TABLE 5 - uploaded by Maxwell Mccombs
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In choosing and displaying news, editors, newsroom staff, and broadcasters play an important part in shaping political reality. Readers learn not only about a given issue, but also how much importance to attach to that issue from the amount of information in a news story and its position. In reflecting what candidates are saying during a campaign,...
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Context 1
... also is a high degree of consensus among the news media about the significant issues of the campaign, but again there is not perfect agreement. Considering the news media as mediators between voters and the actual political arena, we might interpret the correlations in Table 5 as reliability coefficients, indicating the extent of agreement among the news media about what the important polit- ical events are. To the extent that the coefficients are less than per- fect, the pseudo-environment reflected in the mass media is less than a perfect representation of the actual 1968 campaign. ...
Context 2
... azines appear weekly; news therefore cannot be as "timely". Table 5 shows that the highest correlations tend to be among like media; the lowest correlations, between different media. ...
Context 3
... news media do have a point of view, sometimes extreme biases. However, the high correlations in Table 5 (especially among like media) suggest consensus on news values, especially on major news items. Although there is no explicit, commonly agreed-upon def- inition of news, there is a professional norm regarding major news stories from day to day. ...
Context 4
... major-story norms doubtless are greatly influenced today by widespread use of the major wire services -especially by newspapers and television-for much political infor- mation.12 But as we move from major events of the campaign, upon which nearly everyone agrees, there is more room for individual in- terpretation, reflected in the lower correlations for minor item agreement among media shown in Table 5. Since a newspaper, for example, uses only about 15 percent of the material available on any given day, there is considerable latitude for selection among minor items. ...
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Citations
... Kampanye negatif (negative campaign) dapat menjadi kampanye hitam (black campaign) yang memanipulasi persepsi publik jika didasarkan pada kebohongan. Dalam teori propaganda dan agenda setting, media seperti berita dapat mempengaruhi perhatian publik dengan mengedepankan isu tertentu (McCombs, Maxwell E., & Shaw, 1972). Kasus semacam ini sering kali sulit dibuktikan karena melibatkan strategi kompleks untuk mengelabui masyarakat dan otoritas pemilu. ...
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... At this juncture, though attenuated in recent years, it must be underlined that the media still has a vastly important role in setting multiple agendas (McCombs & Shaw 1972) in the modern world. This is evident with regard to politics, society, culture, and myriad other areas at the local, regional, national, and international levels. ...
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... According to M. E. McCombs and Shaw (1972), the media not only influences the subjects of public discourse, known as first-level agenda setting but also shapes the manner in which individuals conceptualize these issues, referred to as second-level agenda setting, through the emphasis placed on specific attributes of the issues (M. E. McCombs & Shaw, 1972). ...
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... Based on the theory of public opinion, the agenda-setting theory (McCombs & Shaw, 1972) also puts emphasis on shaping public opinion and emphasizes the power of news organizations to 'consciously' select and decide which facts to reveal to the public. It focuses on a cognitive process known as 'accessibility', which implies that if a news item is covered more frequently and prominently, the issue becomes more important and accessible to the audience. ...
... First and foremost, the findings of the computer-assisted content analysis showed that there was a significant increase in the intensity of news information about the global energy crisis from 1 August 2021 to 31 December 2022 in the analyzed mainstream media, which contributed to drawing public attention towards the crisis, influencing public agenda, and shaping public opinion on energy-related issues (McCombs & Shaw, 1972). Notably, the analysis of the news sources also indicated that in the period of the energy crisis, all four mainstream papers relied on similar major news agencies and media companies, including AP (The Associated Press), Reuters, and Bloomberg, which is a way of standardizing information on the crisis (Kultayeva et al., 2024) as well as setting a similar public agenda in various media and, thus, shaping both knowledge and ideology on the energy crisis (Tuchman, 1978), which proves the research hypothesis about the agenda-setting role of the media on the energy crisis coverage and corresponds to Lippmann's (1929Lippmann's ( /2021) theory of public opinion. ...
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... This is a novel finding that provides in-depth insight into the specific ways in which immunotherapy is conceptualised for different audiences. Eventually, the different prevalence of source domains, i.e., the different ways in which immunotherapy is framed, may impact the way scientists versus the general audience think about immunotherapy (see Conrad, 1999;McCombs & Shaw, 1972). ...
Metaphors are commonly used in communication about complex health issues and interventions, such as immunotherapy. This study maps the use of metaphors in communication about immunotherapy and explores differences and similarities in scientific and newspaper articles, with the aim to reveal the conceptualisation of immunotherapy among academic peers and to a broader public. We compiled two datasets of scientific (N = 1,425) and newspaper (N = 2,650) articles about immunotherapy. We identified signalled metaphors in text fragments about immunotherapy, determined their source domains, and categorized which aspects of immunotherapy they described. We identified 510 text fragments with a signalled metaphor describing 10 different aspects of immunotherapy, representing 210 different metaphorical words from 23 metaphorical source domains. The two datasets largely described similar aspects of immunotherapy, such as workings of immunotherapy and role or function of immunotherapy. They referred to similar metaphorical source domains, such as war and journey, but their distribution showed different patterns. Furthermore, different metaphorical words were used in the two datasets, with the newspaper articles showing greater diversity. This study shows how immunotherapy is conceptualised and communicated, demonstrates metaphor analysis as a method to gain insight in health issues, and suggests future research with implications for practice.
... A informação nos meios de comunicação social torna-se o único contacto que muitos têm com a política. As promessas e a retórica nas notícias, colunas e editoriais constituem grande parte da informação sobre a qual uma decisão de voto tem de ser tomada (McCombs & Shaw, 1972;Corrigall-Brown & Wilkes, 2014). ...
Com a pressão constante para produzir conteúdos em tempo real, as fast-news tornaram-se um elemento central na cobertura jornalística, contribuindo para a superficialidade informativa e influenciando a perceção pública. No caso da política, o partido Chega e a sua imagem nas eleições legislativas de 2024 são um claro exemplo desta realidade. Desde a migração dos órgãos de comunicação social para o online, assistiu-se a um crescimento de produção de conteúdos 24/7 e consequentemente um aumento da divulgação de notícias provenientes não só de agências noticiosas, mas também de outros jornais (nacionais e internacionais). Este facto proporciona uma barreira à informação de qualidade, não contribuindo para a informação e prejudicando a capacidade de reflexão dos leitores, enquanto favorece a erosão da democracia (Le Masurier, 2015). As fast-news são notícias sem profundidade informativa e com um caráter de consumo imediato e sem reflexão profunda sobre os temas. Este estudo tem como objetivo averiguar a presença de fast-news na área da política nacional. As questões de partida são: “Em que medida a corrida às audiências influência a imagem dos partidos, nomeadamente no caso do Chega?” e “Ao conceder maior tempo de antena a este partido, estão os media a utilizar e promover eles próprios o discurso populista e de direita radical?” A amostra de notícias recolhidas entre os meses janeiro e abril de 2024, nos jornais Correio da Manhã e Público, revela que ainda existe uma elevada dependência de fast-news por parte dos órgãos de comunicação.
... Agenda setting theory was applied to guide this study. The theory posits that media shapes public views by drawing attention to topics, determining which subjects are essential, and ultimately influencing the public agenda (McCombs & Shaw, 1972). While the media, especially the mass media, is not always successful in telling us what to think, it is extremely good at defining what we should think about (Cohen, 1963;McCombs & Shaw, 1972). ...
... The theory posits that media shapes public views by drawing attention to topics, determining which subjects are essential, and ultimately influencing the public agenda (McCombs & Shaw, 1972). While the media, especially the mass media, is not always successful in telling us what to think, it is extremely good at defining what we should think about (Cohen, 1963;McCombs & Shaw, 1972). The media shapes the public agenda by identifying specific issues and deciding which ones are significant enough to be addressed (McCombs, 1997). ...
... This theory, applied across diverse social science disciplines (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), underscores the media's influential role in shaping public perceptions by setting the public agenda. Iyengar and Kinder (1987) demonstrated television news' impact on public views of national problems. ...
Agricultural issues are the topics that attract public attention and impact the sector. This study investigated the salient agricultural issues and perceptions on those issues among Ohio residents. The study employed agenda setting theory to understand how media shapes public perceptions of agricultural issues in Ohio. A quantitative method was used, and a survey instrument was developed after an environmental scan of selected sources to identify five issue categories. From the responses of 515 Ohio residents, the findings suggest that environmental issues, particularly water quality, were the most important among participants. Food quality followed, focusing on aspects like safety, quality, and sustainability. Climate change, animal welfare, and government policy ranked third, fourth, and fifth in importance, respectively. Participants presented a moderate level of awareness about climate change, with a greater emphasis on the conservation of public lands and forest management. In terms of government policy, the recognition of the need to balance economic and environmental interests was observed with a desire for farmland preservation. Additionally, participants perceived food as expensive, with moderate in quality and healthiness. While perceptions of climate change issues were moderate, they acknowledged that the role of human behavior in environment management is paramount. Participants' perception of livestock treatment indicated their concerns for animal welfare. The perceptions toward government policies reflect the recognition of the economic importance of the agricultural sector, yet there is apparent dissatisfaction at the same time. These findings served as a foundation for targeted interventions, stakeholder collaborations, and policy enhancements in addressing agricultural issues.
... This study will be guided by social constructionism (Holzner, 1972) and agenda-setting theory (McCombs and Shaw, 1972), both of which emphasize the media's influence in framing public perceptions and policy agendas (Nollet, 2020). Social constructionism discusses the relationship between cognitive activity and social development (Holzner, 1972), exploring how society and culture influence individuals' perceptions of reality (Burr and Dick, 2017). ...
... Addressing these challenges through better inclusion and clear communication is crucial for effective low-carbon transitions (Royapoor et al., 2023;Rosenburgh et al., 2023). Our findings, based on social constructionism (Holzner, 1972) and agenda-setting theory (McCombs and Shaw, 1972), indicates that news media serves as a crucial 'mediator' between the public and stakeholders (Crow and Boykoff, 2014). Therefore, increasing media attention to low-carbon transitions is necessary to enhance public awareness and engagement. ...
Cities are recognized as significant contributors to carbon emissions due to their numerous productive enterprises and dense populations. Tackling climate change and achieving the transformation to low-carbon cities requires public participation. News media serve as the primary channel for the public to gain relevant information, and journalists’ attitudes significantly influence the content of related news reports. This study focuses on the attitudes of Chinese journalists towards the transition to low-carbon cities, using semi-structured interviews in qualitative research to conduct 31 interviews with participants from Chinese mainstream medias. This research discussed the journalists’ attitudes towards the low-carbon city transition, based on our samples studies, we find that (1) low-carbon city development brings some new opportunities for economic development and improving the overall urban living environment, despite challenges like lack of professional knowledge and information gaps. (2) Newsworthiness, audience preferences, journalists’ climate scientific knowledge, and management mechanisms, are key factors influencing journalists’ choice to cover low-carbon topics. Despite an increase in related reports, many media do not prioritize climate change or low-carbon transitions as core topics, and environmental news have a life cycle. (3) We suggests that media enhance collaboration with stakeholders, increase audience interaction to learn diverse voices, using storytelling and integrating technological innovations to improve low-carbon communication. This study highlights the complex interactions between media, public participation, and environmental policies, offering a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities in promoting more inclusive and equitable low-carbon city transition.
... The theory was developed following a 1968 US presidential election study, where a challenger ousted the incumbent president. Thus, McCombs and Shaw surveyed 100 residents of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on what they thought were the most critical issues of the election and how that compared to what the local and national media reported as the essential issues [31,32]. ...
... Findings from this study emphasise that agenda setting and development media theories significantly influence how radio programmes in Indigenous languages shape agricultural development in North-Central Nigeria. By prioritising agricultural topics, these programmes highlight critical issues such as farming techniques, market access, and sustainable practices, thereby framing the agricultural discourse within the community [32]. This focus raises awareness and empowers local farmers by providing relevant information in their native languages, enhancing comprehension and engagement [54]. ...
This study investigated agricultural radio programmes in specific indigenous languages (Hausa and Tiv) and their role in supporting agricultural development in North-Central Nigeria. Data were collected through interviews with the programme producers. Qualitative data were analysed using Systematic content analysis (SCA). The results showed the programme format, the topics treated per season, the availability of discussants, the feedback mechanism of previous programmes, and the programme’s influence on the audience. The study concluded that radio programmes in indigenous languages play a crucial role in agricultural development. However, the study also highlighted the urgent need for more support for these programmes, particularly in partnerships with agricultural sector organisations for technical and financial support. The study drives a crucial political debate on the role of media in rural development, the promotion of indigenous languages, support for agricultural policy, and political influence, including creating more inclusive and community-focused policies and increased engagement between government, media organisations, and agricultural stakeholders.
... The agenda-setting theory, first explored by McCombs and Shaw (1972), fundamentally transformed our understanding of media's role in shaping public discourse. Their groundbreaking study demonstrated a strong correlation between what residents of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, identified as the most important election issue and the issues emphasized by both local and national media outlets (Asemah et al., 2017(Asemah et al., /2022. ...