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Names that have ever been used for native brine shrimps Artemia of Asia, their availability, infor- mation of type specimens and nomenclatural problems
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The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 is a cosmopolitan halophilic crustacean, consisting of bisexual species and obligate parthenogenetic populations. Asia is rich in Artemia biodiversity. More than 530 Artemia sites have been recorded from this area and more than 20 species/subspecies/variety names have been used for them. There exist various problems in...
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Context 1
... far as we are aware, 14 binomens (including the one questionably reported as a species of Branchinecta Verrill, 1869) and nine trinomens, as well as unidentified species/subspecies/varieties, have appeared in the form of scientific names (combined with a genus name and typeset in italics) in literature relating to native Asian brine shrimps. As shown in Table 1, almost all of the names have some kind of nomenclatural problem. Among the 13 binomens proposed for Artemia, eleven fulfil the availability requirements of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 4 th edition) and are considered to be available species names [Artemia salina (Lin- naeus, 1758); Artemia asiatica Walter, 1887;Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899;Ar- temia parthenogenetica Bowen & Sterling, 1978;Artemia sinica Cai, 1989;Artemia barkolica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia urumuqinica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia ebinurica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sorgeloos, 1998;Artemia frameshifta Naganawa & Mura, 2017; Artemia murae Naganawa in Naganawa and Mura 2017], and the other two are unavailable [Artemia kazakhastan Vikas et al., 2012;Artemia china Vikas et al., 2012]. ...Context 2
... two decades, Tibetan bisexual populations have been considered as belonging to a single species, A. tibetiana, originally described as a bisexual species from Lagkor Co, Tibet, China ( Abatzopoulos et al. 1998). However, as that in Urmia Lake, a parthenogenetic population was also documented from this lake (Van Stappen et al. 2003;Maccari et al. 2013; see Table 1). Wang et al. (2008) documented four Tibetan bisexual populations clustering in two different clades using the mitochondrial COI marker, with one clade only hosting the type locality population (Lagkor Co) and a second distinct clade hosting the others (Kyêbxang Co (=Qixiang Lake or Qi Xiang Cuo), Nima, and Yangnapeng Co). ...Context 3
... other bisexual populations, the Jingyu Lake (Xinjiang, China) population and the Xiao Qaidam Lake (Qinghai, China) population, were considered to represent different subspecies of A. sinica. The subspecies names Artemia sinica jingyuhuensis Yin, Zhang & You, 2013 andArtemia sinica xiaochaidanensis Yin, Zhang & You, 2013 were proposed for them, respectively, though they are not available (Table 1). Zheng and Sun (2008) documented some morphological differences between Jingyu Lake and Lagkor Co populations though they identified the former population as A. tibetiana. ...Context 4
... nomenclatural and taxonomic status of Artemia parthenogenetica have been discussed by previous authors (Barigozzi 1980;Belk and Brtek 1995;Baxevanis et al. 2006; see also Table 1). Since Bowen and Sterling (1978), this name has been used in numerous publications (sometimes followed by a population site), whereas some authors preferred to refer parthenogenetic Artemia as "populations" ( Abatzopoulos et al. 2002a;Baxevanis et al. 2006;Asem et al. 2010). ...Context 5
... far as we are aware, 14 binomens (including the one questionably reported as a species of Branchinecta Verrill, 1869) and nine trinomens, as well as unidentified species/subspecies/varieties, have appeared in the form of scientific names (combined with a genus name and typeset in italics) in literature relating to native Asian brine shrimps. As shown in Table 1, almost all of the names have some kind of nomenclatural problem. Among the 13 binomens proposed for Artemia, eleven fulfil the availability requirements of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 4 th edition) and are considered to be available species names [Artemia salina (Lin- naeus, 1758); Artemia asiatica Walter, 1887;Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899;Ar- temia parthenogenetica Bowen & Sterling, 1978;Artemia sinica Cai, 1989;Artemia barkolica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia urumuqinica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia ebinurica Qian and Wang in Qian et al. 1992; Artemia tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sorgeloos, 1998;Artemia frameshifta Naganawa & Mura, 2017; Artemia murae Naganawa in Naganawa and Mura 2017], and the other two are unavailable [Artemia kazakhastan Vikas et al., 2012;Artemia china Vikas et al., 2012]. ...Context 6
... two decades, Tibetan bisexual populations have been considered as belonging to a single species, A. tibetiana, originally described as a bisexual species from Lagkor Co, Tibet, China ( Abatzopoulos et al. 1998). However, as that in Urmia Lake, a parthenogenetic population was also documented from this lake (Van Stappen et al. 2003;Maccari et al. 2013; see Table 1). Wang et al. (2008) documented four Tibetan bisexual populations clustering in two different clades using the mitochondrial COI marker, with one clade only hosting the type locality population (Lagkor Co) and a second distinct clade hosting the others (Kyêbxang Co (=Qixiang Lake or Qi Xiang Cuo), Nima, and Yangnapeng Co). ...Context 7
... other bisexual populations, the Jingyu Lake (Xinjiang, China) population and the Xiao Qaidam Lake (Qinghai, China) population, were considered to represent different subspecies of A. sinica. The subspecies names Artemia sinica jingyuhuensis Yin, Zhang & You, 2013 andArtemia sinica xiaochaidanensis Yin, Zhang & You, 2013 were proposed for them, respectively, though they are not available (Table 1). Zheng and Sun (2008) documented some morphological differences between Jingyu Lake and Lagkor Co populations though they identified the former population as A. tibetiana. ...Context 8
... nomenclatural and taxonomic status of Artemia parthenogenetica have been discussed by previous authors (Barigozzi 1980;Belk and Brtek 1995;Baxevanis et al. 2006; see also Table 1). Since Bowen and Sterling (1978), this name has been used in numerous publications (sometimes followed by a population site), whereas some authors preferred to refer parthenogenetic Artemia as "populations" ( Abatzopoulos et al. 2002a;Baxevanis et al. 2006;Asem et al. 2010). ...Citations
... Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 and A. tibetiana are two nominal species established for bisexual Artemia from western and central Asia. The former was originally described from Urmia Lake, Iran (Günther, 1899), and was subsequently recorded from other regions (Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Crimea, Greece, Bulgaria), although some records needed to be reconfirmed (Asem et al., 2020). The latter was originally described from Lagkor Co, Tibet, China (Abatzopoulos et al., 1998). ...
... Recently, A. tibetiana (together with a number of other nominal species, mostly parthenogenetic) was synonymized with A. urmiana because of the absence of clear boundaries in their genetic/morphological differentiation and the existence of nuclear gene flow (Sainz-Escudero et al., 2021). However, the taxonomic status of some QTP populations remains to be dubious until more work on their degree of isolation is performed (Asem et al., 2020;Sainz-Escudero et al., 2021). In the present paper, all members that are genetically close to the so-called "Western Asian Lineage", which contains both bisexual and parthenogenetic (2n and 3n) populations (Sainz-Escudero et al., 2021), are provisionally mentioned as A. urmiana species complex. ...
... Some ducks from the QTP firstly fly northward to Xinjiang (where ZD population is located) and then fly westwards and southwards in autumn, taking a route bypassing the plateau (Gilbert et al., 2017). Populations surrounding this "bypass", such as the KAZ population (a population from an unknown place in Kazakhstan) (see review of Asem et al., 2020), may act as transfer stations for the connectivity between URM and the Chinese populations. Therefore, the gene flow pattern of Artemia is correspond with the pattern of waterfowl wintering migration, our hypothesis that the dispersal direction of Artemia resting eggs is biased towards from north to south (from JYH to other QTP populations, from GTC to LGC/CMC/YNPC/BGC) and from higher altitude to lower altitude (e.g., from JYH to ZD/URM/CMC/LGC/BGC/YNPC, from GTC to LGC/CMC/YNPC/BGC) is supported. ...
Bird-mediated dispersal of resting eggs is the main mechanism for Artemia dispersal among catchments. The
bisexual populations of Artemia urmiana species complex, which is here considered to be a collection of Artemia
genetically close to the so-called “Western Asian Lineage”, are mostly distributed in central and western Asia (i.
e., in regions falling into the Central Asian Flyway of migratory birds) and live in diversified habitats. Little is
known about the genetic relationships among these populations. Aiming to understand the population genetic
characteristics and the roles of migratory birds on the dispersal and gene flow of this Artemia group, we evaluated
the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow among 14 populations, with their altitudes ranging
from 540 to 4870 m above sea level, using 13 microsatellite markers. Almost all populations exhibited high
genetic diversity and heterozygote excess, which may be a consequence of combined effects of dispersal and
hybridization. The global genetic differentiation (FST) value was 0.092, the pairwise FST values were
0.003–0.246. Discriminant analysis of principal components identified three genetic clusters, consisting of Urmia
Lake (Iran), Zhundong (Xinjiang, China), and 12 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau populations, respectively. The amongpopulation
genetic differentiation seems to be a consequence of isolation by distance and adaptation to diversified
habitats induced by altitudinal gradient. Historical gene flows are asymmetrical, and show an evolutionary
source-sink dynamics, with Jingyu Lake (Xinjiang, China) population being the major source. These results
support our hypothesis that in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas the bird-mediated dispersal of
Artemia may be biased towards from north to south and/or from higher altitude to lower altitude.
... When compared, our morphological results were in line with metabarcoding records at family level. However, molecular data also indicated the presence of two different species of brine shrimps McMaster et al., 2007), however taxonomists regard this species as being used incorrectly referring to parthenogenetic populations of Artemia that do not form a true species (Asem et al., 2010(Asem et al., , 2020. Similarly, A. tibetiana is considered as a A. urmiana based on the occurrence of nuclear gene flow between the type locality of A. tibetiana and populations of A. urmiana (Sainz-Escudero et al., 2021). ...
Saline and hypersaline wetlands account for almost half of the volume of inland water globally. They provide pivotal habitat for a vast range of species, including crucial ecosystem services for humans such as carbon sink storage and extractive resource reservoirs. Despite their importance, effective ecological assessment is in its infancy compared to current conventional surveys carried out in freshwater ecosystems. The integration of environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis and traditional techniques has the potential to transform biomonitoring processes, particularly in remote and understudied saline environments. In this context, this preliminary study aims to explore the potential of eDNA coupled with conventional approaches by targeting five hypersaline lakes at Rottnest Island (Wadjemup) in Western Australia. We focused on the invertebrate community, a widely accepted key ecological indicator to assess the conservational status in rivers and lakes. The combination of metabarcoding with morphology-based taxonomic analysis described 16 taxa belonging to the orders Anostraca, Diptera, Isopoda, and Coleoptera. DNA-based diversity assessment revealed more taxa at higher taxonomic resolution than the morphology-based taxonomic analysis. However, certain taxa (i.e., Ephydridae, Stratyiomidae, Ceratopogonidae) were only identified via net surveying. Overall, our results indicate that great potential resides in combining conventional net-based surveys with novel eDNA approaches in saline and hypersaline lakes. Indeed, urgent and effective conservational frameworks are required to contrast the enormous pressure that these ecosystems are increasingly facing. Further investigations at larger spatial-temporal scales will allow consolidation of robust, reliable, and affordable biomonitoring frameworks in the underexplored world of saline wetlands.
... Wang et al. (2008) studied the phylogenetic relationships of four Tibetan populations using mitochondrial COI markers and found two clades, one corresponding to the A. tibetiana type locality (Lagkor Co), the other containing collections from various Tibetan sites. Additional COI-based studies also separated the Tibetan populations into two clades, whereas all populations cluster together using the nuclear marker ITS1 (Wang et al., 2008;Maccari et al., 2013a;Eimanifar et al., 2014;Asem et al., 2020). All A. tibetiana populations show inconsistent topologies depending on the markers used (Maccari et al., 2013a;Eimanifar et al., 2014. ...
Species of Artemia are regionally endemic branchiopod crustaceans composed of sexual species and parthenogenetic lineages, and represent an excellent model for studying adaptation and speciation to extreme and heterogeneous hypersaline environments. We tested hypotheses of whether populations from the Tibetan Plateau belong to A. tibetiana Abatzopoulos, Zhang & Sorgeloos,1998 and whether a population from Kazakhstan is a new species, using other Asian species of Artemia as outgroups. We conducted a multitrait phylogenetic study based on the complete mitogenome, mitochondrial (COI, 12S, 16S) and nuclear (microsatellites, ITS1) markers, and a suit of uni-and multivariate morphological traits. Our results led to the discovery of two new species, one from the Tibetan Plateau (Haiyan Lake) in China (Artemia sorgeloosi n. sp.) and a second from Kazakhstan (Artemia amati n. sp.). Our analysis demonstrate that A. tibetiana and A. amati n. sp. are monophyletic, whereas A. sorgeloosi n. sp., and A. tibetiana are polyphyletic. Evolutionary relationships based on mitochondrial and nSSR markers suggest that A. tibetiana may have arisen from a past hybridization event of a maternal ancestor of A. tibetiana with A. sorgeloosi n. sp. or its ancestor. We present the complete mitogenome of A. tibetiana, A. amati n. sp., and A. sorgeloosi n. sp. We also provide a novel taxonomic identification key based on morphology, emphasizing the phenotype as a necessary component of the species concept.
... It plays an important role in shaping the conditions for the ecosystem functioning [13]. Aquatic communities promptly respond to changes in environmental factors affecting lakes; their response time depends on the duration of life cycle of the species [14][15][16]. For planktonic invertebrates from the south of the West Siberian Plain, life cycles usually last from a few days to several months. ...
... In this paper, we designate it as Artemia sp. [14,16]. ...
The paper presents the findings of studying the influence of main natural environmental factors on interannual (2017-2020) and seasonal (from April to October) dynamics of zooplankton from large hypergaline lake Kulundinskoye located in the Kulunda steppe (Altai Krai, Russia). We studied the relationship of 16 key indicators of zooplankton structure (its abundance and biomass as a whole and in major taxonomic groups, i.e. rotifers, paddleheads, branchipeds and gill-footed crustaceans as well as individual stages of a life cycle and a sex ratio in Artemia population) with 17 hydrophysical and hydrochemical indicators (temper-ature, density, pH, total salinity, hardness, alkalinity, Cl − , NO 2 − , NO 3 − , SO 4 2− , PO 4 3− , NH 4 + , Fe 2 3+ , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + + Na + , permanganate oxidizability). The influence of the studied factors on features of Artemia crustacean population (abundance, biomass, age and sex structure) dominated in zooplankton of this lake was analyzed as well. In different years, hydrophysical and hydrochemical regime of lake Kulundinskoye may vary significantly thus affecting zooplankton indicators. The revealed changes in zooplankton structure are mainly due to the stimulating effect of increased salinity on Artemia population and its depressing influence on other taxa.
... The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana serves as a potential live feed in aquaculture practices in many countries (Marden et al., 2020). So far, seven sibling species were documented (six bisexual and one parthenogenetic species) in the genus of Artemia and they were categorized into new and old world species (Asem et al., 2010(Asem et al., , 2020. The bisexual species are documented from various hypersaline ecosystems around the world includes A. salina inhabited Mediterranean basin (Artom, 1905), A. urmiana occurred Lake Urmia (Iran) Günther (1899), A. sinica from China (Cai, 1989), A. tibetiana reported in Tibet (Abatzopoulos et al., 1998), A. franciscana documented in North and South America (Kellogg, 1906); and A. persimilis inhabited in Argentina and Chile (Piccinelli and Prosdocimi, 1968). ...
... They were resolved through microscopic observations, morphometry, and assessment of life history, RAPD, RFLP (Baxevanis et al., 2005;Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2021a) and other valuable genetic tools like COXI, mtDNA, mtDNA control region, ITS1, 16S rRNA p26 (Asem et al., 2018(Asem et al., , 2021Thirunavukkarasu et al., 2021b). At present, innumerous data are available on molecular taxonomy of Artemia species, but there is hardly data on molecular identification of morphotypes in these species (Sheir et al., 2018;Asem et al., 2020). A. franciscana exhibit high level of phenotypic plasticity (Maniatsi et al., 2009a(Maniatsi et al., ,b, 2011 and studies have reported the occurrence of different morphotypes M1, M2, M3 and M4 in males and F1, F2, F3 in females at Kelambakkam saltern based on morphology appearance of each type (Krishnakumar and Munuswamy, 2014;Thirunavukkarasu and Munuswamy, 2019). ...
We document morphology and genetic relatedness of morphotypes within the Artemia franciscana that has colonized Covelong saltern in Kelambakkam (South India). They exhibits high phenotypic plasticity and intra-population variation in a supposedly panmictic population. Morphometric analysis was carried out on 18 traits in males and 15 in females and subjected to multivariate analysis. Three types each in males (M1, M3 and M4) and females (F1, F2 and F3) were singled out. The axes in the plot explain 77.9% in males and 73.9% in females of the variation through discriminant function analysis. The sequence divergence of the population was evaluated through mtDNA (16S rRNA) and nDNA (p26 gene) markers. The substantial sequence divergence was observed between the morphotypes through nDNA and appearing sequence divergence was recognized by mtDNA. Likewise, phylogenetic analyses of maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis through nDNA revealed a maximum similarities between M1, M4 with F1 & F2 and M3 with F3. Further, haplotype distribution of nDNA revealed unique haplotype between M1 and M4 with F1 and F2 morphotypes. This study thus confirms the occurrence of morphotypes with specific characteristics inside a seemingly homogeneous population.
... Four bisexual species are native to the Old World namely Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758), Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899, Artemia sinica Cai, 1989, and Artemia tibetiana Abatzopoulos et al. (1998). The other three bisexual species are located in the New World consisting of Artemia monica Verrill, 1869, Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906, and Artemia persimilis Piccinelli and Prosdocimi, 1968 [18,20,21]. Obligate parthenogenetic Artemia taxa have di-, tri-, tetra-and pentaploid populations [19]. ...
... However, results of morphological and genetic investigations were contradictory [22]. To date, the taxonomy and biosystematics of Artemia are still controversial, especially concerning the Asian species [21]. Mitogenomic information could provide a better reconstruction of the maternal evolutionary mechanism and phylogenetic status of Artemia. ...
... Generally, some of the adjacent lagoons are connected with Urmia Lake when the lake level raises annually during rainy seasons in spring and autumn [29], which increases the probability of collecting parthenogenetic specimens along the shoreline of the lake (Atashbar, personal communication, Urmia University). On the other hand, genetic variation between parthenogenetic populations and A. urmiana is quite low [19,21]. Additionally, a current study based on barcoding with the mitochondrial COX1 marker found that parthenogenetic populations in some localities share same haplotypes with A. urmiana [30]. ...
In the previously published mitochondrial genome sequence of Artemia urmiana (NC_021382
[JQ975176]), the taxonomic status of the examined Artemia had not been determined, due to partheno�genetic populations coexisting with A. urmiana in Urmia Lake. Additionally, NC_021382 [JQ975176]
has been obtained with pooled cysts of Artemia (0.25 g cysts consists of 20,000–25,000 cysts), not a
single specimen. With regard to coexisting populations in Urmia Lake, and intra- and inter-specific
variations in the pooled samples, NC_021382 [JQ975176] cannot be recommended as a valid se�quence and any attempt to attribute it to A. urmiana or a parthenogenetic population is unreasonable.
With the aid of next-generation sequencing methods, we characterized and assembled a complete
mitochondrial genome of A. urmiana with defined taxonomic status. Our results reveal that in
the previously published mitogenome (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), tRNA-Phe has been erroneously
attributed to the heavy strand but it is encoded in the light strand. There was a major problem in the
position of the ND5. It was extended over the tRNA-Phe, which is biologically incorrect. We have
also identified a partial nucleotide sequence of 311 bp that was probably erroneously duplicated
in the assembly of the control region of NC_021382 [JQ975176], which enlarges the control region
length by 16%. This partial sequence could not be recognized in our assembled mitogenome as well
as in 48 further examined specimens of A. urmiana. Although, only COX1 and 16S genes have been
widely used for phylogenetic studies in Artemia, our findings reveal substantial differences in the
nucleotide composition of some other genes (including ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3)
among Artemia species. It is suggested that these markers should be included in future phylogenetic
studies.
... The brine shrimp Artemia is a member of the branchiopod crustaceans and is distributed worldwide in various saline habitats [29]. In the genus, seven species undergo bisexual reproduction, and numerous parthenogenetic populations, also known as A. parthenogenetica, can reproduce asexually [30][31][32]. Female and male Artemia are easily distinguished by their phenotypes. Females are usually 1-2 mm larger than males and have an ovisac. ...
The brine shrimp Artemia has a ZW sex determination system with ZW chromosomes in females and ZZ chromosomes in males. Artemia has been considered a promising model organism for ZW sex-determining systems, but the genes involved in sex determination and differentiation of Artemia have not yet been identified. Here, we conducted transcriptome sequencing of female and male A. franciscana using PacBio Iso-Seq and Illumina RNA-Seq techniques to identify candidate sex determination genes. Among the 42,566 transcripts obtained from Iso-Seq, 23,514 were analyzed. Of these, 2065 (8.8%) were female specific, 2513 (10.7%) were male specific, and 18,936 (80.5%) were co-expressed in females and males. Based on GO enrichment analysis and expression values, we found 10 female-biased and 29 male-biased expressed genes, including DMRT1 and Sad genes showing male-biased expression. Our results showed that DMRT1 has three isoforms with five exons, while Sad has seven isoforms with 2–11 exons. The Sad gene is involved in ecdysteroid signaling related to molting and metamorphosis in arthropods. Further studies on ecdysteroid biosynthetic genes are needed to improve our understanding of Artemia sex determination. This study will provide a valuable resource for sex determination and differentiation studies on Artemia and other crustaceans with ZW systems.
... Artemia is a poorly diversified group of small hypersaline water branchiopods (Crustacea, Anostraca), currently conformed by less than a dozen species distributed all over the world, often associated to salt production, and used as a model system for diverse research purposes, as well as a valuable food source in aquaculture (Lenz, 1984;Sorgeloos et al., 1986;Sorgeloos, Dhert & Candreva, 2001;Van Stappen, 1996;Ruebhart, Cock & Shaw, 2008;Amat et al., 2005;Baxevanis, Kappas & Abatzopoulos, 2006). Despite the reduced number of species, the different taxa within Artemia have been referred to, in the scientific literature, with more than 50 names, almost all of them used at the species level (Daday de Deés, 1910;Belk & Brtek, 1995;Rogers, 2013;Asem et al., 2020). Most of the names applied from the end of the eighteen to the mid-twentieth century in Artemia taxonomic characterization were forgotten and not used again by later authors. ...
... It is difficult to believe that a proper revision of the nomenclature in accordance to the rules and recommendations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) has not been performed yet for one of the most world-wide commercialized invertebrates. Only Asem, Rastegar-Pouyani & De Los Ríos-Escalante (2010) made a clarification attempt, and recently, Asem et al. (2020) reviewed the taxonomic problems of native Asian Artemia. The task has been probably avoided either because the early inclusion of partial genetic data in the definition of taxa blurred the overall picture (Alonso, 1996), or because the early proliferation of names made the selection of valid names for the molecularly defined taxa a complicated task. ...
... An exhaustive bibliographical search was undertaken to locate and gather all original publications in which any possible nomenclatural act affecting Artemia was published. The search started with four main sources for synonymies: Daday de Deés (1910), Belk & Brtek (1995), Asem, Rastegar-Pouyani & De Los Ríos-Escalante (2010), Asem et al. (2020), andRogers (2013). From there, we sought for any additional bibliographic information mentioned in each of the papers consulted. ...
High morphological plasticity in populations of brine shrimp subjected to different environmental conditions, mainly salinity, hindered for centuries the identification of the taxonomic entities encompassed within Artemia . In addition, the mismatch between molecular and morphological evolution rates complicates the characterization of evolutionary lineages, generating taxonomic problems. Here, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Artemia based on two new complete mitogenomes, and determine levels of congruence in the definition of evolutionary units using nuclear and mtDNA data. We used a fossil of Artemia to calibrate the molecular clock and discuss divergence times within the genus. The hypothesis proposed herein suggests a more recent time frame for lineage splitting than previously considered. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using GenBank available mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Evidence of gen e flow, identified through discordances between nuclear and mtDNA markers, was used to reconsider the specific status of some taxa. As a result, we consider Artemia to be represented by five evolutionary units: Southern Cone, Mediterranean—South African, New World, Western Asian, and Eastern Asian Lineages. After an exhaustive bibliographical revision, unavailable names for nomenclatural purposes were discarded. The remaining available names have been assigned to their respective evolutionary lineage. The proper names for the evolutionary units in which brine shrimps are structured remain as follows: Artemia persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968 for the Southern Cone Lineage, Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) for the Mediterranean-SouthAfrican Lineage, Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 for the Western Asian Lineage, and Artemia sinica Cai, 1989 for the Eastern Asian Lineage. The name Artemia monica Verrill, 1869 has nomenclatural priority over A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 for naming the New World Lineage. New synonymies are proposed for A. salina ( = C. dybowskii Grochowski, 1896 n. syn. , and A. tunisiana Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn. ), A. monica (= A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 n. syn ., and A. salina var. pacifica Sars, 1904 n. syn. ); A. urmiana (= B. milhausenii Fischer de Waldheim, 1834 n. syn. , A. koeppeniana Fischer, 1851 n. syn. , A. proxima King, 1855 n. syn. , A. s. var. biloba Entz, 1886 n. syn. , A. s. var. furcata Entz, 1886 n. syn. , A. asiatica Walter, 1887 n. syn. , A. parthenogenetica Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn. , A. ebinurica Qian & Wang, 1992 n. syn. , A. murae Naganawa, 2017 n. syn. , and A. frameshifta Naganawa & Mura, 2017 n. syn. ). Internal deep nuclear structuring within the A. monica and A. salina clades, might suggest the existence of additional evolutionary units within these taxa.
... "parthenogenetic strain" ( Table 1). The taxonomy and nomenclature of Artemia parthenogenetic populations is still unsettled (e.g., Asem et al. 2020;Sainz-Escudero et al. 2021), and the binomen Artemia parthenogenetica itself is considered a nomen dubium by Rogers (2013). ...
... Four bisexual species are native to the Old World namely Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758), Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899, Artemia sinica Cai, 1989, and Artemia tibetiana Abatzopoulos et al. (1998). The other three bisexual species are located in the New World consisting of Artemia monica Verrill, 1869, Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906, and Artemia persimilis Piccinelli and Prosdocimi, 1968 [18,20,21]. Obligate parthenogenetic Artemia taxa have di-, tri-, tetra-and pentaploid populations [19]. ...
... However, results of morphological and genetic investigations were contradictory [22]. To date, the taxonomy and biosystematics of Artemia are still controversial, especially concerning the Asian species [21]. Mitogenomic information could provide a better reconstruction of the maternal evolutionary mechanism and phylogenetic status of Artemia. ...
... Generally, some of the adjacent lagoons are connected with Urmia Lake when the lake level raises annually during rainy seasons in spring and autumn [29], which increases the probability of collecting parthenogenetic specimens along the shoreline of the lake (Atashbar, personal communication, Urmia University). On the other hand, genetic variation between parthenogenetic populations and A. urmiana is quite low [19,21]. Additionally, a current study based on barcoding with the mitochondrial COX1 marker found that parthenogenetic populations in some localities share same haplotypes with A. urmiana [30]. ...
In the previously published mitochondrial genome sequence of Artemia urmiana (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), the taxonomic status of the examined Artemia had not been determined, due to parthenogenetic populations coexisting with A. urmiana in Urmia Lake. Additionally, NC_021382 [JQ975176] has been obtained with pooled cysts of Artemia (0.25 g cysts consists of 20,000–25,000 cysts), not a single specimen. With regard to coexisting populations in Urmia Lake, and intra- and inter-specific variations in the pooled samples, NC_021382 [JQ975176] cannot be recommended as a valid sequence and any attempt to attribute it to A. urmiana or a parthenogenetic population is unreasonable. With the aid of next-generation sequencing methods, we characterized and assembled a complete mitochondrial genome of A. urmiana with defined taxonomic status. Our results reveal that in the previously published mitogenome (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), tRNA-Phe has been erroneously attributed to the heavy strand but it is encoded in the light strand. There was a major problem in the position of the ND5. It was extended over the tRNA-Phe, which is biologically incorrect. We have also identified a partial nucleotide sequence of 311 bp that was probably erroneously duplicated in the assembly of the control region of NC_021382 [JQ975176], which enlarges the control region length by 16%. This partial sequence could not be recognized in our assembled mitogenome as well as in 48 further examined specimens of A. urmiana. Although, only COX1 and 16S genes have been widely used for phylogenetic studies in Artemia, our findings reveal substantial differences in the nucleotide composition of some other genes (including ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3) among Artemia species. It is suggested that these markers should be included in future phylogenetic studies.
