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Autonomous driving will not just change vehicles themselves, but also the entire concept of mobility. New business models and the expansion of individual mobility to new groups of society are merely examples of possible impact. In order to create optimal vehicles for new technologies right from the start, vehicle concept optimization helps to find...
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... twisting is not taken into account, because this depends on various factors and can only be determined by FEM-based crash simulations. We varied the minimal crash length for the vis-à-vis configuration ( Figure 7, Table 4). Even if no free crash length is required for the 0 mm configuration, a length of 90 mm is already available for deformation. ...
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... Electrification is a new technology that significantly changes the vehicle for the first time in decades. Apart from electrification, automation as another new technology will change the vehicles as we know them today [34]. Table 7 shows a comparison of conversion and dedicated design using the example of electrification. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly being used, as they are more environmentally friendly than conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE). Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) can be said to have zero exhaust emissions only if the electricity used to drive these vehicles is obtained in an environmentally friendly way. It is common knowledge that BEVs have a significantly higher overall mass than conventional vehicles. The significantly higher total vehicle weight of BEVs can have various adverse effects on energy consumption during movement and the vehicle's dynamics. In contrast to the negative aspects of BEVs, there are also positive aspects that are primarily related to the comfort of drivers and passengers, considering the main fact that they do not require the presence of a floor tunnel. In this paper, trends related to BEVs in the previous five years were statistically analysed. Changes in average sizes related to BEVs are shown, primarily internal dimensions that can be of crucial importance when deciding between BEVs and conventional vehicles. In the paper itself, other important trends are presented, both for the electric motor itself and for the batteries used in BEVs.
... The authors updated the definition and the development process for autonomous vehicle concepts and incorporated a sharing model. König et al. [31] presented a method for designing packaging for autonomous vehicles that considers different configurations and evaluates the efficiency of the resulting packaging. For reading ease, Table 1 below summarizes the design methods review. ...
The transportation industry is undergoing a radical transformation driven by global trends and technological developments. Its main challenges include meeting the increasing demand for urban mobility and delivery services, while simultaneously addressing issues such as the requirement to reduce traffic congestion, limited parking space, and environmental pollution. This paper proposes a method for the conceptual design of innovative urban delivery vehicles meeting these challenges. The methodology is demonstrated in the proposed vehicle concept: a narrow-track leaning vehicle with the road signature of a motorscooter and the cargo capacity of a small four-wheeled vehicle aimed for low to high range and speed -mile delivery. The study presents a comprehensive methodology to optimize the vehicle parameters based on total annual costs of delivery and energy consumption. The result parameters are later used to demonstrate the benefits from a range in these vehicles, in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness, compared to traditional four-wheeled delivery vehicles. It compares the performance of the proposed vehicle with a four-wheeled vehicle in delivery operations, in both midmile city use and in megacity scenarios. The findings underscore that the proposed vehicle has lower total annual costs of delivery, lower energy consumption, and higher delivery efficiency than the traditional vehicle. This paper concludes that the methodology guided the design to present a narrow-track leaning vehicle concept with high potential for reducing financial costs, mitigating negative environmental impact, and improving urban mobility.
... The removal of the steering wheel and the use of by-wire steering and braking systems allow for new interior concepts (Tzivanopoulos et al., 2014). New approaches are necessary to develop the vehicle concept, since no previous vehicle generations exist that could serve as starting point nor are traditional standards for vehicle packaging applicable to AVs (König et al., 2021). As part of defining the vehicle concept, the package of the vehicle must be developed. ...
... In literature, two "directions" for designing the package are described: from the interior design to the exterior design ("inside-to-outside") or conversely ("outside-to-inside"). Researchers in the field of AV concept development are proposing to give higher priority to the former approach where the sequence of designing the vehicle starts with the passenger, followed by the interior, and lastly the exterior definition of the vehicle (Tzivanopoulos et al., 2015;König et al., 2021;Seeger, 2014, p. 180). ...
... Starting from the seating layout in the interior, they optimize the vehicle concept for given product specifications. They use dimensional chains for the interior of AVs introduced by König et al. (2021) and include detailed models of the powertrain components, wheels, suspension, and structural beams ( Figure 2). After that, the base exterior dimensions are determined, and the exterior contour is modeled. ...
Autonomous vehicles for the last mile are a promising use case for advancing autonomous driving in real-world traffic. For this purpose, traditional car manufacturers and newcomer companies develop a new vehicle concept: the autonomous shuttle. During the development, components from the automation domain, such as the sensors, must be placed and integrated into the vehicle body. The trade-offs between the functional performance of the perception and the exterior design must be evaluated early in the design process. For this purpose, a model of the vehicle exterior is needed. In this contribution, we present a method for parametric modeling of the vehicle exterior of autonomous shuttles. We define 17 input parameters and use computer-aided design to create a virtual model of the body and the wheelhouses. In the results, we validate our method by ensuring that existing shuttles can be modeled with our approach and also analyze the limitations. The model supports decision-making in the early design phase by enabling quick iterations between sensor placement and exterior design.
... Increasing commercial operation of vehicles [5,4,2,11]. ...
Future vehicles are connected, autonomous and shared platforms that render a multitude of services in our everyday lives. The vehicle's driving function will ultimately converge to a commodity sourced by superstructure manufactures that develop service-oriented functionality. For the early stage vehicle concept design, this new functionality imposes a new complexity for superstructure engineers. Novel service offerings translate into new functional requirements and technical components that need to be optimally sized and positioned inside the vehicle package to increase the amount of service units that can be supplied to the customer. Today, vehicle concept design optimization only focuses on powertrain components. In this paper, we introduce a novel two-step package design optimization for vehicle superstructures. First, functional requirements are derived from service units, the smallest unit of value to the vehicle-based service customer. We then develop component weight and size regression models from data retrieved from online warehouses. Components and their installation constrains are represented by scalable containers. A combined packing heuristic and parameter optimization arranges the containers within the vehicle's available installation space and created layout alternatives. We apply this procedure to a real case study based on the aCar, a light electric utility vehicle for rural sub-Saharan Africa. This is a first step to enable superstructure manufactures to design and optimize vehicle concept designs based on service capacity.
... The first one is upon the Sedric (SElf-DRIving Car) concept of the Volkswagen Group and is shown in Fig. 22. It combines wholly autonomous driving, full electric traction, and high-level digital network integration [44], [45]. The second one is the Concept-i by Toyota having an insanely revolutionary design, as can be seen in Fig. 23. ...
Electric vehicles are powered by electrical machines that are more efficient than any internal combustion engine. Their other main advantage is that they do not emit any harmful substances during operation. Today, they seem to be the future of transportation motorization. All automakers are concentrating on developing a variety of new models. Even if it seems to be a new technology, electric mobility has a long history, alternating glorious and disgraceful periods. The paper briefly reviews the history of electric vehicles and highlights their future.
div class="section abstract"> Autonomous driving is one of the megatrends in the automotive industry. Vehicles that no longer need the driver’s attention raise the expectation among users to use their time gained efficiently, for example automated driving would allow the car to be a place to work, a place to socialize, to relax or to take a nap. The automated vehicle (AV) would be more of a living space, rather than just a mode of transportation. For the basic vehicle layout new seat configurations, with or without a seat rotation, along with new seating postures must be considered. Since up to now, the vehicle layout conception is based on a neutral driver posture, this will certainly lead to influences on the vehicle dimensions. Therefore, a geometric analysis with digital human models was conducted with regard to influences of relevant seating parameters on the space needed in a vehicle. We considered new seating postures in use cases linked to automated driving, human anthropometry, seat height (H30), backrest tilt/torso angle (A40), seat rotation angle and X-position of seat rotation axis. The analysis confirmed that most conventional vehicle bodies are too limited in space for big changes in the seat configuration, but there is potential for small angles of rotation. The results help to understand how the proportions of vehicles will change or what configurations would fit into the limited space in different vehicle types in a very early phase of vehicle design. New seating postures have been investigated in some studies in connection with non-driving related tasks, but have never been integrated holistically into the method of a user centred vehicle layout conception. Therefore, the results of the study are combined with further findings from the literature and integrated into a revised method for vehicle layout conception in the early design phase.
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div class="section abstract"> The seat frame to be applied to future autonomous vehicles is expected to be rotatable considering various seating configurations. For the rotatable or swivel seat frame, it might be more difficult to secure passenger-related safety performances including seat belt anchorage (SBA) strength than a conventional seat frame because the conventional seat frame has two seat belt anchoring points on the body center pillar whereas those points of the swivel seat frame should be all located within the rotating structures in the seat frame. Since the swivel seat frame adds a structure for rotation, the mass of the swivel seat frame significantly increases compared to the nonrotatable seat frame, which may become an obstacle to reducing the mass of the vehicle. Currently, there are not many cases of mass production of rotating vehicle seats, and there are hardly any reports of mass reduction through advanced steel materials or corresponding numerical safety performance. In this study, the mass of the swivel assembly, the core part of the swivel seat frame, was reduced by more than 22.8% by establishing a baseline model of the swivel seat frame through benchmarking, applying advanced steel materials to it, and improving the structural design. In addition, a swivel assembly concept with an improved structure for better safety performance was derived, and the steel grade and gauge of the relevant core parts were optimized using a commercial program LS-OPT and various libraries of Python, an open-source programming language. The lightweight concepts and various solutions derived from this study are expected to be a good starting point for applying advanced steel grades to future seat frames.
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Automation and electrification are changing vehicles and mobility. Whereas electrification is mainly changing the powertrain, automation enables the rethinking of the vehicle and its applications. The actual driving range is an important requirement for the design of automated and electric vehicles, especially if they are part of a fleet. To size the battery accordingly, not only the consumption of the powertrain has to be estimated, but also that of the auxiliary users. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is one of the biggest auxiliary consumers. Thus, a variable HVAC model for vehicles with electric powertrain was developed to estimate the consumption depending on vehicle size and weather scenario. After integrating the model into a tool for autonomous and electric vehicle concept development, various vehicle concepts were simulated in different weather scenarios and driving cycles with the HVAC consumption considered for battery sizing. The results indicate that the battery must be resized significantly depending on the weather scenario to achieve the same driving ranges. Furthermore, the percentage of HVAC consumption is in some cases higher than that of the powertrain for urban driving cycles, due to lower average speeds. Thus, the HVAC and its energy demand should especially be considered in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles that are primarily used in cities.
