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NPCs for a hybrid hydrokinetic/diesel system utilizing different sizes of hydrokinetic turbines with different ratings of converter and different numbers of batteries at different water speeds with a diesel price of a $ 0.494/L, b $ 1.482/L. The dashed lines indicate the NPCs of the Standalone Diesel A and the Standalone Diesel B irrespective of water speeds
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The current work compares the feasibility of using a non-renewable system, a standalone renewable system, and a hybrid renewable system to power up a remote community in Malaysian Borneo. The analysis shows that both the photovoltaic (PV) and hydrokinetic systems can be used to generate renewable electricity, either as a standalone or a hybrid syst...
Citations
... In addition, it is clear that the electricity produced covers the load profile. Figure 9 depicts the demand evolution of the village over seven days (28)(29)(30) June and 1-4 July) in the presence of the 10.8 kW converter, 40 batteries. Table 10 shows that the biogas generator operates 8,719 h/year with fuel consumption of 397 tons/year, minimum electrical output of 10 kW electrical efficiency of 30.7% and produces 130,208 kWh/year. ...
... They have successfully been employed for case studies covering developing countries, see, e.g. Vendoti et al. (2021), Lau and Tan (2021), and Gebrehiwot et al. (2019). However, these tools often focus on the electric infrastructure, with only secondarily treating thermal loads. ...
Renewable energies provide effective sustainable development by raising living standards, accelerating economic growth, and mitigating pollution. However, specifically in developing countries, the lack of information, data, and local expertise challenges the design process and long-term success of renewable energy systems. Following the call for inter-disciplinary, solution-oriented research, this work uses a design science research-approach to facilitate multi-energy planning. The decision support system NESSI4D is developed, which considers site-specific economic, environmental, technological, and social factors and is tuned for stakeholder needs in developing countries. Following a step-by-step process model manual, the artifact’s applicability is demonstrated in a use case for a rural community in Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam. Missing load data are synthesized from the TVSEP with the software RAMP. The results show that the implementation of renewable energy technologies only enables affordable, low-emission electrification with governmental financial incentives. Several sensitivity tests illustrate the impact of changing assumptions and highlight the importance of detailed analyses with highly specialized tools. The demonstrating use case validates the method’s relevance for research and practice towards the goals of effective sustainable development.
... At some of the locations, there may be a possibility of harnessing locally available hydro power resources for powering telecom towers. Pico-hydro system with a typical capacity of less than 5 kW (ZekâiŞen, 2018) that can designed to harness the kinetic energy of moving water in streams and rivers (Lau & Tan, 2021). Such systems are being considered for rural electrification applications at suitable sites (Chauhan & Saini, 2015;Hajimiragha & Zadeh, 2013;Lahimer et al., 2012;Williams & Simpson, 2009). ...
Telecom services play a vital role in the socio-economic development of a country. The number of people using these services is growing rapidly with further enhance growth expected in future. Consequently, the number of telecom towers that are critical for providing such services has also increased correspondingly. Such an increase in the number of telecom towers in a country implies a corresponding increase in the electricity demand of the country. Moreover, in view of growing concerns about climate change, it is necessary that the decarbonization of telecom towers is prioritized so as to minimize their carbon footprint. In view of the above, the primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various renewable energy-based systems and the advantages they offer for powering telecom towers, based on a review of the existing literature and field installations. Telecom towers are powered by hybrid energy systems that incorporate renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and microturbines. Utilizing these systems helps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and consequently mitigates the anthropogenic carbon emissions. Moreover, information related to growth of the telecom industry, telecom tower configurations and power supply needs, conventional power supply options, and hybrid system combinations and their benefits. Several field installations of renewable energy-based hybrid systems have also been summarized. This review can help to evaluate appropriate low-carbon technologies and also to develop policy instruments to promote renewable energy-based telecom tower power systems.
... Small diesel-generators have the advantage of being the cheapest generator to buy, but may not be the cheapest over their operating life due to fuel costs. Lau and Tan (2021) conducted an economic analysis of diesel, PV, HKT and hybrid systems for a remote community in Sarawak with a peak demand of 45 kW and estimated 363 kWh average daily demand, and concluded that either a stand-alone diesel or a PV/diesel hybrid system would have the lowest life cycle cost, depending on the cost of diesel. Until recently diesel could cost over 6 MYR per litre in remote areas but the cost is now subsidised in remote areas so it is the same throughout the country, just over 2 MYR per litre. ...
This paper reviews available power supply options for off-grid remote communities in equatorial regions such as Sarawak, Malaysia, with particular focus on hydrokinetic turbines (HKTs) which have potential for the many villages located on rivers where topography does not favor conventional micro-hydro. Cost is a critical factor, as these communities rarely have the purchasing power to acquire expensive equipment manufactured in high-cost countries such as Germany, Canada and the United States. A 0.585 m diameter, low-cost axial flow hydrokinetic turbine was designed, constructed at a cost of USD 300 for materials and 450 for labour, and field tested for this purpose. It produced 92 W from a 1.3 m/s river current velocity, equivalent to 2.2 kWh per day which meets the service level deemed sufficient for a typical rural household in Sarawak, with an overall water to wire efficiency of approximately 34%.
The abrupt rise in energy demand has led many growing nations to a power shortage. Hence, most rural areas in those nations are purely dependent on off-grid based power generation for their electrification. Off-grid-based power generation has sounded loud recently for their higher advantage in generating independent energy and cost-cutting solutions in rural electrification. In this paper, a comprehensive review delivers enhanced hybrid electrification in rural areas using renewable energy sources like hydro, wind, biogas, and biomass. The review also highlights sustainable and reliable hybrid renewable power generation system operation. Furthermore, this review article focuses on the optimal integration of renewable energy systems used for rural electrification, factors influencing a particular hybrid energy system selection, and the energy management strategy followed to facilitate researchers' research work. The researchers and stakeholders can utilize the outcomes of this study for swotting rural electricity pricing and policymaking.
Photovoltaic (PV) investment requires a feasibility study of the PV system in terms of environmental parameters at the location, which is the implementation time and cost. In this study, a 1.4 PV system was installed in Sohar, Oman and the system recorded data, which was modelled using an artificial neural network (ANN). The contribution of this study is to use three proposed ANN models (MLP, SOFM, and SVM) to predict similar systems in twelve other locations throughout the country based on measured solar irradiance and ambient temperature in these locations. The experimental results of Sohar show feasible values of 6.82 A, 150–160 V, 800–1000 W, and 245.8 kWh, peak current, voltage, power, and energy, respectively. Also, the proposed models show an excellent prediction with less error and high accuracy. Furthermore, statistical and sensitivity analyses are presented with a comparison of results found by researchers in the literature for validation. The lowest RMSE was found for SOFM (0.2514) in the training phase compared with (0.2528) for MLP and (0.2167) for SVM. The same sequence but with a higher accuracy was found for SOFM (95.25%), while (92.55%) and (89.19%) for MLP and SVM, respectively. In conclusion, the sensitivity analysis shows that solar irradiance has more effect on the output compared with ambient temperature. Also, a prediction of PV output for Duqm was forecasted till 2050, where it is found insignificant deviation due to climate change compared with 2020.
