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The energy base of urban settlements requires greater integration of renewable energy sources. This study presents a “hydrogen city” model with two cycles at the district and building levels. The main cycle comprises of hydrogen gas production, hydrogen storage, and a hydrogen distribution network. The electrolysis of water is based on surplus powe...
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The recent boost of the hydrogen economy has the potential to strongly contribute to a resilient energy future. Political awareness and willingness to act in order to reduce the CO2 emissions target hydrogen as an excellent and well-known energy carrier. Green hydrogen is produced when renewable energy production power plants are generating excess...
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... Kılkış et al. [70] make a move to approach towards net-zero energy targets. They present a hydrogen-city model. ...
... Additionally, the results of this study are relevant to urban areas and the hydrogen economy, especially in high RES energy systems. For example, the inclusion of "hydrogen city" models presented in [42] in the reserve markets would positively impact the economical results of such a concept as well as improve the exergy-based parameters. Similar would be the case for the integration of energy communities supported by the hydrogen as outlined in [43]. ...
The requirements for ancillary services in energy systems are growing as the amount of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind increases. On the other hand, the system can benefit from extra sources of flexibility thanks to the increased digitalization that enables successful integration of demand response and energy storage. The majority of recent energy system analysis research did not consider the regulation markets. As a result, these investigations preclude the ability to fully evaluate the advantages of energy storage and flexible cooling loads. With the method outlined in this paper, it is possible to compare the two strategies and assess the advantages of energy storage and flexible cooling loads for each strategy. In addition to the energy storage systems, the case study in this paper focuses on flexible cooling loads as a significant consumer in the system. According to the findings, the system's operating costs increased by 19.4% when reserve limitations were placed. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that when flexible assets were permitted to participate in the reserve market, they generated significantly higher incomes. According to the findings, mechanisms that will allow energy storage and demand response to provide reserve capacities as well as the growth of reserve markets are both necessary.
... Likewise, a net-zero economy framework will always be useful for environmental sustainability. This type of framework will always recognize sustainable development in order to achieve a balance in greenhouse gas emissions, thereby controlling global warming (Kılkış and Kılkış 2018). The definition of a net-zero economy is also addressed by other countries with a growing world population (Sachs et al. 2021;Singh et al. 2022). ...
Increasing globalization and climate change have significantly affected business activities. Government and other stakeholders are creating pressure to have a sustainable business model for efficient resource utilization and minimizing negative environmental impact. Many organizations have started focusing on sustainable and cleaner production through the adoption of net zero economy (NZE) practices. Certain technological advancements are required to put these concepts into practice. Firms have begun to adopt digital technologies (such as Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence, and Internet of Things, among others), and have been widely used in practice to achieve NZE. Is digitalization unlocking the potential of sustainable practices in the context of a net zero economy? This question is still unanswered, therefore this study aims to identify and analyse the drivers of digitalization that ensure sustainable practices to achieve net zero economy. Through an extensive literature review and experts’ opinions, a list of drivers was identified. An empirical investigation was conducted to validate the identified drivers and further understand the influencing relationship among the drivers, Pythagorean Fuzzy-Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (PF-DEMATEL) was employed. The findings of the study show that ‘high degree of automation’, ‘enhancing the flexibility in the manufacturing process’, and ‘real-time sensing capability’ are the main influencer drivers among all cause group forces. The present study can be a source for industrial practitioners and academia that can provide significant guidance on how the adoption of digitalization can unlock the potential to achieve CE, which can lead us towards net-zero.
... Some researchers worldwide have studied the energy aspect concerning modern building and urban design [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Specifically, Birol and Siir [44] have studied a "hydrogen city" model with two cycles at the district and building levels for the energy base of urban settlements to have greater integration of renewable energy sources. ...
... Some researchers worldwide have studied the energy aspect concerning modern building and urban design [44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. Specifically, Birol and Siir [44] have studied a "hydrogen city" model with two cycles at the district and building levels for the energy base of urban settlements to have greater integration of renewable energy sources. The main cycle comprises hydrogen gas production, hydrogen storage, and a hydrogen distribution network. ...
Greece is divided into three earthquake hazard zones: Zone I, Zone II and Zone III. In the present research work, the same building in the three seismic zones in Greece was modeled, analyzed and dimensioned. Then, the construction cost of its structural body was estimated. The building modeling was performed in SAP2000 using frame elements. The analysis of the building was performed by dynamic spectral analysis methods using the design spectrum EC8. A five-story building with a standard rectangular floor plan per floor was used. The purpose of this research paper is to demonstrate whether the cost of construction of a load-bearing body of a reinforced concrete (R/C) building is influenced by the area of an earthquake hazard through a comparative analytical estimation of construction costs. It was determined if this impact is important and to what extent. Helpful conclusions were drawn in relation to the influence of seismicity on the construction cost of the load-bearing structure of R/C buildings. Furthermore, the probable environmental impact was examined.
... Hence, the safe transportation of hydrogen and high-density H 2 -storage must be technologically developed quickly to shift to a hydrogenenergy-based society [6][7][8]. Currently, efficient hydrogen storage is a key challenge for the hydrogen economy due to the lack of effective large-capacity hydrogen carriers [9,10]. ...
Carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and graphene nanoflakes (GNFs) are used for hydrogen storage. The doping of alkali metals to these materials generally increases the accumulation density of molecular hydrogen (H2). However, the reason why the doping enhances the ability of the H2 storage of GNF is not clearly known, although there are some explanations. In addition, the information on the storage capacity of GNF is ambiguous. In the present review article, we introduce our recent theoretical studies on the interaction of GNF with H2 molecules carried out to elucidate the mechanism of hydrogen storage in alkali-doped GNFs. As alkali metals, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) were examined, and the abilities of hydrogen storage were discussed. Next, the mechanism of Li-diffusion on GNF, which plays a crucial role in Li-battery, was presented. There are several unanswered questions. In particular, does lithium diffuse randomly on GNF? Or is there a specific diffusion path? We present our study, which elucidates the factors governing lithium diffusion on GNF. If the dominant factor is known, it is possible to arbitrarily control the diffusion path of lithium. This will lead to the development of highly functional battery materials. Finally, the molecular design of H adsorption–desorption reversible storage devices based on GNF will be introduced. Elucidating the mechanism of hydrogen storage, Li-diffusion on GNF, and molecular design of storage device is important in understanding the current molecular devices and provide a deeper insight into materials chemistry.
... In this regard, a net zero economy framework will benefit the world in achieving environmental sustainability. A framework will acknowledge the development of sustainable industrial practices to create a balance between the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and a targeted reduction (Kılkış and Kılkış 2018). It will ultimately lead to an absolute reduction of carbon footprints and will help in controlling the issues of global warming. ...
Over the past decade, there has been a constant spotlight on introducing sustainability in the supply chain (SC). The materialistic human greed for production and consumption has led to a radically increased level of greenhouse gases. SC has become its principal contributor. We are addressing this socio-economic environmental challenge by developing a multi-stakeholder framework and focusing on a knowledge-based net zero supply chain, as there are no concrete existing studies that have investigated current state-of-the-art operations in this relevant field. Therefore, this research has been conducted to investigate the drivers, barriers and practices through which net zero economy (NZE) can be attained in a knowledge-based SC. In this regard, the paper conducts an exploratory systematic review of selected articles from peer-reviewed journals. The findings indicate that primary stakeholders (i.e. organisations and suppliers) require to take an active role in bringing about sustainable changes in practice. However, external perspectives (i.e. government, society, consumers and community) have also been identified as sources that create challenges as well as have the potential to aid sustainable industrial practices. Additionally, progress can be enhanced through proper policies, regulations and a knowledge-based conceptual framework to pave the way for a sustainable environment. Proper practices for NZE also provide scope for economic growth through cost-effective production. This paper will be beneficial for practitioners as well as policy makers on a global scale who aim to attain NZE for sustainability.
... Hydrogen storage is an emerging technique to deal with fluctuating nature of safe resources as hydrogen is able of being applied in fossil fuel-based applications in some industries [10] . Several studies and reports have been presented based on clean electricity and hydrogen production through energy and exergy assessments [11][12][13][14][15][16] . Ya ğl ı et al. [17] studied an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) in a steam and power generation system. ...
Given the limited sources of fossil fuels, mankind should find new ways to meet its energy demands. In this regard, geothermal and solar energy are acknowledged as reliable, safe, promising, and clean means for this purpose. In this research study, a comparative analysis is applied on geothermal and solar-driven multi-generation systems for clean electricity and hydrogen production through energy and exergy assessments. The system consists of an organic Rankine cycle, a proton electrolyte membrane electrolyzer, and a thermoelectric generator subsystem. The Engineering Equation Solver software has been utilized in order to model the system and obtain the output contours, sensitivity analysis, and exergy destruction. The results were calculated considering the ambient temperature of Bandar Abbas city as a case study considering the geothermal system due to better performance in comparison to the solar system. According to the sensitivity analysis, the turbine efficiency, evaporator inlet temperature, thermoelectric generator suitability criterion, pump efficiency, and evaporator inlet mass flow rate are the most influential parameters. Also, the exergy analysis showed that the utmost system's exergy destruction is pertinent to the evaporator and the least is related to the pump. In addition, the system produces 352816 kWh and 174.913 kg of electrical power and hydrogen during one year.
... Another study focused on thermally integrating a power-to-gas system that involves high-temperature coelectrolysis, methanation and internal heat recovery that is up to 85% and 78% efficient using first and second law analyses [181]. Hydrogen energy solutions can be also integrated into net-zero concepts at the local level [182]. ...
Integrated approaches across energy, water and environment systems can accelerate the process of mitigating climate change through urgent action. New scientific advances that extend multiple opportunities in this direction have emanated from the 2nd Latin American, 1st Asia Pacific, 4th South East European and 15th Conferences on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems as represented in this editorial. The review of recent scientific advances connects the 27 research articles in this special issue with those of other researchers based on eight main themes. The first two themes relate to system flexibility for renewable energy penetration and urban solutions in the energy transition. The foci of these themes include enabling energy system flexibility, climate neutral islands, electrification solutions, optimizing urban energy systems, spatiotemporal modelling of heat demand and smart energy hubs. The next three themes relate to solar energy technologies, hydrokinetic, wind and osmotic innovations as well as bioenergy and combustion modelling. These themes include new advances for predicting and monitoring photovoltaic module performance, thermochemical energy storage for concentrated solar options, artificial intelligence for wind energy, micro-cogeneration, and wastewater utilization. The last three themes relate to batteries and hydrogen energy advances, including sector coupling opportunities, optimizing heat exchangers and networks as well as solutions for redesigning sectors and repurposing post-mining reservoirs for energy storage. There are multi-disciplinary interrelations among these themes and each contribution will support the wide-ranging opportunities for realizing the European Climate Law and any other similar targets around the world for sustaining planetary life-support systems on which sustainable development depends.
... Fourthly, the most common way to define a PEC with an annual net energy generation is greater than the annual net energy demand, which means that net energy export is greater than net energy import [163]. Exergy related indicators are extensively suggested and used in many PEC projects [146,164]. Similarly, Kim et al. investigated a PEC based on the annual net energy imported from/exported to the grid and the environment indicators such as primary energy consumption and carbon emissions were also used to support the investigation [19,157]. The OEF and OEM indicators are used to represent the load matching and grid interaction, respectively [26]. ...
... To measure that ratio between the highest and lowest value of hourly demand over the month (by energy type) [166,167] Net direct energy consumption (nDE x ) To measure the difference between annual export and import (by energy type). [26,78] Onsite Energy Fraction (OEF x ) To measure the ratio of electrical demand, covered by the local renewable supply (by energy type) [26,78] Onsite Energy Matching (OEM x ) To measure the ratio of local renewable supply consumed within the building system (by energy type) [26,78] Annual Exergy Consumption (AEXC) To measure the annual exergy consumption of the community [146] Annual Exergy generation (ε on ) To measure the annual exergy generation of the community [146,164] Carnot Factor (CF t ) To find the exergy value from the energy [146] Rational Exergy Management Efficiency To measure the ratio of exergy demand to the exergy supply [146,164] Annual Exported Energy To measure the total annual energy exported to the grid (by energy type) [26] Annual Imported Energy To measure the total annual energy imported from the grid [26] Life Cycle Cost (LCC) To measure the total cost of an asset over its lifetime, including the capital, maintenance, operation and residual cost [26,156] Net Present Value(NPV) To measure the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the respective outflows over a period [152] Simple Payback To measure the number of years taken to pay back the investment cost [152,156] Benefit-Cost ratio (BC) To illustrate the relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project [152] Annual GHG emission To measure the annual greenhouse gas emission [152] Annual Primary Energy Consumption To measure the total annual primary energy consumption of the community [168] ...
... To measure that ratio between the highest and lowest value of hourly demand over the month (by energy type) [166,167] Net direct energy consumption (nDE x ) To measure the difference between annual export and import (by energy type). [26,78] Onsite Energy Fraction (OEF x ) To measure the ratio of electrical demand, covered by the local renewable supply (by energy type) [26,78] Onsite Energy Matching (OEM x ) To measure the ratio of local renewable supply consumed within the building system (by energy type) [26,78] Annual Exergy Consumption (AEXC) To measure the annual exergy consumption of the community [146] Annual Exergy generation (ε on ) To measure the annual exergy generation of the community [146,164] Carnot Factor (CF t ) To find the exergy value from the energy [146] Rational Exergy Management Efficiency To measure the ratio of exergy demand to the exergy supply [146,164] Annual Exported Energy To measure the total annual energy exported to the grid (by energy type) [26] Annual Imported Energy To measure the total annual energy imported from the grid [26] Life Cycle Cost (LCC) To measure the total cost of an asset over its lifetime, including the capital, maintenance, operation and residual cost [26,156] Net Present Value(NPV) To measure the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the respective outflows over a period [152] Simple Payback To measure the number of years taken to pay back the investment cost [152,156] Benefit-Cost ratio (BC) To illustrate the relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project [152] Annual GHG emission To measure the annual greenhouse gas emission [152] Annual Primary Energy Consumption To measure the total annual primary energy consumption of the community [168] ...
A positive energy system that produces more renewable energy than its demand while ensuring appropriate comfort levels is an excellent path towards increasing the portion of renewable energy, reducing carbon emission, and increasing the energy system’s overall performance. In particular, it has been believed as step forward towards zero energy systems. Recent progress in positive energy building and community levels is gaining interest among different stakeholders. However, an inadequate understanding of the positive energy system is widely noticed in many projects, and a shortage of standard details on the positive energy system still prevails in the research community. Therefore, a state-of-the-art review of positive energy building and community is conducted in this paper. Firstly, this paper begins with the definitions and concepts of positive energy buildings and communities. Secondly, it comprehensively describes the energy supplies, demands, indicators, storage, energy management, roles of stakeholders, and bottlenecks of positive energy systems. Thirdly, the main differences between positive energy buildings and communities are summarized. Fourthly, the impact of smart energy grids and new energy vehicles on the positive energy buildings and communities is derived. As a conclusion, this paper shows that even though all the energy-efficient buildings such as passive buildings, nearly zero energy buildings, zero energy buildings, positive energy buildings look like an up-trending scale of renewable penetration, considerable differences are visible among all, and the same thing applies to the community level. Furthermore, considerable differences exist when comparing between positive buildings and communities regarding both the technical and economic perspectives.
... Among the several options that the scientific community is recognizing as key elements to address climate changes [3] and fossil fuel dependence [4], fuel cell (FC) technologies are worldwide recognized as the best options to decarbonize the stationary power production sectors [5], including primary power generation units, backup power systems, and combined-heat-and-power configurations (CHP) [6]. ...
Fuel cell technologies have several applications in stationary power production, such as units for primary power generation, grid stabilization, systems adopted to generate backup power, and combined-heat-and-power configurations (CHP). The main sectors where stationary fuel cells have been employed are (a) micro-CHP, (b) large stationary applications, (c) UPS, and IPS. The fuel cell size for stationary applications is strongly related to the power needed from the load. Since this sector ranges from simple backup systems to large facilities, the stationary fuel cell market includes few kWs and less (micro-generation) to larger sizes of MWs. The design parameters for the stationary fuel cell system differ for fuel cell technology (PEM, AFC, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC), as well as the fuel type and supply. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of two main trends of research on fuel-cell-based poly-generation systems: tracking the market trends and performance analysis. In deeper detail, the present review will list a potential breakdown of the current costs of PEM/SOFC production for building applications over a range of production scales and at representative specifications, as well as broken down by component/material. Inherent to the technical performance, a concise estimation of FC system durability, efficiency, production, maintenance, and capital cost will be presented.
