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![Municipal waste composition in EU [13]](publication/332459363/figure/fig2/AS:748499901636609@1555467691235/Municipal-waste-composition-in-EU-13.png)
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![Fig. 1. Municipal waste in Poland in 2014 [1]](publication/332459363/figure/fig1/AS:748499901632512@1555467691198/Municipal-waste-in-Poland-in-2014-1_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 2. Municipal waste composition in EU [13]](publication/332459363/figure/fig2/AS:748499901636609@1555467691235/Municipal-waste-composition-in-EU-13_Q320.jpg)
A constant growth of the multimaterial waste production can be observed in the recent years. The multimaterial waste that contain aluminum are especially hard to process due to the fact that multiple layers of various materials are bonded permanently. Tetra-Pak waste contain high amounts of paper (approx. 70%) and are usually processed in papermill...
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Context 1
... per capita). The countries which generate the largest amounts of municipal waste are Denmark (758kg per capita), Switzerland (730kg per capita) and Germany (618kg per capita). The average municipal waste production in European Union per capita in 2016 was 483kg, while only 141kg was recycled [12]. The waste composition in EU is presented in fig. 2. The most important short-term (by 2020) goal described in the National Waste Management Plan 2030 is to increase the amount of waste to be reused and/or recycled to at least 50%. The long-term goals (by 2030) is to increase this number to at least 65% and decrease the amount of stored waste to 10% of the total amount of the generated ...
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... A standard MSW sample comprises both bio-degradable components, like food, garden, and animal wastes, and non-bio-degradable elements, including synthetic materials such as plastics and rubber. This mix varies across regions and fluctuates over time [120][121][122]. In developing countries such as India, the majority of MSW is biodegradable. ...
It is crucial to find sustainable and renewable fuel sources because traditional fossil fuels are running out and pollution levels are rising. In this context, biocrude derived from biomass emerges as a promising alternative, with hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) playing a pivotal role in this transformation. HTL's versatility in converting a wide range of biomass or waste materials into biocrude is especially notable. Therefore, this comprehensive review focused on the latest advancements in HTL technology, including its potential to process various biomass and waste materials, resulting in high biocrude yields (up to 60-86% from different biomass types). The study explored the latest advancements in HTL such as effects of catalysts in HTL processes, the scalability of the technology, and the potential for commercializing continuous HTL with aqueous phase recycling. It also explored the integration of machine learning for HTL optimization, offering insights into how these advanced computational techniques can enhance process efficiency and output quality. HTL and subsequent hydrotreatment emerge as key technologies for utilizing biomass as a renewable fuel source. This review not only highlights the current state of biocrude refining and upgrading technologies but also stresses the need for ongoing development in these domains. It presented HTL as a transformative solution in the energy sector, offering a sustainable fossil fuel alternative while tackling biocrude impurities and heteroatoms management challenges. The review concluded by underscoring the practical implications of HTL advancements, suggesting a roadmap for future research and development in this field.
... Multimaterial waste is a significant group of waste that requires the application of special recycling techniques in order to reduce its negative impact on the environment [1]. In general, it is made of at least two different materials connected permanently [2]. ...
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Such results suggest that when considering a potential technology for WPB processing, the most favorable conditions for the production of gases would be at higher temperatures. After providing the satisfactory composition and calorific value, the gases can be used as a fuel, i.e., to heat the process.
Abstract
Waste pharmaceutical blisters (WPBs) are a type of multimaterial waste that contain layers of plastic and metal connected permanently. The separation of those materials with the application of mechanical methods is impossible. One of the methods that can be used to recover metal from WPBs is pyrolysis—a thermal decomposition process performed in the absence of oxygen. The products are a solid fraction that contain char and metal, liquid fraction, and gases. The gases produced during the process can be used as a fuel, either alone or mixed with another gaseous fuel such as natural gas. The presented research was focused on the determination of the influence of the process temperature on the composition of gases produced during the pyrolysis of two types of pharmaceutical blister waste: pre- and postconsumer. The postconsumer waste contains trace amounts of pharmaceutical products. One of the goals was to determine whether those compounds influence the gas properties. The method of neutralizing these materials can be part of the circular economy, the idea of which is to strive to maximize the use of natural resources and bring them back into circulation. The presented method allows not only to recover char, oil, and metal that can be easily separated from the solid fraction, but also to reuse the process gases as a fuel and, possibly, to form HCl during the decomposition of PVC. The paper includes the analysis of the input material, as well as a detailed chemical analysis of the produced gases.
