Fig 13 - uploaded by Rob van Soest
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Mycale (Carmia) macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866), ZMA Por. 05694 from the Canary Islands, a, pre - served fragment (scale bar = 1 cm), b, cross section of skeleton (scale bar = 200 μm), c-i, SEM images of the spicules, c, style, c1, details of style, d, anisochela 1, e, anisochela 2, f, anisochela 3, g, sigma 1, h, sigma 2, i, toxas.
Source publication
Based on collections assembled by Dutch expeditions to the Northwest African region, including the offshore islands in the neighbouring Atlantic, a taxonomic monograph of sponges of the genus Mycale is presented. Additional material from the region borrowed from the Zoologisk Museum of the University of Copenhagen and incidental samples made by ind...
Citations
... To study the skeleton structure, sections perpendicular to the surface of the body or tangential sections from the surface were made manually with a scalpel, then were dried and embedded in Canada balsam. The methods for preparing permanent mounts of sponge spicules and tissues followed those described in detail by Rützler (1978), Hooper (2003), Hooper andVan Soest (2006), andVan Soest et al. (2014). The material was processed, and images were taken under an Axio Imager.Z2 light microscope equipped with a digital camera. ...
Four new species of vulcanellid sponges (Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), Poecillastra malyutini sp. nov., Vulcanella koltuni sp. nov., V. commander sp. nov. and V. grebelnyi sp. nov., are described from the Piip submarine volcano and adjacent area (the Bering Sea, North Pacific). This work includes materials sampled using the ROV Comanche 18 during the cruises of the RV Akademik M.A. Lavrentyev in 2016 and 2018. These specimens were studied and illustrated using light and electron (SEM) microscopy and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The distribution of species is characterized by pronounced vertical zoning. In areas of hydrothermal vents and on their periphery, Demospongiae are abundant with a pronounced dominance of a single species, V. koltuni sp. nov. The δ13C value for V. koltuni sp. nov. and P. malyutini sp. nov. from the volcano summits were almost 2-fold lower than for V. commander sp. nov. collected outside the areas of hydrothermal activity. These isotopic signatures indicate the organic matter of chemosynthetic origin in the diet of V. koltuni sp. nov. and P. malyutini sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rDNA does not confirm the phylogenetic relationship of Lamellomorpha Bergquist, 1968 with the family Vulcanellidae C´ardenas, Xavier, Reveillaud, Schander & Rapp, 2011.
... When alive, the sponges were bright yellow with a furrowed external surface. They had styles (400-779 μm long and 12-20 μm wide), large anisochelae (52-97 μm long), small anisochelae (29-50 μm long), sigmas (12-27 μm long), and raphides/trichodragmas (30-75 μm).Dinn et al. (2019) noted that their specimens did not contain the third size class of chelae (< 20 μm) observed byBoury-Esnault et al. (1994) andVan Soest et al. (2014).Dinn et al. (2019) suggested this may be due to their samples being collected further north.The spicule measurements of our Mycale (Mycale) lingua specimens fall in the same range as the spicules described byDinn et al. (2019). While some of our styles (> 780 μm) and raphides (> 76 μm) are larger than the maximum lengths obtained byDinn et al. (2019), these bigger spicules do fall in the size range of 530-1150 μm observed byAckers et al. (2007) for their specimens of Mycale (Mycale) lingua. ...
Sponges (phylum Porifera) are benthic filter feeding animals that play an important role in nutrient cycling and habitat provision in the deep sea. Sponges collected between 2010 and 2014 during annual multispecies trawl surveys conducted by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in Baffin Bay, Davis Strait and portions of Hudson Strait were taxonomically examined. In total ~2500 specimens were identified, comprising ~100 known sponge taxa. Sponges from the order
Poecilosclerida comprised nearly half of the identified species. Sponges from the poescilosclerid families Coelosphaeridae, Crellidae, Dendoricellidae, Myxillidae, Tedaniidae, Microcionidae, Acarnidae and Esperiopsidae are described in previous reports. This report adds descriptions of five sponge species from two poescilosclerid families: Mycalidae and Isodictyidae (class Demospongiae, subclass Heteroscleromorpha, order Poecilosclerida). Described species include Mycale (Mycale) lingua, Mycale (Mycale) cf. toporoki, Mycale (Mycale) cf. loveni and Mycale (Rhaphidotheca) marshallhalli, all from the family Mycalidae, and Isodictya aff. palmata from
the family Isodictyidae. Descriptions include physical description of the sponges, descriptions and dimensions of their spicules, and taxonomic discussion.
... Tropical regions are among the most species rich regions, as has been recently demonstrated in studies of the Central West Atlantic (e.g. Hajdu & Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1994;Hajdu & Rützler 1998;Lerner & Hajdu 2002), East Pacific (Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010), West Africa (Van Soest et al. 2014). Some of these studies not only treated recently collected material but also reviewed all species occurring in the relevant region providing a comprehensive view of extant diversity and size of distribution areas. ...
The species of the cosmopolitan sponge genus Mycale occurring in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region and adjacent subtropical waters are reviewed taxonomically. Specimens incorporated in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center form the basis of this comprehensive study, supplemented by (type) specimens borrowed from or examined in other institutions. Specimens available numbered 351, belonging to 44 species, including 14 species new to science, Mycale (Aegogropila) prognatha sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) amiri sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) fungiaphila sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) monomicrosclera sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) tenuichela sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) tubiporicola sp.nov., Mycale (Carmia) tydemani sp.nov., Mycale (Mycale) asigmata sp.nov., Mycale (Mycale) grandoides sp.nov., Mycale (Mycale) sundaminorensis sp.nov., Mycale (Naviculina) mascarenensis sp.nov., Mycale (Paresperella) sceptroides sp.nov., Mycale (Paresperella) seychellensis sp.nov., Mycale (Zygomycale) sibogae sp.nov. Three species, indicated by the designation ‘aff.’, were not definitely assigned to known or new species due to uncertainty of their identity. The genus Kerasemna, previously considered a junior synonym of Mycale, was revived as an additional subgenus Mycale (Kerasemna). One species, previously assigned to the genus Desmacella as D. lampra De Laubenfels is here reassigned to Mycale, subgenus at present undecided. Additionally, species previously reported from the region but not represented in our collections are briefly characterized and discussed. We propose new names Mycale (Mycale) mauricei nom.nov. for Mycale macrochela Burton (junior primary homonym of Mycale fistulata var. macrochela Hentschel) and Mycale (Mycale) bouryesnaultae nom.nov. for Mycale (Mycale) fibrosa Boury-Esnault & Van Beveren (junior primary homonym of Mycale (Aegogropila) adhaerens subsp. fibrosa Koltun). Keys to the species of each subgenus occurring in the region are provided. The opportunity of having studied this comprehensive set of species and specimens from the tropical Indo-West Pacific is taken to review and discuss the morphological and biogeographical data gathered so far on the genus Mycale. The genus currently comprises approximately 255 accepted species, with highest diversity focused in tropical Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific regions as well as in warm-temperate Mediterranean-Atlantic regions.
... The species of the genus Mycale (Gray, 1867; Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae; Figure 12) gather demosponges presenting smooth, subterminally constricted-style megascleres ("mycalostyles") in combination with anisochelate microscleres [63]. ...
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are key components of the epigenetic machinery controlling gene expression. They are involved in chromatin remodeling events via post-translational histone modifications but may also act on nonhistone proteins, influencing many fundamental cellular processes. Due to the key involvement of HDACs in serious human pathologies, including cancer, HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) have received increased attention in recent years. It is known that marine invertebrates produce significant amounts of secondary metabolites showing active pharmacological properties and an extensive spectrum of biomedical applications. The aim of this review is to gather selected studies that report the extraction and identification of marine invertebrate-derived compounds that possess HDACi properties, grouping the producing species according to their taxonomic hierarchy. The molecular, biochemical, and/or physiological aspects, where available, and modes of action of these naturally occurring HDACis will be recapitulated, taking into consideration their possible utilization for the future design of analogs with increased bioavailability and efficacy, less toxicity, and, also, higher isoform selectivity.
... lacks. Of all species of the subgenus Aegogropila mentioned above, some also possess other types of microscleres or clusters of microscleres (raphides, trichodragmata, micracanthoxea, microxea, toxodragmata, raphidotoxas and isochelae) that are specified for each species in Table 4 (Schmidt, 1862), Porifera from the Adriatic Sea described by Schmidt (1862) and widely cited from the Mediterranean Sea (Ferrer-Hernández 1916;Topsent 1924Topsent , 1925Babic 1922;Sarà 1960;Bibiloni 1981;Pulitzer-Finali 1983;Voultsiadou 2005;Gugel et al. 2006), Azores (Topsent 1904;Boury-Esnault & Lopes 1985;Van Soest et al. 2014) and Ireland (Van Soest et al. 2007). However, many of these publications are only citations and most of those describing the sponge are very short descriptions. ...
A new species of Porifera collected at the Ría de Ferrol (NW Iberian Peninsula), Mycale (Aegogropila) antiae sp. nov., is described. The sponge is apricot-coloured with small sulphur-yellow spots, comprised of one or more conical or cylindrical massive bases, each with a single apical osculum. Long, more or less branched digitiform ramifications emerge from these bases, with one or two oscula in high position. The ectosomal skeleton consists of bundles of interwoven mycalostyles forming a triangular or polygonal tangential reticulation. The choanosomal skeleton shows longitudinal axial tracts, with fan-like feathered plurispicular bundles perpendicular to the surface of the sponge. It is characterized by presenting only mycalostyles as megascleres and three categories of palmate anisochelae as microscleres, the larger forming rosettes, microxeas in dragmata and thin raphides, ornamented at both ends by a fine spine, and grouped in numerous trichodragmata clustered in the subectosomal yellow spots.
... presence of anisochelae as well as anomochelae is not described elsewhere, but this specimen may show how these spicules transition from the standard form to the more derived anomochelae. References Boury-Esnault et al. (1982), Van Soest et al. (2014) Mycale lingua (Bowerbank, 1866) Amphi-Atlantic. ...
The goal of this guide is to derive a better understanding of the biodiversity of sponges across the eastern Canadian Arctic. Specimens were collected during research cruises aboard the Canadian Coast Guard Ship (CCGS) Amundsen in October 2015, July 2016 and July 2017. Collection sites were selected based on reported areas of high sponge abundance and particular emphasis was given to deep, hard-bottom habitats where collection of benthic organisms is not possible using traditional sampling methods such as sediment grabs and cores. The study material includes 162 sponge specimens comprising 61 separate species, 19 of which could only be identified to the genus level. This guide describes sponges based on their outer morphology and skeleton.
... Consequently, two years ago we started an intensive study of diverse non-verongiid marine demosponges with the aim to purify and identify chitin from other taxa of marine sponges. Especially, we have taken advantage of the worldwide distribution of the members of the genus Mycale [37] (Demospongiae: Heteroscleromorpha: Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) living in a considerable depth range from intertidal to abyssal depth [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. About 251 valid species belong to the genus Mycale are currently accepted from a pool of more than 500 nominal names [49,51,52]. ...
... Especially, we have taken advantage of the worldwide distribution of the members of the genus Mycale [37] (Demospongiae: Heteroscleromorpha: Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) living in a considerable depth range from intertidal to abyssal depth [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. About 251 valid species belong to the genus Mycale are currently accepted from a pool of more than 500 nominal names [49,51,52]. These sponges are known as fast-growing species [53] with partially investigated life cycles [54,55]. ...
Sponges (Porifera) are recognized as aquatic multicellular organisms which developed an effective biochemical pathway over millions of years of evolution to produce both biologically active secondary metabolites and biopolymer-based skeletal structures. Among marine demosponges, only representatives of the Verongiida order are known to synthetize biologically active substances as well as skeletons made of structural polysaccharide chitin. The unique three-dimensional (3D) architecture of such chitinous skeletons opens the widow for their recent applications as adsorbents, as well as scaffolds for tissue engineering and biomimetics. This study has the ambitious goal of monitoring other orders beyond Verongiida demosponges and finding alternative sources of naturally prestructured chitinous scaffolds; especially in those demosponge species which can be cultivated at large scales using marine farming conditions. Special attention has been paid to the demosponge Mycale euplectellioides(Heteroscleromorpha: Poecilosclerida: Mycalidae) collected in the Red Sea. For the first time, we present here a detailed study of the isolation of chitin from the skeleton of this sponge, as well as its identification using diverse bioanalytical tools. Calcofluor white staining, Fourier-transform Infrared Spcetcroscopy (FTIR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy, as well as a chitinase digestion assay were applied in order to confirm with strong evidence the finding of a-chitin in the skeleton of M. euplectellioides. We suggest that the discovery of chitin within representatives of the Mycale genus is a promising step in their evaluation of these globally distributed sponges as new renewable sources for both biologically active metabolites and chitin, which are of prospective use for pharmacology and biomaterials oriented biomedicine, respectively
Despite few pioneering works in the late XIX and early XX century, the poriferan fauna of Madeira has remained
mostly unexplored until today, Madeira being one of the least studied eastern Atlantic archipelagos in terms of its
sponge diversity. After a thorough analysis of both new material collected by SCUBA diving as well as a literature
research, 140 sponge species are known to occur in the Madeira archipelago. From the 56 species identified by
both collected material and pictures, approximately 60% (34 species) are new records for the Archipelago. These
34 new records were found associated with littoral rocky substrates and, to a lesser extent, caves, rhodolith beds
and wrecks, within a depth range of 10–35 m depth. Our records also contain several Mediterranean species that
have not been previously recorded in the North Atlantic, several North-east Atlantic species whose presence in
Madeira marks their southernmost limit of occurrence, as well as elements from the subtropical West African
fauna. Amongst the new additions to its sponge fauna there are the first records of Homomscleromorpha, with at
least three Oscarella species noted, as well as a new species of Hemimycale (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida). Yet,
this is still an underestimation of Madeira’s real sponge diversity.
We surveyed the shallow-water sponges of Ascension Island using scuba diving. In total, we collected 58 sponge specimens from 17 locations at depths of 0.5–30 m. In addition, we compiled historical records of sponges. We describe nine species new to science: Niphates verityae sp. nov., Petrosia ( Petrosia ) ernesti sp. nov., Monanchora downesae sp. nov., Svenzea weberorum sp. nov., Erylus williamsae sp. nov., Ircinia nolanae sp. nov., Ircinia richardsoni sp. nov., Ircinia simae sp. nov. and Chondrosia browningorum sp. nov. We provide molecular sequences for three of the new species. We have added 50% to the number of known species and added two new genera and one family to the known Ascension Island sponge fauna. Twenty-six species, from 16 genera, and 13 families, are now reported from Ascension's shallow waters. Many of these may be endemic to the island. We discuss the biogeographic affinities of Ascension Island and emphasize the need for additional survey of the sponge fauna of remote islands such as Ascension.
The occurrence of different sponge species bearing the same Linnean binomial name combination, i.e. homonyms, is to be avoided for obvious reasons. In a review of sponge taxon names of the World Porifera Database, we detected 121 homonymic cases (115 species-group names, 6 genus-group names), involving a total of 272 nominal taxa. It is the object of the present study to remove their occurrence by proposing new names for the junior homonyms following the rules of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature as laid down in the Code (ICZN, 1999) and the on-line edition http://iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp . Homonym cases are discussed and, where applicable, junior homonyms are either replaced by nomina nova or reassigned to their earliest available synonyms. The order in which the homonyms are treated is alphabetical on original species name, with genus names separately treated at the end. A summary table with all proposed name changes is also presented to allow quick access to the junior homonyms and their proposed new names. A total of 116 nomina nova are proposed, including five new genus names.
