Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Multi-level ordered logit regressions with innovativeness as the dependent variable; control variables only.
Source publication
Start-ups differ in the extent to which they introduce innovations to markets and, hence, in their potential contribution to society. Understanding the heterogeneous character of start-ups is key to explaining the variability in innovation. In this study, we explore whether start-ups that place more emphasis on environmental value creation versus e...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... that the variances at the country level are estimated at 0.25, 0.24, and 0.28 for the innovation index, product innovation, and process innovation, respectively, we arrive at ICC values of 0.07 for the innovation index and product innovation, and 0.08 for process innovation. Table 5 shows the estimated coefficients of our control variables for the three innovation measures. Higher probabilities of displaying innovative behaviour are found for female start-up entrepreneurs and those with more education, at least for our innovation index and product innovation. ...Context 2
... the country level, we note that GDP per capita is negatively associated with each innovation measure. Table 6 adds the environmental variables to the specification of Table 5. Note that our independent variable at the individual-level measures the difference in allocated points between environmental goals and economic goals and that the variable has been standardized. ...Context 3
... can also measure the "explanatory power" (R 2 ) of the environmental country-level variables, measured in terms of the proportion of variance explained at the country ( Hox et al., 2017). When comparing the country-level variances for each dependent variable in Tables 5 and 6, we conclude that the explanatory power is approximately 31% for our general innovation variable, approximately 16% for product innovation, and 45% for process innovation. Table 7 shows the average marginal effects corresponding to our main independent variable at the individual level (i.e., environmental value creation) and the country-level environmental variables. ...Context 4
... because of the inability to reach computational convergence for the system estimation -including interaction terms and the random slope -in Table 8, we decided to perform separate regressions for product and process innovation throughout. We feel comfortable with this decision because system estimations were performed as an alternative to the results in Tables 5 and 6 (without interactions and random slopes), and non-significant covariances were found between the country-level intercepts of product innovation and process innovation (0.031, p=.49 in Table 5; -0.005, p=.87 in Table 6). In addition, the coefficient estimates deviated only slightly from the present results in Tables 5 and 6. ...Context 5
... because of the inability to reach computational convergence for the system estimation -including interaction terms and the random slope -in Table 8, we decided to perform separate regressions for product and process innovation throughout. We feel comfortable with this decision because system estimations were performed as an alternative to the results in Tables 5 and 6 (without interactions and random slopes), and non-significant covariances were found between the country-level intercepts of product innovation and process innovation (0.031, p=.49 in Table 5; -0.005, p=.87 in Table 6). In addition, the coefficient estimates deviated only slightly from the present results in Tables 5 and 6. ...Context 6
... feel comfortable with this decision because system estimations were performed as an alternative to the results in Tables 5 and 6 (without interactions and random slopes), and non-significant covariances were found between the country-level intercepts of product innovation and process innovation (0.031, p=.49 in Table 5; -0.005, p=.87 in Table 6). In addition, the coefficient estimates deviated only slightly from the present results in Tables 5 and 6. For example, environmental value creation is significantly and positively associated with product innovation (ß=0.214; ...Similar publications
In this paper, the industrial green efficiency of each province is measured by the non-radial SBM model, and then makes a tobit regression of environmental regulations with green efficiency. Finally, the heterogeneity of the region and the heterogeneity of efficiency are analyzed.
Citations
... First, cleantech startups face a hybrid value creation, which induces environmental and economic value creation that exist together (Hoogendoorn, Van der Zwan, & Thurik, 2020;York, O'Neil, & Sarasvathy, 2016). On the one hand, cleantech startups create environmental value by providing products that mitigate or adapt to climate changerelated environmental degradation. ...
... Accordingly, cleantech startups are considered impact-driven ventures (Vedula et al., 2022). Cleantech startups thus create environmental gains for society (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020). Relatedly, a startup founder described this aspect as follows: "The societal focus of cleantech startups is triggered by the necessity to address environmental degradation, such as wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, and heat waves" (S2). ...
... Relatedly, a startup founder described this aspect as follows: "The societal focus of cleantech startups is triggered by the necessity to address environmental degradation, such as wildfires, hurricanes, tornadoes, and heat waves" (S2). On the other hand, cleantech startups create economic value by pursuing private wealth generation (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020). In this regard, one investor stated that cleantech startups need to generate financial attraction by having "many customers, revenue, and profit" (I1). ...
This dissertation examines entrepreneurial resource mobilization of cleantech startups related to political ideology and product digitization. It comprises three studies: (1) a quantitative analysis of the effect of VC investors’ political ideology on investment decision-making, (2) a quantitative analysis of the effect of startups’ product digitization on venture growth, and (3) a qualitative examination of entrepreneurial resource mobilization of non-digital, hybrid, and digital startups.
... This type of entrepreneurship emphasizes that the sources of opportunity and the characteristics of entrepreneurs are critical components (Autio et al., 2014;Shane, 2003). Hoogendoorn et al. (2020) highlighted that the entrepreneur's specific personal traits make new companies more likely to be innovative. ...
Purpose
This study investigates the personal factors influencing innovative entrepreneurship combined with additional contextual insights from high-income European countries. Specifically, this study has three main objectives: (i) to measure differences in the level of entrepreneurial innovativeness activity among high-income European regions; (ii) to uncover key factors leading to appropriate levels of entrepreneurial innovativeness and (iii) to suggest policies that may enhance the regional level of entrepreneurial innovation.
Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 4,430 nascent and new entrepreneurs from 16 different high-income European countries drawn from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS) was used in conjunction with macroeconomic indicators. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression analysis.
Findings
There are significant differences in the conditions that influence entrepreneurial innovativeness in European regions. These variations in entrepreneurial activity can be explained using contextual factors and individual characteristics. Although technological novelty increases the probability of innovative entrepreneurship, the technology effect is significantly greater in Western Europe than other regions across Europe.
Originality/value
This study illustrates how a contextualized view of entrepreneurship enriches the knowledge of the human and dynamic socioeconomic drivers that motivate innovative entrepreneurial action in high-income European countries.
... Therefore, business models mediate value creation because they integrate the assumptions of innovation into the business by favouring the adoption of new organisational forms based on sustainable technologies (Schaltegger et al., 2012(Schaltegger et al., , 2018. Start-ups that strive to provide environmental value are more innovative than organizations that seek to create commercial value (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020). Moreover, greener start-ups are more inclined to experiment with new products and processes. ...
This study analyses the sustainable entrepreneurship issues faced during the pre-seed and seed phases of the life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures, which are considered the protagonists of innovative changes towards a cleaner environment. Specifically, it investigates the role innovation plays in the life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures seeking to create sustainable business models and tools for measuring the social impact of such ventures in sustainability assessment systems designed to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the UN 2030 Agenda. The study conducts a rigorous literature review and bibliometric analysis of 166 English-language articles on entrepreneurship and sustainability published between 2001 and 2021, and formulates a map for the knowledge produced and disseminated in previous investigations. The results advance our understanding of how sustainability assessment can be integrated into the life cycle phases of innovative entrepreneurial ventures. This review can aid in the development of a comprehensive framework and of research propositions for sustainable entrepreneurship issues in the pre-seed and seed phases. The study also extends institutional and stakeholder theories to provide decision support for sustainable entrepreneurial ventures in their pre-seed and seed phases. It explains how stakeholders' participation and engagement with institutional structures can be invigorated and how this affects the decision consequences for sustainable entrepreneurs. Our results can help practitioners and researchers accurately interpret ‘innovation’ in the life cycle of entrepreneurial ventures and sustainability assessment systems, thus allowing them to formulate policies, strategies, and guidelines for promoting a sustainable development agenda.
... In contrast, so-called eco, environmental, or green entrepreneurs, who are characterised by a strong environmental orientation (Schaltegger, 2002) and specifically address environmental market failures (Cohen and Winn, 2007;Dean and McMullen, 2007), are hypothesised to stimulate both the economy and environmental development (e.g., Cohen and Winn, 2007;Shepherd and Patzelt, 2011). This hypothesis is supported by recent empirical evidence showing that (a) new green ventures are characterised by higher innovativeness (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020;Neumann, 2022), and turnover performance (e.g., Neumann, 2021b;Shrivastava and Tamvada, 2019), and (b) that the social orientation of new ventures also has a positive impact on all three pillars of sustainability (Méndez-Picazo et al., 2021). It is therefore reasonable to assume that the relationship between new green ventures and sustainable development indeed differs from that of their conventional counterparts and that the high academic expectations might be justified. ...
... Second, green entrepreneurship is a particularly efficient transformer of new knowledge into innovations and business opportunities: compared to other emerging technologies, 'clean' technologies result in higher levels of knowledge spillovers, which also generate higher marginal economic value (Dechezleprêtre et al., 2013). Recent research confirmed this finding by demonstrating that new green ventures are more likely to be of higher quality in terms of innovativeness, growth, and degree of internationalisation (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020;Neumann, 2022). There is also evidence that new green ventures tend to share their networks and ideas more openly (Zahraie et al., 2016). ...
... In 2009, GEM included a special survey on social entrepreneurship, which to date is the only global large-scale database on green entrepreneurship allowing for econometric analyses. It is frequently used in green entrepreneurship research (e.g., Hechavarría et al., 2017;Hoogendoorn et al., 2020;Hörisch et al., 2017). The 2009 survey includes 180,000 adults from 53 countries. ...
This paper contributes to the recent stream of econometric entrepreneurship research by introducing the environmental orientation of new ventures as a key factor for sustainable development. It empirically assesses whether relationships exist between national shares of green entrepreneurial activity (GEA) and economic, social, and environmental development. Theory and first empirical evidence suggest that – compared to conventional new ventures – new green ventures have a more positive economic and social impact and are less harmful or even beneficial to environmental quality. OLS regressions were estimated to empirically test the impact of GEA rates (share of total entrepreneurial activity) on GDP, the modified HDI, and CO2 emissions. For this purpose, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for 11,909 early-stage entrepreneurs was aggregated to the macro-level of 53 countries and merged with further international datasets. The results confirmed that higher shares of GEA are positively related to economic and social development but not to environmental development. Additional tests proved the robustness of the results for different economic development levels, time-lag variations, and different measurements of dependent and independent variables. The identified economic and social importance of GEA warrants intensified policy efforts to support the discovery, creation, and exploitation of green business opportunities. Potential explanations for the counterintuitive non-significant environmental impact are discussed, leading to new research avenues.
... Although quantitative techniques are often indispensable tools for scientific inquiry, there are limitations when applied to contexts involving process-oriented, diachronic perspectives. For example, quantitative methods have been useful in observing macro-and micro-level drivers of entrepreneurial action (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020;Urbano et al., 2019), visualizing the mechanisms undergirding entrepreneurial value creation (Westgren & Wuebker, 2019), and identifying entrepreneurship's economic and psychological consequences (Nikolaev et al., 2020). However, these tools tend to favor synchronic conceptions of the individualopportunity nexus, because quantitative data are typically expressed sequentially, and because quantitative interpretation is inherently retrospective. ...
Plain English Summary
Historical approaches are key to accurately and comprehensively capturing the rich and varied dynamics of nascent-stage business venturing. Nascent-stage business venturing is messy and notoriously difficult to completely and accurately observe. Researchers are rarely, if ever, present when ideas are formed and initial actions are taken. Consequently, the vast majority of entrepreneurship research relies upon retrospective accounts of the founding process, which biases the portrayal of the meandering (or chaotic) journey that often characterizes entrepreneurship. With few exceptions, business venturing stories are curated narratives, exhibiting a high degree of “narrativity,” meaning that they are structured and conveyed for the sake of sensemaking rather than accuracy. As such, they tend to accentuate intentionality and directionality, while largely omitting entrepreneurship’s unreasoned and unintended elements. Addressing this problem, we draw upon historical tools and perspectives to develop a procedure that preserves the varied logics that underlie entrepreneurial action and invites consideration of start-ups as “sites” of historiographical analysis. This novel approach enables researchers and practitioners to examine nascent-stage venturing more comprehensively.
... We rely on this data to study business strategic objectives concerning environmental and climate change, and infer whether such aims translate into energy/ emission targets, investments and innovative products/services. In this regard, a recent article by Hoogendoorn et al. (2020) explored the impact of environmental value creation on start-up innovation when the regulatory context is taken into account, and showed that greener new ventures are more likely to engage in product and process innovation. Xu et al. (2021) in turn concluded that the positive impact of R&D investment on the number of patents in environment-related technologies of Chinese listed companies was stronger when ESG performance was high. ...
... Conversely, a strong emphasis on environmental-value creation as a business policy may require improving existing products/processes or investing on new ones. Alternatively, environmentally-aware managers may question prevailing practices and thus focus on discovering innovative opportunities (Hoogendoorn et al., 2020). ...
... Hypotheses 4 and 5 adds a new perspective to recent research on ecofriendly innovation 3 (e.g., Fernandez et al., 2021;Siedschlag and Yan, 2021;Han and Chen, 2021;Adomako et al., 2022;Chouaibi et al., 2022) and on the impact of green initiatives on overall innovativeness (e.g., Hoogendoorn et al., 2020;Xu et al., 2021) 3 Eco-innovation differs from generic innovation in two important characteristics: (1) it reflects an explicit emphasis on reducing environmental impact, whether such an effect is intended or not. ...
This article models environmental and climate change policies of companies of 40 countries of the European Union, Eastern Europe, Central Asia & Middle East, and North Africa on business characteristics, environmental regulations, adverse environmental events, and financial constraints, among other factors. The impact of such policies on innovation and financing opportunities is also explored.
Estimation results suggest that high-quality green management has a positive impact on labor productivity, overall sales, and product and process innovation. At the same time, innovative businesses are more likely to make mixed-green and green investments. Despite these synergistic benefits, green businesses may be perceived as riskier by lending institutions. Accordingly, the credit applications of such companies are more likely to be rejected and the credits granted are subject to collateralization more frequently. Nevertheless, environmentally-friendly policies may have a moderating effect on land & buildings or personal collateralization relative to loan size.
... This argument is supported by sustainable entrepreneurship literature which highlights that environmental market imperfections provide signi cant opportunities for entrepreneurial innovations (Carayannis et al. 2012;Cohen and Winn 2007;Dean and McMullen 2007) and that green start-ups can foresee these opportunities through their superior environmental knowledge (Patzelt and Shepherd 2011; Schaltegger and Wagner 2011). Hoogendoorn et al. (2020) empirically tested their hypothesis that environmental orientation is a characteristic of innovativeness by analysing GEM data from 2009. Their results con rm that entrepreneurs' environmental orientation is signi cantly positively related to product innovativeness, process innovativeness, and a combination of both types. ...
... Second, this paper acknowledges that while new and nascent entrepreneurship are qualitatively distinct phenomena (Bergmann and Stephan 2013) characterised by different levels of environmental orientation (Hörisch et al. 2018), both are important for sustainable development (Carree et al. 2002;Wennekers et al. 2005). This paper thus extends the research of Hoogendoorn et al.(2020) by also including nascent start-up projects. First empirical evidence on social entrepreneurship suggests that the relationship between non-economic goals and innovativeness also applies to nascent start-up projects (Renko 2013). ...
... Third, this paper follows recent calls (e.g., Anand et al. 2021; Barrera-Verdugo 2021; Hoogendoorn et al. 2020) for more research that recognises that entrepreneurship differs between countries at different levels of development. Since Hoogendoorn et al. (2020) focused on the moderating impact of environmental legislation and the availability of data on environmental legislation in developing countries is limited, their sample is biased towards developed countries. ...
This paper merges the literature on green and high-quality entrepreneurship by introducing environmental orientation as an unrecognised characteristic of start-up quality and the three quality dimensions innovativeness, high-growth, and internationalisation. Entrepreneurship literature argues that only high-quality start-ups contribute to sustainable development and that a better understanding of what determines the quality of start-ups is required. Empirical research has recently shown that the environmental orientation of start-ups is one such determinant, as it significantly predicts their innovativeness. This paper pursues this novel research avenue on the importance of environmental orientation for start-up quality in two ways. First, this paper evaluates and extends this initial evidence on environmental orientation and innovativeness by examining a three times larger sample, covering additional countries and entrepreneurial stages. Second, this paper also analyses the impact of environmental orientation on the quality dimensions of high-growth and internationalisation. Investigation using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data on 9,650 entrepreneurs from 51 countries revealed that start-ups with a higher environmental orientation are of superior quality regarding their innovativeness, growth expectations, and exports. These results remain robust for start-ups at different entrepreneurial stages, and tests employing different methodological approaches and variable definitions. However, the categorisation into factor-driven, efficiency-driven, and innovation-driven countries showed that greener start-ups are more innovative in countries at all three levels of development, while the relationships with high-growth and internationalisation remained significant for only two of the three categories. The findings of this paper provide a new approach for practitioners to identify the small number of high-quality start-ups and an economic reason warranting intensified efforts to support green start-ups.
... based management startups and green lifestyles to create a production environment and preserve existing natural resources on earth (Hoogendoorn, Zwan, & Thurik, 2020). If this can be realized, it will impact climate change that develops green space and can conduct healthy environmental development (Mabon, Kondo, Kanekiyo, Hayabuchi, & Yamaguchi, 2019). ...
This study aims to identify GRHM practice from PT employees. Cabot Indonesia. In this study, GRHM practice analysis was identified in general or based on the company’s last level of education. The research method used was descriptive quantitative. Respondents who filled out GRHM questionnaires numbered 200 employees of PT. The dominant Cabot Indonesia has the last undergraduate to doctoral education. The instruments used were GRHM practice questionnaires that have good validity and high reliability. Data analysis techniques were descriptive analysis using Ms. Excel. The results show that 30.6% of employees have GRHM capability in the medium category, while 69.4% of employees are in the high category. This research’s results become a reference in the development of the company’s program in creating a clean and green work environment. Keywords:Green Human Resource Management (GRHM), Green Lifestyle, Job Performance, Company Employees.
... Este tipo de emprendimientos consideran la dimensión ambiental como una opción importante para generar valor y ventajas competitivas para la empresa (Papadopoulos et al, 2014). Desde este contexto, la literatura reciente analiza la relación entre el emprendimiento verde con temas como el desarrollo económico (Vasilevska & Rivza, 2018), la economía ambiental (Soomro et al, 2020) Haldar, 2019b;Hoogendoorn et al, 2020;Levinsohn, 2013;Nikolaou et al, 2011;Papadopoulos et al, 2014;Shrivastava & Tamvada, 2019;Yu & Gibbs, 2020;Zhao et al, 2020) profundizan en los vínculos del emprendimiento verde con la sostenibilidad. ...
... El cuadro 1 presenta el resumen de los artículos incluidos en la revisión. El 50% de estos emplean el enfoque cuantitativo (Ahmad et al, 2015;Burzyńska et al, 2018;Ebrahimi & Mirbargkar, 2017;Gorondutse et al, 2020;Guan et al, 2020;Herman & Anggraeni, 2015;Hoogendoorn et al, 2020;Papadopoulos et al, 2014;Yi, 2020). De otro lado, la mayoría de los estudios empíricos corresponden a países asiáticos, en concreto: Vietnam (Thang et al, 2013;Tien et al, 2020), Malasia (Ahmad et al, 2015;Gorondutse et al, 2020;Guan et al, 2020), India (Haldar, 2019b;Potluri & Phani, 2020), Indonesia (Herman & Anggraeni, 2015) y China (Yi, 2020). ...
... Adicionalmente, se incluyen análisis empíricos desarrollados en países europeos como Alemania (Pakura, 2020), Polonia (Burzyńska et al, 2018), República Checa y Eslovaquia (Melay et al, 2017), Grecia y Chipre (Papadopoulos et al, 2014) y Turquía (Vatansever & Arun, 2016). Asimismo, se incluyen estudios de caso en África (Maziriri et al, 2019), Oriente Medio (Ebrahimi & Mirbargkar, 2017), Australia (Braun, 2010) y estudios basados en datos secundarios como el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Hoogendoorn et al, 2020). ...
Existe una tendencia creciente hacia la creación de negocios verdes, como respuesta a los problemas ambientales. Sin embargo, la literatura destaca la necesidad de comprender mejor este tipo de emprendimientos. En ese orden de ideas, el presente trabajo analiza la literatura científica relacionada con el emprendimiento verde desde dos perspectivas: individual y empresarial. Primero, se describen las tendencias en este campo de investigación considerado como emergente y luego se realiza un análisis de contenido para identificar los principales dominios temáticos. Esta revisión sistemática exploratoria incluye 18 artículos empíricos publicados entre 2010 y 2020 e indexados en la base de datos Scopus. Los resultados indican que, desde la perspectiva empresarial, la literatura se enfoca principalmente en el análisis de los facilitadores, las prácticas y las condiciones para el desarrollo de emprendimientos verdes. Por otra parte, desde la perspectiva individual, los estudios abordan la intención emprendedora. Adicionalmente, se encontró que ambas perspectivas analizan la relación entre el emprendimiento verde y la innovación.
... Linnanen (2002) shows that green entrepreneurs have several characteristics in common with traditional entrepreneurs; the main difference is the important role of ethical values. Hoogendoorn et al. (2020) show that environmental value creation has a positive effect on the innovativeness of the start-ups. Moreover, Patzelt and Shepherd (2011) found that the entrepreneur's prior knowledge is also relevant. ...
The main objective of this thesis is to study the factors that trigger the development of eco-innovations for the case of French firms. We have addressed this question in different contexts using original data. We contribute to the empirical literature by focusing on entrepreneurial and spatial aspects. The main results show that environmental policy instruments have a different impact on the types of eco-innovations (waste treatment, renewable energy and climate change mitigation technologies) and that eco-innovations are not always profitable for firms. Hence, it is essential to adjust public policy instruments in a way to improve the profitability of eco-innovations. After carrying out a survey on French start-ups, the results of the analysis have shown that there is a diversity of profiles of eco-innovators. Indeed, firms cluster into five main profiles and exhibit different eco-innovation drivers. We have shown empirically that the different categories of eco-innovators do not have the same difficulties in accessing funds. This led us to conclude that public policies must be designed taking into account the specificity of each profile. We have also shown that the recombination of environmental and non environmental technologies and environmental political support are the main factors explaining the location of eco-innovative firms. Moreover, by applying spatial econometrics we found that there is a clear spatial dependence on their creation while the impact of knowledge spillovers is quite local.
