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The use of wireless communications in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables unparalleled levels of flexibility and instantaneous reconfiguration for autonomous industrial processes. In this paper, the focus is on optimizing and evaluating Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) licensed and unlicensed wireless networks for meeting the packet latency a...
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... NR-FDD, in Fig. 2 we show the achieved DL packet latency at the 99.999 level for different offered loads using the assumptions described in Section II. As the load is increased, generally the achieved packet latency at the 99.999 % level increases. This means that the load needs to be contained in order to guarantee a certain level of performance for a ...
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Citations
... It should be noted that the theoretical peak data rate between IEEE802.11ax and 5G is almost identical, and it was difficult to find references with accurate information regarding the data rate. However, we found that 5G-NR, in most cases, has a better achievable data rate than IEEE 802.11 ax [14]. In general, the performance of IEEE 802.11ax is compliant with scenarios requiring high data rate, short range, limited mobility, and scenarios requiring communication relay to and from devices outside (e.g., devices under NLOS conditions). ...
... Even the latest (6th) generation of Wi-Fi, which promises lower latency, falls short compared to 5G URLLC. While both technologies can achieve sub-ms performance, 5G maintains this low latency while carrying five times more data, making it more reliable for demanding industrial applications [29]. Furthermore, the same paper demonstrates that as more access points (APs) or gNBs are added to increase network capacity, Wi-Fi latency exceeds the 10 ms upper limit (cf. ...
... Authors [18,19] observed that the use of AGV in future factories will not be able to support the current wireless communication systems therefore the next generation of systems will be implemented. According to [20] the next generation of wireless communication systems such as 5G band and Wi-Fi6 communication aim to support industrial operation. ...
In this paper, new types of autonomous systems used in agriculture were analysed. The paper shows new self-guiding systems such as AGVs with full autonomy in degrees operation. It explains internal transport and systems of autonomous vehicles in outdoor agriculture. New autonomous systems used outside such as appliance of special navigation systems and their purpose in agriculture are present in this work. Navigation systems with GPS signal and RTK technology, vehicle guidance camera and AI machine vision for manipulation are described. Light and laser technologies for fully autonomous robotic technologies such as LiDAR system in vehicle for detection of the presence of pests and diseases are presented in this paper. The paper emphasized advantages of using AGVs as result of their autonomy, clean power sources without harmful impact on the environment. Navigation in indoor spaces that uses LTE Direct protocol is explained, whereby the Wi-Fi ceiling antenna and wireless APP for horizontal movement of AGVs is shown. The ways of using UAVs for warehouse inventory through web applications with an advanced navigation system guided by AI are given in this work.
... Many researchers have conducted extensive research on 5G, focusing on its efficiency, quality, service provision, and other aspects of the technology in their respective countries. All research is centered on the efficiency of 5G as a wireless network, which can be summarized as shown in Table 1 [7], [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. One can see that many research studies have focused on 5G performance. ...
The advancement of 5G technology has transformed various aspects of life, including tourism, by enabling people worldwide to communicate and travel with ease. Traveling to different places and countries is now seamless, removing language barriers and facilitating easy access to information on culture, accommodation, and tourist attractions. Additionally, access to applications that facilitate quicker language translation further enhances the travel experience. Phetchaburi Province holds significant importance as a global tourist destination. UNESCO has recognized Phetchaburi as a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN), comprising one of 49 cities worldwide acknowledged for their creative city initiatives. Phetchaburi Province stands as the 5th city in Thailand to receive this designation. This research investigated 5G performance in Phetchaburi Province, both the inner and outer city, focusing on download and upload speeds. The results indicate that there is widespread 5G coverage throughout Phetchaburi Province, including urban and rural areas, especially for the 5G network with a good performance provided by one of the mobile network operators. In addition, the statistical analysis reveals differences in 5G performances between the inner city and the outer city of Phetchaburi Province, particularly for download speeds (p-value < 0.001).
... The control traffic has the maximum profit. Use Case-3 (UC-3): As in [26], we consider another industrial IoT (IIoT) network. Table. ...
A key strategy for making production in factories more efficient is to collect data about the functioning of machines, and dynamically adapt their working. Such smart factories have data packets with a mix of stringent and non-stringent deadlines with varying levels of importance that need to be delivered via a wireless network. However, the scheduling of packets in the wireless network is crucial to satisfy the deadlines. In this work, we propose a technique of utilizing IEEE 802.11ax, popularly known as WiFi 6, for such applications. IEEE 802.11ax has a few unique characteristics, such as specific configurations of dividing the channels into resource units (RU) for packet transmission and synchronized parallel transmissions. We model the problem of scheduling packets by assigning profit to each packet and then maximizing the sum of profits. We first show that this problem is strongly NP-Hard, and then propose an approximation algorithm with a 12-approximate algorithm. Our approximation algorithm uses a variant of local search to associate the right RU configuration to each packet and identify the duration of each parallel transmission. Finally, we extensively simulate different scenarios to show that our algorithm works better than other benchmarks.
... In [7], the authors evaluated the deployment of an end-to-end 5G solution in a factory, including the end device, the 5G network configuration, the communication service, and an AI data processing service. The authors in [8]- [11] focused on evaluating the suitability of 5G and network slicing in IIoT scenarios. Other works such as [11]- [15] explored various use cases related to IIoT that can be enabled by 5G and network slicing. ...
... The functional diagram of the Portuguese facility is presented in Figure 4. The Facility uses ETSI Openslice (OSL) 8 The initial evaluation of the ULTRA-FAB5G use case will take place in the laboratory environment at the IT (Instituto de Telecomunicações) Aveiro, using the 5GAIner infrastructure originally described in [20]. During this preliminary evaluation of the ULTRA-FABG use case, the antenna configurations presented in Table II were used. ...
... The large-scale fading includes both path loss and shadowing. We consider the path loss model proposed by 3GPP [31] for a scenario involving an indoor factory with space clutter and a high BS height (InF-SH) [32]. The average path loss (in dB) between the AP and the k-th IIoT device is given by: ...
The increasing proliferation of industrial internet of things (IIoT) devices requires the development of efficient radio resource allocation techniques to optimize spectrum utilization. In densely populated IIoT networks, the interference that results from simultaneously scheduling multiple IIoT devices over the same radio resource blocks (RRBs) severely degrades a network’s achievable capacity. This paper investigates an interference management problem for IIoT networks that considers both finite blocklength (FBL)-coded transmission and signal distortions induced by hardware impairments (HWIs) arising from practical, low-complexity radio-frequency front ends. We use the rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) scheme to effectively schedule multiple IIoT devices in a cluster over the same RRB(s). To enhance the system’s achievable capacity, a joint clustering and transmit power allocation (PA) problem is formulated. To tackle the optimization problem’s inherent computational intractability due to its non-convex structure, a two-step distributed clustering and power management (DCPM) framework is proposed. First, the DCPM framework obtains a set of clustered devices for each access point by employing a greedy clustering algorithm while maximizing the clustered devices’ signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio. Then, the DCPM framework employs a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework to optimize transmit PA among the clustered devices. The proposed DRL algorithm learns a suitable transmit PA policy that does not require precise information about instantaneous signal distortions. Our simulation results demonstrate that our proposed DCPM framework adapts seamlessly to varying channel conditions and outperforms several benchmark schemes with and without HWI-induced signal distortions.
... Moreover, the simulation-based evaluation of critical IIoT applications' performance within the 5G and Wi-Fi domains, as noted by [6], serves as a precursor to our more ambitious project. Our paper elevates the discussion by assessing the performance of critical IIoT applications through real commercial products, spotlighting Wi-Fi systems and the 5G O-RAN as the latest in private LAN solutions. ...
This study presents a comprehensive comparison of the performance indicators, namely latency, packet drop, and throughput, for commercial Wi-Fi and 5G LAN systems in both enterprise and warehouse environments. This pioneering assessment marks the first evaluation of actual commercial hardware products in such critical settings. The study focuses on both downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) data flows, employing Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) within these networks. The results from these real-life deployments indicate that Wi-Fi networks, when subjected to increased UL/DL traffic, tend to experience stability issues. This is particularly evident in the form of significant packet drops and increased latency, adversely affecting traffic that is sensitive to delays. Mobility scenarios, which involve device transitions between multiple Wi-Fi Access Points, further intensify these challenges. In contrast, the 5G LAN systems showcased remarkable performance in both stationary and mobile conditions. They consistently maintained a low rate of packet drops. This robust performance can be attributed to the efficient use of TDD frame allocation and Medium Access Control (MAC) scheduling techniques. Notably, micro-slicing feature in the 5G LAN setups was instrumental in ensuring reduced latency across various testing scenarios, proving its efficacy in diverse operational contexts.
... Currently, there are wireless alternatives such as the latest variant of the IEEE802.11 standard, commercially known as Wi-Fi 6 [3], [4], which offers similar features to 5G technology, but at short range [5]. Therefore, the 5G technology developed by 3GPP, is a perfect candidate to enable the revolution of Industry 4.0 towards the concept of Industry 5.0 [6], where the adaptation of automation plays a key role in the revolution of the industrial sector [7]. ...
The introduction of the Factory of the Future has revolutionised the manufacturing sector through the integration of various technologies such as Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), cloud computing and cyber-physical control systems (CPCS). These advances have created the need to develop novel communication systems to support new industrial requirements. Therefore, the fifth generation of mobile networks (5G) has become one of the most relevant alternatives in this field. However, the current regulations in Europe and the spectrum reserved for private 5G may not be sufficient to meet the requirements of some of the industrial applications for which it was conceived. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse the private 5G network to identify the performance thresholds according to the requirements set by the 3
rd
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for the selected industrial scenarios. This work proposes a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility of private 5G infrastructures to meet the industrial requirements studied for different use cases proposed by 3GPP. For this purpose, laboratory tests have been carried out to analyse the performance of a 5G physical network infrastructure and the results were compared with those obtained after modelling different scenarios using Simu5G, a 5G simulator based on the OMNeT++ framework. The conclusions drawn from this work have shown that, although 5G technology is a key enabler for the industrial sector, there are European private spectrum reservation initiatives that do not have sufficient performance to meet the more restrictive requirements for different uses defined by 3GPP, and therefore need to be adapted to drive the adoption of new spectrum reservations for this type of private infrastructure in industry.
... An in-depth examination of the development of non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is provided in this paper, with a focus on their significance for 5G technology and, more crucially, how they will be essential for the development of the 6G ecosystem [22]. The goal of this study is to evaluate and optimize Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) licensed and unlicensed wireless networks such as new radio frequency division duplex bands (NR-FDD) for critical I-IoT scenarios that have high packet latency and frequency stability [23]. The creation of nano-copper interfaces for chip-last or flip-chip construction in packaging with incredibly low interconnect losses was the emphasis of this article's material synthesis (MS) and operational creation sections [24]. ...
