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This book presents research on four aspects of inclusive tourism in Mexico. An analysis on public policy on tourism, examples of best practices in different countries, testimonies on tourists needs and a case study. It is a collective effort to call attention on this topic for mexican tourism.
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... Findings in Africa suggest that adventure tourism can contribute significantly to reducing poverty (Hill et al, 2006). In particular, dive tourism in South Africa, hard adventure activities in Zambia and trekking tourism in Tanzania have all exhibited strong positive developmental impacts on local poor communities (Rogerson, 2005;Mograbi & Rogerson, 2007;Spenceley, 2010). ...
Adventure Tourism offers a tailored, individualised small scale tourist service to high-end tourists (Robinson & Novelli, 2005). The focus on high-spending tourists means that the potential profit-to-cost ratio and return on capital is significant (Sung, 2004; Petreas & Tzanakis, 2010). Therefore, this kind of Niche or Special Interest Tourism offers a means to avoid competing for tourists on price alone as profits are derived from personalising a specialized and well packaged product (Robinson & Novelli, 2005; Richards, 2010). Adventure tourism has the ability to attract both domestic and international tourists, in both the low winter and high summer seasons. It can also support pro-poor development, by generating well paid skilled jobs, stimulating the formation of small and medium sized enterprises (SMMEs) and generating backward linkages (Ndlovu & Rogerson, 2003; Rogerson, 2006, 2007a; Mograbi & Rogerson, 2007; Visser, 2016). Thus, if Greater Cape Town wishes to continue to foster economic growth through tourism, then the potential of adventure tourism must be maximized (Rogerson, 2007a; Swart, 2010; Rogerson & Visser, 2004).
Greater Cape Town, with its ocean, mountain, rivers and beaches as well as exciting cultural urban fabric is a location that lends itself to adventure tourism (Buckley, 2006). In order to further build the industry, and become an adventure tourism destination of choice, emphasis needs to be placed on growing the suite of adventure tourism activities on offer, market them properly and make sure that adventure tourism operators meet the requirements to act as ambassadors for the tourism industry. Although there is no national policy on adventure tourism in South Africa, the City of Cape Town (CoCT) does list adventure tourism as one of six key niche markets in its Tourism Development Framework of 2013-2017 (City of Cape Town, 2013). The CoCT Tourism Department is however unaware of what the main issues and trends are in the adventure tourism industry in the city, hence the purpose of the study is to do a snap review of adventure tour operators to get a better understanding thereof.
The primary aim of the study was to determine the needs of the tourism adventure sector along the coast and investigate what impacts negatively on the sector. Secondary aims of the study included: (1) Define adventure tourism; (2) Discuss the local and world trends in terms of adventure tourism; (3) Determine the categories or types of adventure tourism relevant to Cape Town; (4) Identify a list of adventure tourism companies for the survey; (5) Develop a survey to determine the needs and problems of the adventure tourism sector along the coast (land and sea based) and survey 60 adventure tourism companies; (6) Survey 5 tourism organisations and (6) Compile a map of where the needs are of the different activities as well as the problems areas.
... Southern Africa is in general terms geographically defi ned as the most southern part of Africa including nine countries (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Mozambique, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi). Southern Africa is a well-known nature based tourism destination for long haul visitors from the global North intending to view the "Big Five" game species (Spenceley, 2010). Despite the predominance of nature based tourism, Southern Africa also presents a number of other attractions to tourists, including cultural tourism (Manwa, Moswete & Saarinen, 2016), heritage tourism (Rogerson & Van der Merwe, 2016), adventure tourism (Giddy & Webb, 2016), volunteer tourism opportunities (Rogerson & Slater, 2014) and business tourism (Rogerson, 2015). ...
... In terms of Africa, few academic studies into adventure tourism as whole have been undertaken (Rogerson & Rogerson, 2011). Importantly, the few studies that have been published have revealed that adventure tourism has significant economic benefits for poor communities (Mograbi & Rogerson, 2007;Rogerson, 2007;Spenceley, 2010). That is, the South African adventure industry has linkages to local stakeholders, with revenue or equity shares, opts for local sourcing, employs local labour and invests in training (Rogerson, 2006). ...
Although bungee jumping is a global phenomenon, Africa lags the world in terms of this particular sub-sector of adventure tourism, with commercial bungee jumping only taking place in Uganda, Zambia and South Africa. As South Africa " s bungee sector is the most developed, research was undertaken in order to establish the nature of both the supply of, and demand for, this iconic form of hard adventure. The study found that bungee jumping stimulates local economic growth by generating substantial employment opportunities and spawning other adventure tourism activities and side businesses. Seasonality, combined with the global economic downturn has forced the operators to be entrepreneurially creative, in particular, to find ways of attracting more domestic tourists and day trippers. Thus, the financial base of bungee jumping in South Africa rests on domestic tourism. The demographic and socioeconomic profile of the bungee jumpers is also presented, alongside factors which they identified as important with regards to the future growth of the industry. It is argued that a clean safety record and gold standard safety features could be adopted to expand the industry, as South Africa " s commercial bungee jumping sector is globally competitive. However, the sector lacks official regulation and official safety standards, which is both a serious shortcoming and a hinderance to the development and growth of the sector.
... In conclusion, actively managing PAs to provide wealthier tourists with their favourite levels may not help achieve biodiversity conservation, but may help delivering financial benefits to local stakeholders. Well-established and capitalized conservation businesses, for instance, are increasingly delivering financial benefits and guaranteeing employment to local communities helping achieve human and economic development (Spenceley, 2010). Compared with other African countries, South Africa can count on a large domestic market of tourists visiting PAs (Scholes & Biggs, 2004). ...
Read the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: To use tourism as a conservation tool, first study tourists ; The Big 5 and conservation
Response from the authors: Conservation marketing and education for less charismatic biodiversity and conservation businesses for sustainable development
... The lack of capacity for business development in local communities, as well as the limited information on possible conservation businesses, has so far limited the potential of ecotourism to contribute to protected area expansion and poverty alleviation in many parts of Africa. An alternative strategy may be to allow well-established and better capitalized private companies and tour operators to join forces with local communities and run conservation businesses on leased land, as such businesses are increasingly delivering financial benefits and guaranteeing employment to local communities helping achieve human and economic development (Spenceley, 2010;Fischer et al., 2011). Such joint collaborations may be particularly beneficial to support ongoing initiatives for protected area expansion for both charismatic and less charismatic biodiversity. ...
Read the Feature Paper: Understanding heterogeneous preference of tourists for big game species: implications for conservation and management
Commentaries on this Feature Paper: To use tourism as a conservation tool, first study tourists ; The Big 5 and conservation
Bungee jumping is a global phenomenon and is an important sector of the adventure tourism market, acknowledged as an iconic form of hard adventure. Commercial operators are located in North and South America, Asia, Europe and Australasia. In Africa, commercial bungee jumping takes place in Uganda, Zambia and South Africa. This paper fills a gap in the international literature by firstly providing an overview of the global bungee industry, and secondly locating the South African bungee jumping sector within it. Thus, the supply side of the market is analysed geographically, with a focus on iconic, African and South African jump sites. The study found that bungee jumping takes on a similar form across the globe, notably, a high staff to client ratio; the need for strict safety measures; the provision of additional adventure activities on or near the site and the sale of souvenirs. The paper presents the hither to unknown commercial signature of bungee jumping. Finally, the case for South Africa’s commercial bungee jumping industry as a globally being globally competitive one is presented.
Developing sustainable tourism concession models in and around Mozambique’s key protected areas, is one way for the Government of Mozambique (GoM) to get the private sector engaged, to enable communities to benefit from tourism development, job creation, and to help Mozambique’s tourism industry grow. When designed and implemented correctly, tourism concessions can greatly benefit a wide range of stakeholders, while ensuring the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity.
This study was commissioned under the USAID-SPEED program, and aimed to:
• Examine best practice models of tourism concessions in protected areas, looking at current practices implemented in Mozambique, in the southern Africa (e.g. South Africa, Namibia, Botswana), and other countries where tourism concession models have been highly effective;
• Analyze implementation of concessions within Mozambique, including the experiences to date, lessons learned, best practices, and recommendations for future concession models;
• Analyze processes for procurement, negotiation and award of tourism concessions and leases in protected areas;
• Review the institutional framework for concessions in Mozambique, including government policy and priorities, strategic objectives; decision making within government and the role of key stakeholders;
• Assess the Mozambique government’s ability to manage, process, evaluate, negotiate and implement tourism concessions in protected areas
• Understand the role of local communities in tourism concessions in protected areas and assess possible structures for the establishment of partnerships between local communities, private investors and the State; and
• Provide recommendations for appropriate concession models and processes that could be applied to Mozambique’s protected areas; implementation for selected concession models; and procurement methods to secure tourism concessions in protected areas.
As a luxury tour operator active in 19 countries worldwide, andBeyond provides extraordinary experiential tours and operates 33 lodges in six countries across Africa and South Asia. One such destination, the Phin- da Private Game Reserve, encompasses six lodges on rehabilitated land in rural South Africa.
Phinda represents a transitional partnership model in which the private-sector partner continues to operate, manage and market the reserve and its lodges, although a portion of the land and asset own- ership has been transferred to the community. This case study dem- onstrates how this kind of partnership, together with philanthropic activities carried out by Phinda’s Africa Foundation, can strengthen an inclusive business approach.
The nexus of tourism and poverty, and controversies around 'pro-poor tourism', are at the forefront of tourism debates in the global South. Existing scholarship is dominated, however, by research on international leisure tourism. Business tourism is under-researched as compared to leisure tourism. Given the enormous scale and importance of business tourism in contemporary Africa, this oversight requires correction including in pro-poor tourism scholarship.
This article introduces a theme issue of Urban Forum on the topic of urban tourism in Africa. A context is provided for the issue by an overview of key themes which have been represented in a decade of African urban tourism research. Although most extant research is on urban South Africa, there is an emerging literature on other African cities. The major themes of research have surrounded tourism and urban economic restructuring with the establishment of new products for leisure tourism; slum tourism and pro-poor tourism; the role of the accommodation sector; African cities as non-leisure destinations; and, informal sector tourism. It is argued that within the evolving international scholarship on urban tourism, aspects of African urban tourism research exhibit distinctive features and offer challenges to Northern conceptions of urban tourism and urban tourists.
