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Morphology of Stenophora nickeli sp.n. A -young trophic stage; B -gamonts; C -spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus, DIC; D -anterior end -protomerite, SEM; E -gamont with retracted anterior end; F -gamont with recurved front end. Abbreviations: d -deutomerite; N -nucleus; n -nucleolus; p -protomerite. Scale bars: A -20 µm; B -100 µm; C -20 µm; D -5 µm; E, F -50 µm.
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... parasite cells, and host material fixed in 96% ethanol have been deposited in the collection of The Center for Parasitology IPEE RAS; extracted DNA used for obtaining of rDNA sequences deposited in the collection of the Department of evolutionary biochemistry, Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Fig. 3 (this publication) shows some of the syntypes. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B6541780-573C-4203-AD00-51C431B7ACD8 ETYMOLOGY: From the type ...
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... and gamonts were found in the intestine of 15 out of 20 dissected millipedes Pachyiulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977. Young trophozoites had a pyriform deutomerite, growing trophozoites were oblong, and gamonts were very narrowly iulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977 (Fig. 3A, B). The relatively large (696 µm long, av. 400.6 ± 27.6 µm and 134.4 µm wide, av. 70.1 ± 4.1 µm) gregarines had a beanie-shaped protomerite (Fig. 3A, B) and an elongated deutomerite that gradually narrowed towards its truncate posterior end (Fig. 3A, B). Detailed measurements of the gregarines are given in Table 1. Live parasites had a ...
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... millipedes Pachyiulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977. Young trophozoites had a pyriform deutomerite, growing trophozoites were oblong, and gamonts were very narrowly iulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977 (Fig. 3A, B). The relatively large (696 µm long, av. 400.6 ± 27.6 µm and 134.4 µm wide, av. 70.1 ± 4.1 µm) gregarines had a beanie-shaped protomerite (Fig. 3A, B) and an elongated deutomerite that gradually narrowed towards its truncate posterior end (Fig. 3A, B). Detailed measurements of the gregarines are given in Table 1. Live parasites had a spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized ...
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... trophozoites were oblong, and gamonts were very narrowly iulus krivolutskyi Golovatch, 1977 (Fig. 3A, B). The relatively large (696 µm long, av. 400.6 ± 27.6 µm and 134.4 µm wide, av. 70.1 ± 4.1 µm) gregarines had a beanie-shaped protomerite (Fig. 3A, B) and an elongated deutomerite that gradually narrowed towards its truncate posterior end (Fig. 3A, B). Detailed measurements of the gregarines are given in Table 1. Live parasites had a spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the apical pole on the protomerite papilla (Fig. 3D). Gregarines ...
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... 400.6 ± 27.6 µm and 134.4 µm wide, av. 70.1 ± 4.1 µm) gregarines had a beanie-shaped protomerite (Fig. 3A, B) and an elongated deutomerite that gradually narrowed towards its truncate posterior end (Fig. 3A, B). Detailed measurements of the gregarines are given in Table 1. Live parasites had a spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the apical pole on the protomerite papilla (Fig. 3D). Gregarines demonstrated gliding motility, the ability to retract protomerite into deutomerite (Fig. 3E), and to recurve the front end of the cells (Fig. 3F) ...
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... posterior end (Fig. 3A, B). Detailed measurements of the gregarines are given in Table 1. Live parasites had a spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the apical pole on the protomerite papilla (Fig. 3D). Gregarines demonstrated gliding motility, the ability to retract protomerite into deutomerite (Fig. 3E), and to recurve the front end of the cells (Fig. 3F) obdeltoid in shape up to 451.2 µm in length (av. 337 ± 16.4 µm) and 100.8 µm in width (av. 70.7 ± 3.7 µm) (Fig. 4A, B, C). All forms had a domeshaped protomerite with a small ...
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... had a spherical nucleus with an eccentric round nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the apical pole on the protomerite papilla (Fig. 3D). Gregarines demonstrated gliding motility, the ability to retract protomerite into deutomerite (Fig. 3E), and to recurve the front end of the cells (Fig. 3F) obdeltoid in shape up to 451.2 µm in length (av. 337 ± 16.4 µm) and 100.8 µm in width (av. 70.7 ± 3.7 µm) (Fig. 4A, B, C). All forms had a domeshaped protomerite with a small papilla at its apex. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the protomerite ...
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... nucleolus (Fig. 3C). The nucleus might be located in any part of deutomerite. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the apical pole on the protomerite papilla (Fig. 3D). Gregarines demonstrated gliding motility, the ability to retract protomerite into deutomerite (Fig. 3E), and to recurve the front end of the cells (Fig. 3F) obdeltoid in shape up to 451.2 µm in length (av. 337 ± 16.4 µm) and 100.8 µm in width (av. 70.7 ± 3.7 µm) (Fig. 4A, B, C). All forms had a domeshaped protomerite with a small papilla at its apex. The cell surface was organized in the epicytic folds that start from the protomerite papilla (Fig. 4D). An oval nucleus with an eccentric ...
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... Gametocyst protoplasm samples provide a more pragmatic source of genomic DNA than do samples from other life cycle stages. Trophozoites and gamonts have been used successfully by many authors (Leander et al., 2003;Rueckert and Leander, 2008;Clopton, 2009;Simdyanov et al., 2015;Diakin et al., 2016;Miroliubova et al., 2023), but these ontogenetic stages are subject to contamination, require significant effort to obtain material for a single pooled extraction, and produce mixed species extractions when morphologically similar species infecting the same host are accidentally pooled. The folded nature of the pellicle makes it difficult to clean all of the host cells and luminal debris from individual specimens, providing a problematic source of host and other non-target DNA. ...
... All new sequences were obtained using the primers and methods detailed above. Sequences representing the Stenophoroidea and Stylocephaloidea were included as outgroups to root the tree based on existing phylogenic estimates for the group (Clopton, 2009;Miroliubova et al., 2023). ...
... The phylogeny demonstrates the polyphyletic nature of Gregarina, which comprises 4 sister groups in the coleopteran-exploiting clade and 1 orthopteran-exploiting clade within Gregarinoidea. Earlier analyses (Clopton, 2009;Clopton and Clopton, 2022;Miroliubova et al., 2023) recovered similar topologies indicating the polyphyletic nature of Gregarina, and some taxonomic corrections have already been made. Amoebogregarina was removed from Gregarina by Kula and Clopton (1999). ...
Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is described from the alimentary canal of the harlequin ladybird or multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) collected from prairie fleabane, Erigeron strigosus, at Peru State College, Peru, Nemaha Co., Nebraska. Our specimens differ from all 11 known species of Gregarina infecting coccinellid beetles worldwide by differences in size and relative shape, color, and association structure. Gregarina lutescens n. sp. is smaller than 7 known species infecting coccinellid beetles but larger than the other 4 known species based on confidence interval exclusion of means. Our specimens are unique among known species of interest in their quince-yellow cytoplasm and precocious but ephemeral serial associations of up to 5 satellites. Nucleotide sequence (18S) phylogenetic analyses place the new species basal to a member of an internal clade of Gregarina that comprises gregarines parasitizing chrysomelid beetles. Phylogenetically, the analysis recovered 3 major lineages within the gregarines, representing the superfamilies Gregarinoidea, Stenophoroidea, and Stylocephaloidea and indicating the propensity of gregarines to track host lineages and environments through evolutionary time. These findings confirm the polyphyletic nature of Gregarina, which currently comprises over 300 described species, only a handful of which have documented genetic sequences suitable for phylogenetic analysis. Recollection, redescription, and molecular clarification of gregarine species infecting coccinellids would likely result in identification of a unique clade that would be an excellent system for studying the effect of intraguild host competition on parasite diversification and community structure. Ecologically, patterns of prevalence in this study indicate that G. lutescens reproduces primarily in larval hosts but depends on infections in adult beetles to overwinter, reflecting the differential vagility and frost tolerance of larval and adult host life cycle stages.
