) of students had irregular sleep patterns. Cigarette smoking and shisha were prevalent among (7.33%) of students.
Recommendation:
Based on the results, the most important approach is to establish a partnership between stakeholders and all concerned parties to provide a culturally specific, comprehensive health promotion programs and supportive environment to encourage healthy behaviors among the students.
... These drinks are advertised as energy boosters, improving mental alertness and physical performance. (Seifert et al., 2011). The consumption of ED has increased significantly, becoming a global health problem in the past few years. ...
... The continuous increase in consumption and sales has drawn the attention of policymakers and health consultants worldwide (WHO, 2014). The sale of EDs has now been restricted for children <16 years in some European countries, such as Sweden (2008) and Germany (2008), and legislation has been introduced in several Nordic countries and Canada (Seifert et al., 2011). The United Kingdom is also reviewing to ban the sale of EDs for under 16 (Global and Public Health Group 2018). ...
... The United Kingdom is also reviewing to ban the sale of EDs for under 16 (Global and Public Health Group 2018). While other countries have implemented changes to labelling laws that include a requirement for clear health warnings; an approach adopted universally across the European Union (Seifert et al., 2011). ED manufacturers have been aggressively marketing EDs in Saudi Arabia over the past two decades. ...
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and socio-economic determinants of energy drink (ED) consumption and related health outcomes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A self-report survey was used to collect data from 2,024 students (aged 13-20 years). Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between ED consumption, diet and health-related outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 54% of young people reported ED consumption at least once and 25.5% at least weekly. The most common (38.65%) reason for ED consumption was the enjoyable flavour. Male students reported higher ED consumption compared to females (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.46). ED consumption was associated with an unhealthy diet (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.87), tobacco use (OR = 5.91, 95% CI 3.47 to 10.07), poor quality sleep (OR = 0.73, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.99). Those who regularly ate breakfast were less likely to report ED consumption (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.95). CONCLUSION: More than 1 in 2 young people reported ED consumption among a sample of Riyadh-based students. Consumption was found to be associated with a poor-quality diet and negative health outcomes. Findings suggest that there is a public health need to reduce the consumption of EDs among this population.
... Most of energy drinks contain caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, carbohydrates, vitamins, and other herbal extracts as ginseng and guarana. Guarana and ginseng are considered natural sources of caffeine, and their levels are often not labeled on the package labeling (Seifert et al., 2011). Consumption of 250ml of an energy drink can contains (80mg of caffeine, 27g of carbohydrate, 1.0g of taurine, 0.6g of glucuronolactone, 20mg of niacin, 5mg of vitamin B6, 5mg of pantothenic acid, and 5 μg of vitamin B12 and other ingredients) (Heckman et al., 2010). ...
... Along with an unhealthy diet, consumption of alcohol and tobacco, as well as the use of energy drinks, is also contributing significantly to deteriorating human health (Seifert et al. 2011;Capurso and Lahner 2017;Huang and Shi 2019). Research shows that smoking not only leads to cancer but regular smoking can also alter the oral and gut microbiome and can change the microbiota permanently (Hall et al. 2017;Huang and Shi 2019;Farzi et al. 2019;Singhvi et al. 2020). ...
The human microbiome builds a multifaceted and dynamic ecosystem with the body that shapes the metabolic as well as immunological behavior of human beings. Over the past decades, our knowledge of the human microbiome suggests that various genetic as well as environmental factors affect the human microbiota and their interaction with the host dictates overall human health. Recent studies have associated nutrition, lifestyle, and physiological variables with human health and affirmed that establishing favorable interactions between the host and its concomitant microbiota is crucial for human health. In this chapter, we discuss the various factors that affect the overall human microbiota and debate the effect of lifestyle, diet, and physiological factors on the gut microbiome. Here, we explain how microbiome health affects human physiology and metabolism and debate the impact of microbiota on lifestyle disorders, mainly diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Next, we talk about the current and future emergence of obesity and diabetes and probable solutions to avoid these anomalies. Here, we highlight the crosstalk between the oral and gut microbiome and discuss the probable treatment of obesity and diabetes by healing the microbiome. In the last section of the review, we also discuss the effect of the microbiome on stress-related disorders and birth-related problems such as premature deliveries and low birth weight. Overall, this chapter outlines a detailed explanation of lifestyle-related disorders, their impact, and possible solutions to these lifestyle-related problems, which in turn is vital for a planned and successful treatment of these disorders.KeywordsLifestyle disordersDiabetesObesityCardiovascular diseasesProbiotics
