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National Police Misconduct Statistics and Reporting Project on police brutality cases that happened between April 2009 and June 2010
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What, if any, changes have occurred in the nation’s police departments 21 years after the Rodney King beating? To answer this question, this study examined findings provided by the National Police Misconduct Statistics and Reporting Project (NPMSRP). An additional goal of this study was to examine how the public generally perceive police and how ra...
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Recently, we have witnessed three trends impacting educational experiences for undocumented Mexican students: (a) a dramatic increase of Mexican-origin people, (b) organized and openly supported anti-immigrant policies with a racial dimension, and (c) increased participation by politicized migrants in national public discussions on immigration. Sti...
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... Countless potential lives have been lost as a result of the police's aggression, and many more, particularly young ones, have been rendered disabled. Every individual has the right to their personal liberty, as stated in Section 35 of the Constitution, and no one can be deprived of it unless the following circumstances apply and it is done in line with the legal process which indicates that no one shall be denied their freedom by being incarcerated or subject to another form of confinement until the rule of law is upheld (Chaney and Robertson, 2013). Although the constitution acknowledges the legal requirement to hold a suspect in custody pending trial, that requirement also specifies a time limit for that detention and swift resolution of case is necessary. ...
This study investigates police brutality amongst youth within Ibadan metropolis, focusing on its prevalence, causes, and impacts, particularly on youth aged 18–30. The research examines the systemic factors contributing to police violence, including inadequate training, entrenched impunity, and insufficient accountability, using Social Conflict and Strain Anomie theories as frameworks. Highlighting the 2020 #ENDSARS protests as a case study, the research explores the disproportionate targeting of urban youth by law enforcement and the social consequences of such actions. Findings reveal a disconnect between police operations and constitutional mandates, exacerbated by poor working conditions, internal conflicts, and the use of torture-induced confessions. Recommendations emphasize comprehensive police training, anti-bias initiatives, legislative reforms, and community policing to foster transparency, accountability, and public trust. The study also underscores the need for adopting body cameras, implementing whistle-blower protections, and leveraging data-driven analysis to prevent abuse. While the research relies on secondary data and a small sample size, it provides insights into the systemic challenges and socio-political implications of police brutality in Nigeria. The study contributes to policy discussions on safeguarding human rights and advocates for a collaborative, multifaceted strategy to address police misconduct and rebuild community-police relations, ensuring a more equitable justice system.
... Contemporary community-police relations are embedded in a much larger social system characterized by race-based stereotyping and discrimination (e.g., Carroll & Gonzalez, 2014;Chaney & Robertson, 2013;Gabbidon & Greene, 2018;Holmes & Smith, 2008;Teasley et al., 2018). , for example, reviewed surveys conducted in the past 25 years and found a robust relationship between racial intolerance among white respondents and approval of police use of force in general and in specific situations (e.g., when suspects are attempting to escape custody). ...
Objective: The original 15-item Beliefs About Law Enforcement (O-BALE) scale was developed to measure social work students' perceptions of police within the racialized context in which such perceptions manifest. The current study incorporated methodological improvements to strengthen the validity of the scale. Method: A total of 229 MSW students self-administered the O-BALE scale to report their perceptions about police violence against Black Americans. After eliminating the scale items vulnerable to social desirability bias, researchers performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to measure the factor structure of the resultant 12-item scale and employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to determine whether the EFA model offered optimal data fit. Results: EFA yielded a two-factor solution and the initial CFA resulted in removal of the second factor. The final single-factor model with 8 items underlying students’ perceptions of police violence, improved the model fit for the data. The internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity for the revalidated BALE (R-BALE) scale were satisfactory. Conclusions: The R-BALE scale is a promising instrument for research in various settings and for promoting dialogue about institutional racism. Further validation testing is warranted with social work practitioners in different practice settings.
... The last few decades have seen a renewed surge of demands for police accountability (Walker 2006;Archbold 2022). These demands originate from the frightful power imbalance between the law enforcement agencies and the citizens they are meant to protect and often result in blatant abuse of resources and tools by law enforcement officials (Decker et al. 2019;Moore et al. 2018;Chaney and Robertson 2013;Jon Swaine and Lartey 2015). Automated prediction is another tool that can propagate and exacerbate systemic biases against minority groups in law enforcement (Selbst 2017). ...
Real-world applications of machine learning (ML) algorithms often propagate negative stereotypes and social biases against marginalized groups. In response, the field of fair machine learning has proposed technical solutions for a variety of settings that aim to correct the biases in algorithmic predictions. These solutions remove the dependence of the final prediction on the protected attributes (like gender or race) and/or ensure that prediction performance is similar across demographic groups. Yet, recent studies assessing the impact of these solutions in practice demonstrate their ineffectiveness in tackling real-world inequalities. Given this lack of real-world success, it is essential to take a step back and question the design motivations of algorithmic fairness interventions. We use popular legal anti-discriminatory principles, specifically anti-classification and anti-subordination principles, to study the motivations of fairness interventions and their applications. The anti-classification principle suggests addressing discrimination by ensuring that decision processes and outcomes are independent of the protected attributes of individuals. The anti-subordination principle, on the other hand, argues that decision-making policies can provide equal protection to all only by actively tackling societal hierarchies that enable structural discrimination, even if that requires using protected attributes to address historical inequalities. Through a survey of the fairness mechanisms and applications, we assess different components of fair ML approaches from the perspective of these principles. We argue that the observed shortcomings of fair ML algorithms are similar to the failures of anti-classification policies and that these shortcomings constitute violations of the anti-subordination principle. Correspondingly, we propose guidelines for algorithmic fairness interventions to adhere to the anti-subordination principle. In doing so, we hope to bridge critical concepts between legal frameworks for non-discrimination and fairness in machine learning.
... It is essential to examine police engagement in misconduct given officers' opportunity and power to potentially engage in predatory behaviors (Cottler et al. 2014;Miller 2015). Excessive use of force is studied in the literature more so than other types of misconduct (Chaney & Robertson 2013). However, the attention to this form of misconduct may overshadow other equally important forms of misconduct, including the inappropriate use of a weapon (Commission to Combat Police Corruption 1998), sexual misconduct (Stinson et al. 2014), and racially offensive behaviors (Miller 2015). ...
... The previous literature found that Black people are more likely to experience police harassment, victimization (Chaney & Robertson 2013;Dottolo & Stewart 2008;Nordberg et al. 2016), and shootings (Miller 2015;Ross 2015). The officers in the prior research who engaged in these acts were identified to exhibit antisocial personality traits, such as acting aggressively toward others for personal gain (Miller 2015). ...
... In fact, Miller (2015) found that police shootings are more likely to occur in Black communities. Additionally, Chaney and Robertson (2013) found that verbal and psychological abuse and intimidation occur more by police officers against members of marginalized groups. The current findings suggest that, while some racially offensive acts are committed out of overt malice, others are committed out of the officers' perceptions of danger, pointing to a bigger societal issue. ...
Several forms of police misconduct exist, including the inappropriate use of a weapon, sexual misconduct, and racially offensive behaviors, and deserve more attention in the literature. More recent literature suggests that there may be personality predictors of misconduct. Specifically, aggression, having unstable relationships, a lack of empathy, thrill-seeking behavior , and poor impulse control, may contribute to officer misconduct. The current study examined a group of 642 first-year police officers through a series of mostly logistic regression analyses to determine if antisocial or borderline personality traits predict inappropriate use of a weapon, sexual misconduct, and racially offensive behavior using scales from the Min-nesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2; the antisocial practices and the psychopathic deviance scales) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; the borderline and antisocial scales). Most of the hypotheses were not supported by the findings. Participants who had more antisocial traits, as assessed by MMPI-2, were less likely to be accused of racially offensive behavior. Officers who had more borderline characteristics, as assessed by the MMPI-2, were less likely to be accused of engagement in any misconduct, specifically sexual misconduct. However, participants who had more borderline traits, as assessed by the PAI, were more likely to engage in sexual misconduct, but less likely to engage in any misconduct overall. Demographic covariates also were found to be related to all three forms of misconduct.
... Racial bias is a specific form of bias relevant to attitudes toward racial/ethnic group members (Lai et al., 2016). Such attitudes are problematic because they lead to health-care disparities (Le Cook et al., 2009), educational disparities (Drake, 2017), employment/wage disparities (Holzer et al., 2006;Thomas et al., 2011), and police brutality (DeGue et al., 2016;Chaney & Robertson, 2013). From a behavior analytic perspective, race-related bias (i.e., covert or overt), may be a product of classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning and shaping (Matsuda et al., 2020). ...
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of behavioral procedures, including relational training and multiple exemplar training on empathic responding of individuals who display racial bias. In particular, this study used a multielement design with five adult participants to evaluate whether the presentation of relational frames of coordination and distinction between the participants’ values and the values of a person belonging to a group for which a bias existed altered empathic responses toward people belonging to such groups. The results showed empathic responding was higher when relational frames of coordination were presented and lower when relational frames of distinction were presented. This study provides preliminary data suggesting that relational training may result in altered patterns of empathic responses toward people belonging to different racial groups for which a bias previously was observed.
... Feelings of anger and disgust after experiencing betrayals by institutions or trusted individuals who committed moral-violating transgressive acts are a major component of MI (Litz et al., 2009). This is salient to the Black community, given the long history of mistreatment by various institutions including governmental, academic, and medical institutions, as well as law enforcement (Chaney and Robertson, 2013;Griffith et al., 2007). The 1932 Tuskegee syphilis study is a well-known example of medical abuse experienced by the Black community in which over 600 Black American men were unknowingly being monitored for the progression of syphilis without being given proper medical attention (Manning, 2020). ...
... Many youth and adults illuminated how experiences with police threaten safety. These experiences are in keeping with historical and ongoing inequities in which Black people are more likely to be the victims of police brutality, with direct negative impacts on physical and mental health (Chaney & Robertson, 2013;Heard-Garris et al., 2022). Importantly, police brutality was not initially asked about in the dyadic interviews; however, the topic came up several times because many participants expressed that it presents a danger to their lives, as well as youths' lives. ...
Dyadic interviews were conducted with 32 youth ages 13–21 and their self-identified key adult supports to illuminate how adult supports help protect youth in communities impacted by high levels of violence. Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Youth described choosing social interactions carefully, avoiding high-violence areas, and keeping busy with activities. Many youths discussed the necessity of minimizing contact with peers to avoid violence, resulting in isolation from friends and increased engagement with family at home. Adult supports reflected upon an intergenerational transfer of violence avoidance, safety planning, and coping strategies through sharing their own lived experiences. Dyads highlighted the need for intergenerational programming to address social isolation and build supportive social networks.
... The statistics regarding the racial divide surrounding police violence, however, do not stop with deaths alone (Graham et al., 2020). Numerous studies indicate that Black-Americans are more likely to be accosted by police while operating a motor vehicle ("Driving While Black"), more likely to be hassled and harassed by police without cause, file more complaints about police brutality, and are more likely to experience police than any other race, with the highest disparity for Black men (Browning et al., 1994;Chaney et al., 2013;Knox et al., 2019;Smith & Holmes, 2003;Tomaskovic-Devey et al., 2006;Walker, 2011). ...
Told from multiple narrative accounts, this study used a novel qualitative storytelling research method to examine and report the lived experiences of eleven Black men facing anti-Black racism in the United States, particularly from the lens of harassment and excessive force during interactions with law enforcement personnel. The stories were collected through qualitative interviews and analyzed and reported using a novel abductive-inductive-deductive (A-I-D) storytelling research method--the Lifespan Aggregate Multi-Participant Storytelling (LAMPS) methodology. In this pivotal time during which the killing of Black men by police officers have been repeatedly exposed in the media, and the world calls for social change, this study brings light to Black men's day-to-day lived experiences over a lifespan with excessive force, abuse of power, and racial injustice at the hands of police-interactions that have not been displayed in the public media.
... Over the last decade, we have witnessed the emergence of the Black Lives Matter Movement in response to the persistent violence of White supremacy (Taylor, 2016); an epidemic of police brutality and institutional oppression of BIPOC folks in the United States and internationally (Chaney & Robertson, 2013;Ritchie & Mogul, 2007); a COVID-19 pandemic that has contributed to the deaths of 6.7 million people (at time of publication, World Health Organization, 2023); a growing wealth gap, depressed wages, inflation, and endemic poverty (Oliver & Shapiro, 2019;Saimi-Namini & Hudson, 2019); the revivification of the MeToo movement, initially founded by Black activist Tarana Burke (Gieseler, 2019;G� omez & Gobin, 2020); and growing awareness of power-based interpersonal violence across spheres of identity. ...
This special issue draws together Black feminist, womanist, mujerista, and anti-racist approaches to theory and praxis. Authors provide recommendations and guidance toward liberatory approaches to psychology, therapy, activism, and healing. The collection builds upon presentations and conversations that took place at the Association for Women in Psychology 2021 virtual conference about how to best work toward a more just, anti-racist, and liberatory world as feminist and womanist therapists in increasingly difficult social contexts. The articles provide important herstories, testimonies, analyses, and promising actions. Together, these works invite readers to join together in imagining and enacting radically inclusive paths to healing and collective liberation.
... The first is the case of Rodney King, who was a victim of police brutality in Los Angeles. King was severely beaten by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) with excessive force in March 1991 for over-speeding (Chaney and Robertson 2013;Schwartz 2020). ...
... By addressing the race question, many police departments in the US in recent times have sought to address the problem of racism in the police force by ensuring an increased diversity in the police force, especially in terms of gender and race (Kane and White 2009;Chaney and Robertson 2013). Such diversity might be needed in reducing the likelihood of the problem, but it will not end the spate of police brutality and extra-judicial killings that are founded on the ruthless nature of achieving the capitalist social order. ...
